Cognitive Theory and Memory Capacity: A Study on STM and LTM Differences between Male and Female

This study explores the differences in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) capacity between male and female using cognitive theory. The research methodology, ethical issues, validity, and reliability are discussed.

Physiology

Table of Contents
Research method with an introduction to the cognitive psychology...............................................1
Literature review....................................................................................................................1
Cognitive theory as psychological theory..............................................................................1
Aim and hypothesis................................................................................................................2
Description for methodology..................................................................................................3
Ethical issue............................................................................................................................3
Validity and reliability............................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

Research method with an introduction to the cognitive psychology
Literature review
The multistore model of the memory which is also known as the modal model. It was first
proposed by the Richard Atkinson which is defined as the structural model. In addition, they
propose that the memory is persistent in the three form which store the sensory register, short
term memory and long term memory. Psychology is defined as the study which is based on the
behaviour and mind. The study usually encompasses of various of factor which is contributed in
the term of understanding the people behaviour and their mind. The psychology also provides an
evaluation which is based on the person and individual to create understanding regarding the
behaviour, perception and their perspective which may be associated with subject and object.
Therefore, to evaluate and understand the people perceptive there are some of the psychological
theory is derive which is helpful in order to provide the support to develop understanding
(Almasseri and AlHojailan, 2019).
Cognitive theory as psychological theory
Cognitive theory is defined as the approach which is related with the psychology that help
to attempt in order to explain the behaviour of human by understanding the process of thought. In
addition, it is well defined as the process which follow the mechanism is collectively focus on
the memory for the storing of behaviour or perception and change accordingly to retrieve the
same output. For example, the Millers Magic Number 7 are used to review which may provide
the context to understand the STM and LTM in the term of psychology. The most of participant
are different age group which show the average group that can store between the 5 to 9 item in
their short term memory. The idea was presented on the desk by miller which is called as the
magic 7. In addition, the main aim that show the short term memory hold the 7 plus or minus 2
item (Boudreaux, Nikolaev, and Klein, 2019).
The duration of the short term memory which is seem and underline within the 15 to 30
second that is showing the accordance of the Atkinson and Shiffrin which is founded 1971 that is
showing the context which is well related with the item which is kept for the short term memory
by repeating them verbally which is well known as the acoustic coding that called the process of
rehearsal. The technique is well use which is showing the brown Peterson which is useful in
order to prevent the possible of the retrieval by having the participant which is well counted in
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the backwards in 3 sec. The Peterson is usually show the aspect which is showing the longer a
delay which is less the information which is recalled. The rapid loss of the information which is
well related with the short term memory when the process of rehearsal which is prevented which
is taken as the part of indication of the short term memory which is having the limited duration.
Amnesics with impaired long term memory system that has been similar task which they make
the trend in order to make the perform just as well health control subject which lead to Atkinson
and Shiffrin to make the believe this was still more evident and make the separate short-term and
long term system. Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin that is proposed by the multi-stage theory of the
memory. In addition, they from the time information which is received by the processing system.
In this, they go through different stage to be part that must be stored. Additionally, they broke the
down which is based on the sensory memory which that provide the aspect which is short term
and long term memory.
Aim and hypothesis
Aim: To understand the difference of STM and LTM capacity for the male and female.
Hypothesis: Difference between STM capacity of male and females.
NOTE: Cognitive ability is based on the ability to create, store, retrieve and manipulate the
diversity of mental representation. Cognitive theory = Representational hypothesis + processing
hypothesis.
Assumptions 1: To evaluate the concept of STM and LTM capacity for the male and female.
Assumptions 2: To analyse the major difference related with the STM and LTM.
Assumptions 3: To evaluate the difference in male and female that is related with the LTM and
STM.
The above listed hypothesis is usually focus on the aspect which is showing the difference
which is well related with the concept of STM and LTM capacity. The STM and LTM capacity
may show the aspect that is related with the process of memory. The memory ratio and inverse is
usually show different mechanism as per the physiologic adaptation that is surrounded and
render by the psychological behaviour and their cross limitation. The three assumption is directly
proportional to the term of evaluation which has been made on the behalf of capacity which is
related with the LTM and STM. The represented hypothesis may provide the brief context which
show the measurement and allow the user in order to interpret the information and statistic with
the help of SPSS and other tool.
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Methodology
In the context to the experimental research process, independent variable and dependent
variable are compulsory in order to generate the aspect of procedure which is related with the
research process. Therefore, independent variable is referring as variable which is manipulated
by the researcher in order to investigate where it is persistently bring the change which is another
variable. The other variable which is usually measured and predicated to be dependent in the
independent variable which is named as the depended variable. The outcome is recorded within
the laboratory experiment is an experiment which is conducted under the highly controlled
situation where the accurate measurement which is possible (Ozyilmaz, Erdogan and
Karaeminogullari, 2018). The research process is usually included with the random sampling
where the participants are selected from the various ways on the random basis for the derivation
