Cognitive and Social Development in Children Assignment
Added on 2020-04-07
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Running Head: NURSING CASE STUDYNursing Name of the StudentName of the University Author Note
1NURSINGHuman development involves different stages from birth till the end of life. The mainstages of development are “infancy childhood, adolescent, adult (early, middle, and late) and oldage”. Understanding these stages is important as at every stage an individual is enabled toperform the activities of surviving, struggling and maturing. Human beings have socialcapabilities and have self-conscious and the changes at different stages of lifespan occur atbeyond the physical realm. The aim of the assignment is to explore the cognitive and socialdevelopment in children and factors influencing the child’s development. Cognitive development refers to different aspects of brain development such asperceptual skill, information processing, language learning, and other aspects of braindevelopment. This development is important for maximizing their well-being (Bjorklund &Causey, 2017). Cognitive development according to Piaget theory there are four different stagesof cognitive development. These are sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), pre-operational stage (2-5years), concrete operational stage (7-11 years) and formal operational stage (11 years onwards).In the sensorimotor stage the cognitive development occurs by learning movements of the bodyby sensory data such as learning, hearing, touching. In the pre-operational stage, the child canthink of objects symbolically. Intelligence of the child is demonstrated at this age through the useof symbols, matured language, memory and imagination. However, the thinking remainsegocentric. In the concrete operational stage, the intelligence is demonstrated through logical andsystematic manipulation of symbols related to objects and reversible mental actions. The formaloperational stage is marked by showing the ability to think about the abstract concepts such asjoy, fear or love. At this stage, they are able to test hypothesis, logically (Feldman, 2016). Forthis essay, the focus will be on the pre-operational stage (2-5 years), as Jack is 3 years old child.
2NURSINGSocial development refers to development of emotional and social skills across thelifespan. The development particularly gives attention to childhood and adolescence. Socialdevelopment is important as it helps an individual to form positive relationships with family,friends and relatives ((McAdams et al., 2015). The social development theory by Eriksonexplains eight stages of development until 18 years. These eight stages give plenty of room forgrowth and development. According to this theory, there are eight stages of social development.These include trust vs. mistrust (infant-18 months); autonomy vs. Shame (18 months-3 years),initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years); industry vs. Inferiority (5-13 years); identity vs. role confusion(13-21 years); intimacy vs. isolation (21-39 years); generativity vs stagnation (40-65 years), Egointegrity vs. despair (65 and older). For this essay the focus is mainly on the second stage ofsocial development as Jack is 3 year old and is currently in this stage (Overton, 2013). At thisstage, Jack and other children of this age group demonstrate interest in learning new conceptsthat can be applied in real life.The normative cognitive development in this age group is demonstrated by making rapidprogress in learning. The children of this age group can quickly adapts the new words such as“Papa” or “mama” and construct sentences (250 to 500 words). Speech and language is the firststep in the thinking development. At this age, Jack is expected to tell stories, say his name orage, recognise himself in mirror, and show greater interest in toys (Berk, 2017). Other activitiesthat show normative social development in children of this age is the intention to performindependently. The child can develop self-care habits such as eating dressing, and usingwashroom. Children in this age group understand sharing of toys or taking turns in games andother emotional skills such as winning intention in game. Relying on others for these activitiesmay create guilt and shame leading to psychological crisis (McAdams et al., 2015). Parents pay
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