Cognitive Psychology: Memory Organization Models

This report discusses the similarities between the human mind and a computer in terms of information processing. It explores the Atkinson and Shiffrin Information Processing Model and how a computer processes information. It also examines the reasons why the human mind forgets information, such as retrieval failure and interference. Additionally, the report delves into the differences between Hierarchical and Spreading Activation models in memory organization.

COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY

Table of Contents
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................................3
Task 1 a........................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................5
Task 1 b........................................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................5
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................6
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................7
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................10
TASK 3........................................................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................10
MAIN BODY.....................................................................................................................................11
Criteria and pre-requisites for walking and state agreement/disagreement on the issue..............11
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................13

TASK 1
Task 1 a
INTRODUCTION
According to different psychological factors human mind is considered as computer. It is
so because brain does several indeed perform computations similar to the computer. Like a
computer brain also have a units in networks (neurons instead of semiconductors) which take in
as well as conduct several other functions such as compile the data, operate the data and then
generate outcome or outcome (Cavaletti and Heimann, 2020). The respective report is based on
the evaluation of a topic i.e. A human mind is like a computer. In respect of this, several topics
are evaluated that are viewpoint of Atkinson and Shiffrin information processing model as well
as it also include explanation of how computer process information and it also include similarity
in process of both human and computer.
MAIN BODY
Atkinson and Shiffrin Information Processing Model
According to above mentioned diagram it can be determine and evaluate that when a
person get any information by hearing, touch, feeling and so on from the environment it will be
stored in the sensory memory first for 2 to 5 second. If mind think information is important then
it moves to short term memory otherwise person can forget it (Gilmore, Cragg and Simms,
2020). In short term memory information or data will store for 18 to 20 seconds and after that it
can be fading away or decays. So in order to remember particular information a person need to

recall it again and again, this process will help in moving information to the long term memory
which is also considered as permanent memory. The permanent memory can get losses when
brain damage takes place. LTM also retrieve information from the short term memory.
How a computer process information
From the above data it can be determined that computer use software as well as hardware
in order to process data and there are four main function in it i.e. input, processing storage and
output. In input keyboard and mouse are used in order to process anything or data in computer.
After computer receive input process stage will done of information (Kristjánsson and Egeth,
2020). In which program will calculate, manipulate as well as organize the data in order to create
information which is understood by user. Then output stage will come in which process
information will be show at the display of computer so that user can understand information or
data in effective manner. After this last stage is storage in which computer store information so
that it can be used in future by user.
How the way the brain and a computer process information can be similar.
In respect of cognitive psychology brain as well as computer process information in
similar manner as both first evaluate inputs from the outside then they process it so that a person
can understand the information in effective manner (Lv and et.al., 2020). Then in both computer
and brain information are being process in order to provide output information according to user.

At the last in both computer as well as human brain important or essential information are being
stored so that it can be further.
CONCLUSION
Through the analysis of above mentioned topics it can be summarized that according to
the cognitive psychology human mind is similar to the computer as both process information as
well as store in according to the requirement. In order to understand process of information in
human a person may use different models such as Atkinson and Shiffrin information processing
model which show how a person process information. In addition to this it is also essential to
determine the process how computer process information as that will help in determining how
the way brain as well as computer process information is similar.
Task 1 b
INTRODUCTION
In current time computer plays main role as it will make work easy as well as it can store
information in secure manner which can be used in future. But several time issue arise that data
or information loss from the computer due to some technical disturbance. Similarly a person also
get forget information which they remember before (Miller and et.al., 2020). In respective
section of the report there is explanation that how a human mind forget information as it is like a
computer. The section of project includes different factors or aspects which show how a person
or human mind forgets information.
MAIN BODY
How human minds forget information in relation to how a computer losses information.
In a life time of a person they forget several important things or information which they
remember in the past such as name of a person, important dates like birthdays, anniversary,
meeting and so on. There are several reasons which showcase why a person or human mind
forgets information like computer sometime losses information. Below some of the main aspects
are given of why a human mind forgets information which they remember in past:-

 Retrieval failure – It is considered as situation when a person feel that some information
just get vanished from their mind or memory (Pirolli, 2020). In this an individual know
that there is something which they not able to remember or determined. It is one of the
most common causes of not remembering any information. Similarly sometime person
not able to find folder or information in computer but they know it is save in it. This is
generally taken place when memory traces new information as that time they forget the
old one by considering it is not much important. Due to this information get fade or
disappear.
 Interference – According to this, a person or human mind also forget information when
one information is very similar to other information which has previously stored in
memory (Proctor and Niemeyer, 2020). In this stage there is high chance that human
mind get forget information due to interference. This type of memory or information loss
in the situation of computer when a person tries to save similar information two times.
There are basically two types of interference proactive interference and retroactive
interference.
 Mental overcrowding – This is generally take place when there are too much inputs going
in mind at one time into the mind inhibits learning as well as remembering. This is why it
is say that to always focus on one activity at a time because due to multi tasking we not
able to accomplish single work in proper manner. Similarly sometime when we give too
many commands to computer it gets hanged as well as it also leads to loss of information.
 Under learning – This situation of forgetting an information generally take place when a
person under learn any concept (Scott, 2020). It is so because when an individual not
learn any concept properly they not able to save it in long term memory for a long time.
So it is essential to learn everything in proper and fully manner. Similarly like when a
person try to save any information by giving half command as that leads to chance of
losses of information.
CONCLUSION
By conduct analysis of above mentioned topics it can be analyze that a person or human
mind can forget things like computer losses information some time. In human mind this is

