Network Addressing and Fragmentation

This assignment delves into the fundamental concepts of network addressing and data fragmentation. Students are tasked with analyzing an IP address range, configuring subnet masks, and calculating fragment sizes for different data packets. The problem involves understanding TCP/IP protocols, MTU size limitations, and the process of breaking down large data segments into smaller fragments for transmission across a network.

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching (Term 1, 2018)
Assignment item —Written Assessment-2
Due date: 11:45pm AEST, Friday, Week 10 ASSESSMENT
Weighting: 25% 2
Objectives
This assessment task requires you to demonstrate your knowledge of routing concepts by
completing a number of exercise questions.
The questions are designed to help you to achieve the unit learning outcomes as listed in the
unit profile.
Instructions
You must do this assignment on your own – it is not a group assignment.
These questions will require more time and effort than the first assignment so plan ahead and
start as early as possible. Question #3 may require additional research and analysis to
complete.
Type all your answers in the ‘Template for Your Answers’ Section of this document and
upload only that template. You can do that by copying the Template section into a new Word
document for uploading. Answers that are not typed into the “Template for Your Answers”
section may not be marked, or may be returned to you for re-typing and re-submission – late
penalties will apply.
Where instructed, you must show the steps you took to arrive at your answers. Write
your answers in your own words to avoid potential plagiarism and copyright violations.
You must submit the Answer section as a Word file (.doc or .docx). Do not submit PDF’s
or any other type of file without express permission from the Unit Coordinator.
Plagiarism Procedures can be found in the CQUniversity Policies section of the Unit Profile.
Assessment Requirements and Marking Criteria
There are 3 main questions each with sub-questions and the requirements are stated for each
one. You must answer all questions and their sub-questions. Marks are indicated in the
Answer Template.
The questions will be marked on correctness, logic and clarity, and addressing all parts of the
question.
The Assignment Questions begin on the next page.
REMEMBER, USE THE ANSWER TEMPLATE FOR ALL YOUR ANSWERS

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching (Term 1, 2018)
Assignment item —Written Assessment-2
Question 1 – Routing (10 marks)
Given the following network diagram, assume that all the networks shown are aware of each
other and have fully updated routing tables. Answer the questions that follow.
The questions (1 mark each except q.8):
1. From the point of view of router R4, what is the next-hop address for a packet
addressed to host 161.22.0.15/18?
2. From the point of view of router R1, which of its interfaces would it choose for a
packet being sent to network 161.22.0.0/18?
3. A host with an IP address of 200.11.60.36/24 has just sent a packet to a host with
address 150.32.0.240/18. How many hops is required between source and
destination?
4. A packet originating from network 220.10.40.0/24 arrives at router R1, however, R1
determines that the destination network is not in its routing table. What does R1 do
with the packet?
5. A packet arrives at router R2 with a destination address of 140.21.0.10/22. Which
interface port does R2 forward the packet out of?
6. A packet at router R3 has a destination address of 220.10.40.5/26. What next-hop
address would R3 use for this packet?
7. A packet is waiting at router R4 for forwarding. If the next-hop was a “direct
delivery”, which of these three networks is the destination network? 150.3.0.0/16, or
150.32.0.0/18, or 220.10.40.0/24?

