Clinical Scenarios: Gastroenteritis, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Osteoarthritis, and More

This article covers various clinical scenarios related to gastroenteritis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, osteoarthritis, and more. It includes definitions, pathophysiology, symptoms, nursing care plans, and treatments. The article also provides education for patients and explains the role of allied health workers. Additionally, it discusses decompression sickness, high altitude risks, heat exhaustion, blunt trauma, and benzodiazepine overdose.

Running head: CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 1
Clinical Scenarios
Student’s name
Professor’s name
Institutional affiliation
Date

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 2
PART A
1. Define Gastroenteritis?
Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the inner layer of the intestines.
2. What is Gastritis?
Gastritis is erosion in the inner layer of the stomach.
3. Explain Mr. Bate's poor skin turgor relation to his gastroenteritis.
The reduced skin turgor is caused by black colored stools an indication of gastroenteritis
infection.
4. How does blood pressure infection reflect his illness? Why is it low?
The blood pressure has lowered from 110/66 which indicates illness.
Severe diarrhea causes dehydration which decreases the blood circulation in the body resulting in
low blood pressure.
5. Provide two (2) signs/symptoms of gastroenteritis.
Diarrhea, vomiting
6. Describe the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease which attacks central nervous systems thus affecting the
brain, optic nerves and spinal cord.
7. Provide two (2) signs/symptoms of multiple sclerosis.

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 3
Muscle weakness, visual disturbances
8. Define Rhabdomyolysis?
Rhabdomyolysis is the death of muscle fibers and releasing it content in the bloodstream.
9. Name one group of medications that are prescribed to lower cholesterol and has this as a
side effect. What education should you give to your patient when commencing this
medication?
Statins especially lovastatin medication. Side effects intestinal problems and muscle
inflammation.
Take the full dose as prescribed by the doctor.
10. What is the medical term for black stools and what could it mean?
The term is "melena" meaning dark stools with peculiar dour consisting of digested food.
11. What does ‘emesis' mean? What does hematemesis mean?
Emesis means vomiting contents from the stomach.
Hematemesis means vomiting of blood.
12. Explain the pathophysiology as to what would be happening to an individual that was
admitted to your ward with hematemesis and melena?
The patient vomits brownish blood due to digestion by the stomach acids and turned hemoglobin
into the brownish color. (Khan, Khan, Tiwari, Moustafa, Taleb & Khateeb, 2018).

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 4
13. What is the term used to describe skin color and the sclera of the eyes becoming yellow?
What organ of the body is usually involved?
The term is Jaundice. The organ is liver.
14. Give an example of a disease process that might cause this and explain why.
Hepatitis, it influences skin color and eyes becoming yellowish.
15. Pruritus often accompanies this discoloration, what is pruritus?
Pruritus is the medical terminology referring to itchy skin.
16. Explain what a Hiatus Hernia is and list two common symptoms the individual may
report.
Hiatus Hernia happens when the upper part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm into
the chest region.
Symptom; chest pain, trouble in swallowing.
17. What does the acronym GORD stand for?
GORD stands for "Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease".
18. Complete three nursing care plans for Michael. Each plan must identify one patient
problem/issue, one goal and two courses of action you would take.

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 5
Nursing care plans
1. Diarrhea
The identified problem is abdominal pain.
The goal of diarrhea plan is to regain normal functioning of the patient bowel.
Courses
NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Establish rapport To achieve patient’s trust
Limit solid food consumption For bowel to rest
2. Acute Pain.
The identified problem is sleep disturbances.
The goal of acute pain is to reduce the pain and ensure relaxation skills.
Courses
NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Ensure adequate rest For reducing pain and promoting comfort
Guide effectiveness in pain medication To enhance timely intervention
3. Deficient fluid volume

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 6
The identified problem is abdominal cramping
The goal of deficient fluid volume is to maintain fluid volume.
Courses
NURSING INTERVENTION RATIONALE
Provision of frequent oral care For preventing dryness
Limit solid food intake For ensuring the bowel rest
TASK B
1. What factors would have contributed to her developing osteoarthritis?
The old age
Sex. Osteoarthritis develops more in women
2. What education would you provide to an individual diagnosed with Osteoarthritis?
Exercise to strengthen the muscle and reduce stress on the knees.
Encourage the patient to lose weight to reduce stress on the joints.
3. Explain the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and how it can contribute to falls.
Parkinson's disease results from loss of cells in the substantia nigra in the brain which produces
dopamine. Insufficient of dopamine in the striatum results in an individual failure to control the
movements.

