Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation

Running head: COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR SMOKING CESSATION
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR SMOKING CESSATION
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COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR SMOKING CESSATION1
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic treatment prescribed for termination of
dependence in individuals with compulsive smoking habits. Smoking habits have been
related to subjects, suffering from anxiety and depression (Sundquist et al. 2015; Tovote et
al. 2014). Strategies involving CBT include (Spears et al. 2017) –
 Plans to quit smoking.
 Being aware of nicotine addiction.
 Perusing stress management.
 Practicing resistance to endure cravings and negative mental pessimism.
 Utilizing nicotine patch and deciding an absolute quit day.
 Embracing support from the society.
 Conscious about nutrition and preference for exercise.
 Firm determination to retain abstinence.
A study by Webb et al. (2010) involving 154 African-American smokers, demonstrated
significant succession of CBT over General Health Education (GHE) starting after 7days
(51% vs. 27%), after 3 months (34% vs. 20%), and after 6 months (31% vs. 14%) in
accomplishment of smoking abstinence.
A study by Wittchen et al. (2011), concentrated in Germany, incorporating 467 smokers
ranging from Dresden to Munich, compared the effectiveness of CBT with Minimum
Intervention (MI), Bupropion treatment (BUP) and nicotine replacement (NRT). However,
results (32.8% MI, 34.8% CBT, 35.3% NRT, and 46.5% BUP) clearly suggested CBT has
higher efficacy than MI alone, excluding the contribution of potential anti-smoking drugs.
Bupropion, which is a nor-epinephrine-dopamine-reuptake inhibitor is a chemically
synthesized anti-depressant used in smoking cessation. In contrast, Nicotine replacement

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR SMOKING CESSATION2
therapy is the usage of an oral or edible product that generates similar response like nicotine,
without having substantial toxicity of tobacco consumption.
A 2013 report by Krishnan et al. (2013) involving 72 randomized adolescent from
Connecticut High Schools of US, elucidated promising outcome, when cognitive behavioral
therapy was conducted with abstinence-contingent incentives (CM) simultaneously, as it
derived 36.7% efficacy after first week of counseling.
An independent study by Swanson et al. (2013), comprising 34 youths of Los Angeles,
evaluated the effects of CBT in addition to nicotine replacement therapy. 31% of those
participants confirmed 7-day abstinence after sixth week of counseling and 24% of the youth
verified to quit smoking after a follow-up period of 12 weeks.
Furthermore, fanatical variations were observed in schizophrenic and bipolar outpatients,
with elevated levels of dependency even after CBT administration (Schuster et al. 2017).
49.7% of 153 adult schizophrenic patients stated a 14-day abstinence of smoking at week 12,
which was further confirmed by pathological analysis of expired CO (Schuster et al. 2017).
Additional treatments for those demonstrating schizophrenic disorders include
pharmacotherapy and placebo, along with cognitive behavioral therapy (Buchanan et al.
2010; Evins & Cather 2015). However, abstinence accomplished by these methods was
transient in patients with psychiatric disorders and higher success rate could have been
obtained by administering varenicline, an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
(Anthenelli et al. 2016).
Another study, engaging 450 participants from Kaiser Permanente Washington health care
system by McClure et al. (2018) conferred, CBT has a slightly higher rate of efficacy in
smoking cessation (18.1% CBT vs 13.8% ACT), compared to Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy (ACT).