of experiment which allow to produce reliable and validated data (Wachs and et. al., 2020).
The psychological experiment is taken under test which require proper number of
participant who used to support the experiment which is prefer the context of psychological test.
In addition, to conduct the experiment approx. 50 participants are used to undertaken with the
test for the optimum result. The inclusion criteria are used to made which is beneficial for the
selection of participant for the study, the group are usually arrange with the help of random
sampling and by following the inclusion criteria which may develop the sense of recruitment and
so on. The proper monitoring and approval form the ethical committee is taken for the
completion of experiment. The report and documentation are well kept private and confidential.
The observation and test report are analysed and if the participant breach the inclusion factor
then they excluded from the study to maintain the rationale of result. In this experiment design,
the independent group design is used to chosen because, it helps to derive various of merit which
is useful for the experiment. The main motive towards using the independent group design is that
it takes less time and money than compared with the subject and also enhance the external
validity because the more participant are generally used. In this, the disadvantage is that the
individual shows the difference in the participant which can use sometime to lead to the group
results.
Ethical issue
The cognition can specifically give rise to the maladaptive behaviours as well as the negative
affect can diagnostic of the mental disorders. Such that holding the negative viewpoints of own, a
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person can feel additionally hopeless as well as can improves the dysfunctional behaviours like
consumption of alcohol or may be serious self-harm and suicide as well. According to the BPS
guideline, the ethical issue mainly related with the participant where privacy and confidentiality
is used to maintain and follow the concept to respect and dignity.
The cognitive theory generally lacks an ecological validity such that a memory may
include testing the participants in an environment where they generally feel under more pressure
in order to perform well as well as the performance of their memory can however be worse than
if it was measured. It can lack ecological validity can outcomes of the study less representative to
daily life as well as can mean that this is not applicable outside the study environment. The
experimental are used to conducted which is reliable and validated because the informed consent
are used to approved by participant and where appropriate IV and DV is used which may ignore
the concept of harm during the experiment. It can also involve inability to directly measure the
cognitive functions. This is also an another issue among the people that it is quite challenging to
evaluate the internal processes like perception and attention. In context with reductionist, various
approaches within the cognitive theory, it can make influence the human minds as well as their
behaviours (Granziera, H. and Perera, H.N., 2019). Therefore, the experiment is used to
conducted which may require participant consent and debriefing which is well associated with
the context which may show the validation for the research process, the informed consent is
generally focus on the participant agreement towards the criteria of process or experiment which
is taken within the procedure of research. Therefore, the informed consent is generally crucial for
the research which may help to ensure the individual that used to informed choice about that is
focus on the whether they used to participate in the research study. In this, the requirement which
is usually obtained that is well related with the informed consent from the term of research
participant which is well stipulated by the several regulation and policies. The concept of the
consent arises from the ethical principle that is based on the participant autonomy and show the
basic human right. In this, the patient has all the freedom which help to make the decision that
what should not happen to his or her body, the information is gathering before the undergoing
experiment.
Validity and reliability
The assumption which has been made on the topic which is show the difference of STM and
LTM is reliable and validated because they have appropriate epistemology and ontology. They
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are both functional and share the context which is related with validity and reliability. The
reliability of the cognitive theory can specifically propose that the people are generally motivated
by the inconsistencies as well as the effective desires in order to alter them. The inconsistencies
of the cognitive generally causes an imbalance among the people as well as the tension from this
imbalance can specifically motivate the people to alter these such inconsistencies. In this, there is
no activities performed in order to select the participants, so the results can vary on the basis of
various cognitive abilities. In this, it is identified as the cognitive theory is somehow help the
people in coping with their memory illness, can enhances the ability to make accurate decisions.
In addition to this, it can also aid in finding the people to effectively recover from their brain
injuries, can treat the learning disorders as well as structuring the educational curricula to
effectively improve the learnings. In context with validity, it generally refers to epistemic failures
like holding of inaccurate or an untrue belief, making an unjustifiable inferences or can offer to
unlikely explanations. In this, the cognitive approach generally tends to be a reductionist as when
analysing the participants, it separates the processes like memory from the other cognitive
processes. Therefore, within the daily life, a person can use various other cognitive processes at
the same time, so it generally lacks validity (Li, Ngo and Cheung, 2019).
As per the above discussion, it is well analysed that the psychological theories play vital role
in order to develop the knowledge which is reliable in order to interpret the people behaviour and
their perspective for any stimulus. The cognitive theory also helps within the psychological
approach for the storing and collection of essential information such as behaviour, thinking and
other. The extraneous variable and reliability within the experiment is LTM which may not be
taking under the process of investigation that can also affect the dependent variable in the
research study. Debriefing is the act which is showing the information participant about the
intention of the study in the which they are being taking into the participants. During the process,
the reveal any deception that show the occurrence and help to explain the deception which is
necessary. Therefore, the debriefing is usually typically occurring that the conclusion of the
participant’s study involvements. While focusing the male and female capacity with the context
to STM, the study is well evaluated with the help to experiment and proper study is outlined.
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