generally take place due to several reasons such as under learning, mental overcrowding,
interference and retrieval failure. So it is essential for a person to understand these reason in over
to avoid forgetting things.
TASK 2
INTRODUCTION
Memory organization is considered as a process in which memory is mainly organized in
a form of cell as well as each cell are able to identified with the unique number named as the
address (Whiteley, 2020). Moreover, every cell is able to recognize signals of control such as
write as well as read which is generated by CPU in computer and human brain in body. In human
and animals the hippocampus plays an effective role in the process of memory organization.
There are different models which are used to evaluate memory organization such as Hierachical
and Spreading Activation models. Through these models a person can determining as well as
understands memory organization process in effective way. The respective report is based on
determining as well as evaluating different among the Hierachical and Spreading Activation
models. In addition to this it will also include diagrammatical description.
MAIN BODY
Differences between Hierachical and Spreading Activation models with diagrammatic
description
Hierachical and Spreading Activation models are two different modules or frameworks
which is related to the activation of network and memory at the workplace so that they conduct
their work in best manner. This is related to how a memory or information are stored differently
so that it can be used in proper way according to requirement. Hierachical activation model is
introduced by Collins and Quillian and in this model different information are stored at the
different level. The respective model is consist of different stages levels such as cognitive
economy, intersection search, category size effect, base level terms and typicality effect
(Hierarchical Network Models, 2020). At cognitive economy storage space are limited so in this
information stored in only one spot within network as well as in this information is stored at
highest achievable node. For example information that bird can breathe will store at animal level

as all animal will breath. The next stage is intersection search which is determined as procedure
of deciding whether a sentence is false or true in respect of relationship among the two words in
a sentence such as A bird is animal, in this time will taken so that information travel from one
node to another. In this the next stage is category size effect which is farther away two concepts
that are at hierarchy, in this longer time is required to decide whether statement is true or not.
Then Typicality effect level come which include items which are more typical to given
subordinate take less time in order to verify atypical portion in true argument (Safron, 2020). For
example robin is a type of bird will take less time to verify as compare to an ostrich is bird.
Another instance is A whale is fish will take longer time to verify then horse is a fish. In this the
last level is based level terms which is learn fist and according to that answer need to conducted,
for example chair can be determined through different featured more so than a person can for
word furniture.
The next model is spreading activation model which is introduced by Collins and Loftus
in year year 1975. It is considered as one of the best alternative of the hierarchical model. In
respective model an organization is not strictly hierarchical as is mostly based on a web. In
respective model there are different stages i.e. conceptual level , lexeme level and lemma level.
At the conceptual level their will be consistence of nodes which represent concepts of the
information as well as in this nodes are connected to other nodes on the basis of various
relations. Then the next stage is lemma level which is syntactic or grammar that aspects of the
knowledge of word as well as it also considered rules related to the grammatical aspects and
syntactic category. In addition to this next or last level is lexeme level which is phonological
properties which considered how a specific word sound. In respective model of activation help in
explaining the Tip of the Tongue (TOT) phenomenon (Spreading Activation Models, 2020). In
Animal
Bird Fish
Canary Ostrich Shark Salmon

the Tip of the Tongue (TOT) phenomenon speaker generally knows the meaning of word which
come at the stage first i.e. conceptual level. A speaker also aware to the syntactic category that
covered in lemma level but not include its features of phonology covered in last level named
lexeme (Ito and et.al., 2020). This show that both Hierachical and Spreading Activation models
are different as one is based on proper hierarchy where as another didn't required to be organized
in proper. According to spreading activation model management or a person can modify level
according to their requirement which is not possible in the hierachical activation model.
And
has is eaten by
lives in
In addition to this spreading activation model is essential to overcome best model as well as it is
also alternative for the hierarchical model and it is also helpful in overcoming the weakness or
imperfection of hierarchical model effectively. In addition to this, through respective model more
information as well as connection with different aspects can be determined easily. It is
considered as complex model because it include numbers of stages but it all interrelated with
each others. The different stages of spreading activation model are conceptual level, lemma level
and lexeme level which is necessary for management to understand as well as develop strategies
Chips
Fish
Scales Cat
Sea