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 7
Old age, postural severity and insufficient dopamine failing to regulate the movements result to
fall. (Steger et al. 2016).
4. What other symptoms might Carol have about Parkinson's disease?
Movement difficulties, sleeping problems, loss of smell and tremor.
5. Besides monitoring the above vital signs what other observations should be conducted?
Explain why?
Pain sleeps disorders and cognitive problems.
Observations are nonmotor symptoms not related to movement and are essential when
diagnosing Parkinson's disease.
6. Carol starts to complain of a headache and is feeling nauseated. What do you think
could be happening?
A headache and nausea results from a migraine headache preceded by sensory disturbance.
Parkinson's disease causes loss of sense of smell contributing to a headache and nausea.
7. Complete three nursing care plans for Carol. Each plan must identify one patient
problem/issue, one goal and two courses of action you would take. The outcome should
then be evaluated. Parkinson’s disease
Plan include; impaired swallowing
Ineffective coping
Disturbed thought process

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 8
Problem of the patient is ineffective in Airway clearance
Goal to improve functional mobility of the patient.
Courses
Nursing intervention Rationale
Check respiratory status For baseline data
Assess patient around the mouth May show hypoxemia
Osteoarthritis
Nursing plan; Risk injury
Activity intolerance
Chronic pain
Courses
Nursing intervention Rationale
Ensure adequate rest time To reduce fatigue
Using adaptive equipment To reduce joint stress
Nursing care plan for fracture
Acute pain
Trauma risk and Risk of infection

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 9
Courses
Nursing interventions Rationale
Maintain bed rest It provides security
Maintain position of traction Facilitates union of fractured bone.
8. Name an Allied Health Worker that you could include in this individuals care in regard
to her allergy and poor appetite. Explain their role.
Dietitian.
Role. to identify nutrition problems and access the nutrition status of patient.
PART C
1. Briefly explain the pathophysiology of decompression sickness.
Supersaturation of the tissue dissolved with gas and subsequent extraction of gas bubbles during
diving causes decompression sickness.
2. What symptoms would you be looking for in an individual admitted to your ward who
had been buried diving?
The symptoms are dizziness, fatigue, nausea.
3. List two forms of treatment.
Emergency oxygen first aid
The patient made comfortable in the recovery position.

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 10
4. What is the recommended time between a dive and an individual flying?
Four hours
5. Can an individual prepare for flying into high altitudes? List two risk factors.
Yes.
Risk, developing the high altitude related disease and developing life-threatening symptoms
6. What symptoms would you educate Melony to look out for and what advice would you
give her when she arrives at the high altitude?
Symptoms Advice
Mild symptoms have enough rest
Increased breathing rate sleep at the lower altitude
7. Explain the difference in the signs and symptoms of Heat exhaustion and for Heat
Stroke.
Heat exhaustion is characterized by body cooling itself while increase body temperature
describes heat stroke due to scorching temperatures (Ferri, 2015).
8. Define Hypothermia. List two signs and symptoms Melony might show if she became
freezing in Machu Pichu.
Hypothermia is fatal condition after body temperatures reduce below a safe level.

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 11
Symptoms are shivering and slow breathing.
9. Why should you never remove a penetrating object? What action should the guide with
her take?
To prevent severe bleeding.
Advice, stabilizing the object by taping it in place up to a lower altitude area.
10. List the most common signs of a Benzodiazepine (sleeping tablet) overdose. As a first
responder what contact number in Australia should you ring for advice if you suspect an
overdose or poisoning?
Signs; weakness, drowsiness and confusion
The contact is 131126.
11. After watching the video on Concussion, list four (4) of the common symptoms you
would need to look out for if Melony was to fall and sustain a head injury.
The symptoms are a headache, Nausea and spinning sensation.
Define Blunt trauma
It is an injury caused by an object after hitting the body.

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 12
References
Ferri, F. F. (2015). Heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Ferri's Clinical Advisor.
Steger, M., Tonelli, F., Ito, G., Davies, P., Trost, M., Vetter, M., ... & Baptista, M. A. (2016).
Phosphoproteomics reveals that Parkinson's disease kinase LRRK2 regulates a subset of
Rab GTPases. Elife, 5.
Khan, M. S., Khan, Z., Tiwari, A., Moustafa, A., Taleb, M., & Khateeb, F. M. (2018). Adult
Polycystic Liver Disease: An Unusual Cause of Recurrent Variceal Bleed. In C50.
CRITICAL CARE CASE REPORTS: THE LIVER, PANCREAS, AND INTESTINES (pp.
A5181-A5181). American Thoracic Society.

CLINICAL SCENARIO’S 13