or plans accordingly. According to explanation of example of respective model chips and fish are
eaten by cat which is one sequence. Moreover, fish has scales as well as they lives in sea, this
show that all the things are connected as well as interrelated with each other. It is essential for a
person to understand all the elements of the model so that they can develop strategies and plan in
effective manner. According to the respective module it is determined that a person can do
modification in effective manner based on the requirement of different level. On the other hand
modification is not possible to conduct at the hierarchical activation model. This is so there is
wide difference among the hierarchical as well as spreading activation theories and it also
involve its advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, it is also determined that hierarchical
activation model is more systematic as compare to the another one as well as in hierarchical
model connection among the element or level is simple. On the other hand spreading activation
model is comparatively complex as well as it is also difficult to understand connection among
the different elements or level. The another main different among these two model is hierarchical
activation model is inflexible but spreading activation model is flexible in nature.
CONCLUSION
By conducting analysis of above mentioned topics it can be summarized that in a life of a
person memory organizing is very helpful as that will aid in determining information in easy way
through which work can be done effectively. In order to understand memory organization an
individual may adopt different models such as Hierarchical and Spreading Activation models.
Hierarchical activation model is based on its physical or internal states which encode hierarchy
of the hypotheses related to the world that mainly reflect probabilistic mapping through the cause
in environment in order to observed consequences. Whereas spreading activation model related
to the people organize their knowledge which are based on the personal experiences from the
network of ideas or thoughts.
TASK 3
INTRODUCTION
An infant started walking when their motor control skills get developed. There are some
infant who started walking before 12 months as well as there are some who didn't able to walk
until 16 to 17 months. There are numbers of tools which can be used by parents in order to teach

their child walking such as walker, natural walking, playpens, activity centres, baby bouncers,
baby jumper and many other (Zhao and et.al., 2020). In this respect motor control or skill is
essential, it is developed in babies from the center of body outward as well as it take place from
head to tail. Motor control or skill generally improve involvement of large group of muscles
which is used to sit, walk, run, stand, change position or keeping proper balance. For this around
the world parent use walker but according to research American Academy of Pediatrics not
recommend to the usage of walker. Topic covered in respective section of report is related to
criteria and pre-requisites for walking and state agreement/disagreement on the issue related to
walker.
MAIN BODY
Criteria and pre-requisites for walking and state agreement/disagreement on the issue.
There are numbers of methods or techniques which are used by parents in order to teach
their child how to walk or move from one place to the another. This will include techniques like
holding hand of baby and help them in moving from one place to another, usage of walker of
baby and many others (Ghozy and et.al., 2020). In respect of this baby walker is determined as
tool which is mainly used by an infant for learning walking on its own. This will help baby in
learning how they move from one place to another in proper way as well as by taking steps by
steps. Moreover, according to new as well as innovative design of walker also aid infants in
toddling. Walker is mainly made up of hard plastic which have sitting on the top of wheels and it
also had suspended fabric seat that have two leg hole so that child can sit and stand properly. But
due to walker there are numbers of incidents or accidents may take place such as child may slip
from stairs, get hurt and so on. So in respect of this parent may use different types of walk toys
which is almost similar to holding hand of infant and helping them in taking steps or moving
from a place to another one (Gale, 2020). There are several criteria related to walking of a baby
such as a child can take their initial step in the age of between 9 to 15 months as earlier that they
know how to cruise things like table, chair and stand by holding it for a time. By this a child
started standing and that will leads to encourage them to taking foot steps one by one for moving
from one place to another. In addition to this there are several other criteria or signs which show
that infant is ready to take their first step such as they cruising around, try to walk with
assistance, try to become daring adventurer for standing and so on. There are numbers of pre

request need when a baby started walking from which one main is child walker which help child
in learning walking. It is considered as one of the main per-requisites of child or infant walking
as according to parents through this it is easy for child to learn how to walk and strand. In
addition to this, through the support of walker infant able to learn walking process easily as well
as they also understand how to make balance. Along with this, walker also assist infant to swing,
lift as well as maintain proper position of leg in order to take walk accurately. But according to
the research conducted by American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) walker is not appropriate for
child because that leads to several incidents or injuries. So it is suggested to parents by AAP to
adopt different methods such as playpens, natural walking, activity centres, baby jumper, baby
bouncers and many others.Along with this there are several advantages of walker which
encourage parents to use walker for their baby such as it provide parent to get time for
themselves at home, it boost infant sense related to independence, provide entertainment to child
and many more (Hilgenberg and et.al., 2020). On other hand there are numbers of disadvantages
of walker such as child may roll down from the walker which broke bones as well as leads to
sever injuries at head or other part of body. It may also lead to situation like through walker child
move to one to another place and pill table cloth due to which hot item such as coffee, milk or
other will fall on child. Due to these incidents AAP recommend parent to not use walker for their
infants as it also show down their walking speed as well as development.
CONCLUSION
Through conducting evaluation of above described points it can be conclude that there is
a specific time duration when an infant walking which is generally take place during the motor
control process in which infant body muscles getting strong so that they can stand, walk, run and
so on. In respect of this around the world there are many parent who use walker in order to teach
their child walking but according to AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) walker is not safe
for the child as it generally show down the walk of baby development. In addition to this
according to AAP walker is also very dangerous for infant or child as it may leads to occurrence
of accident, injuries and so on. Due to this, Canada already banded the walker sales in nation and
similarly it is recommended to United state by AAP.

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Online

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organization-of-the-lexicon/1-hierarchical-network-models>.
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