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching (Term 1, 2018)
Assignment item —Written Assessment-2
8. Complete the information in the routing table for router R2 as shown in the Answer
Template for networks 150.3.0.0/16, 150.32.0.0/18, and the Default network. Show
the masks in longest mask order using CIDR format (3 marks).
Question 2 – Fragmentation in IPv4 (5 marks)
An IP datagram 5,400 bytes long with no options arrives at a router, which determines that
the next destination has an MTU of 1,500 bytes. Use the Answer Template to complete the
following questions, showing your calculations and reasoning.
a) Assuming that the router decides to fragment the packet into 4 fragments, determine a
correct size for each fragment, and identify the starting byte and ending byte of each
fragment (2.5 marks).
b) Calculate the fragmentation offset for each fragment (1.5 marks).
c) State whether the total number of bytes from all 4 fragments leaving the router will be
greater than the initial datagram size that arrived, or less than the initial datagram size,
and the reason (1 mark).
Question 3 – Congestion controls in TCP (10 marks)
This question affords you the opportunity to extend your thinking about congestion controls
in TCP beyond the textbook to observe what a real-world technology company, Google, is
doing in this space.
First, read this Network World article that reports on Google’s approach to improving
congestion controls in TCP:
https://www.networkworld.com/article/3218084/lan-wan/how-google-is-speeding-up-the-
internet.html?
idg_eid=f32fc7aec843db7ef67d0a4f08e3322d&email_SHA1_lc=&cid=nww_nlt_networkworld_daily_
news_alert_2017-08-22&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NWW
%20Daily%20AM%20Alert%202017-08-22&utm_term=networkworld_daily_news_alert
You should also read the following more technical paper about it: https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-
cardwell-iccrg-bbr-congestion-control-00.html
After reading both articles, answer the following questions:
1. Write a brief summary of the congestion controls currently available in TCP as
covered in this Unit (1 mark)
2. Identify and explain two problems with current congestion controls in TCP that are
pointed out in the articles (2 marks)
3. Summarize in your own words the difference(s) between the current TCP congestion
controls and Google’s new BBR protocol (3 marks)

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching (Term 1, 2018)
Assignment item —Written Assessment-2
4. The Network World article points out that it is difficult to get a new protocol accepted
as a global standard for TCP/IP. Why do you think this is the case? Give carefully
thought out reasons for your answer. (4 marks)
Important: for every direct quotation you use from these two sources or any other source, you
must immediately, after the quote, provide your own explanation of the quotation (for example,
explain why are you quoting it, how does it help answer the question, how does it support what you
are saying?) – marks will be deducted for failure to do so. In addition, correct referencing
conventions must be used throughout your work using the Harvard referencing convention. Your
answers will be marked on clarity, logic, relevance, use of own words and fully addressing all parts of
each question.
Remember that quotations alone will not be accepted as your explanation of the questions.
Quotations can support your explanations, but you must still provide the explanations yourself.
Best way forward is to keep direct quotations to a minimum, and use your own words.

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching (Term 1, 2018)
Assignment item —Written Assessment-2
TEMPLATE FOR YOUR ANSWERS
Type your answers in this section in the spaces provided. Spaces
can expand as you type.
First Name:_________________________ Last Name:____________________________
Student ID: __________________________
Question Number Mark
allocated
Marks
earned
Question 1: (10 marks)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
150.3.0.3
M2
1
First the router will search for the address. If it’s not found in its IP
address, then the router will try to find the longest match. If router
found the match then packet will be sent to the destination, otherwise
router will drop the packet.
M0
150.3.0.3
150.3.00/16
q.8 Routing table of router R2:
Prefix Network address Next-hop address Interface
255.2
55.0.0
150.3.0.0 150.3.0.2 loopback
255.2
55.25
5.0
220.10.40.0 150.3.0.3 M0
255.2
55.19
2.0
161.22.0.0 150.3.0.3 M0
255.2
55.19
2.0
150.32.0.0 150.3.0.1 M0
255.2
55.25
5.0
200.11.60.0 200.21.60.1 M1
255.2
55.25
2.0
140.21.0.0 140.21.0.1 M2
1-7 1
mark
each, q.8
3 marks

COIT20261 Network Routing and Switching (Term 1, 2018)
Assignment item —Written Assessment-2
Question 2: (5 marks)
a) 5600-20 = 5580
1st Fragment
size 1480 bytes
Offset = 0
Byte range: 0 –
1479
2nd fragment
size 1480 bytes
Offset = 1480
Byte range =
1480 – 2959
3rd fragment
size 1480
Offset = 2960
Byte range;
2960 – 4439
4th fragment
size 1140 (=
5580-1480-
1480-1480)
Offset = 4440
Byte range:
4440 - 5580
2.5
b) Segment 1 offset = 0
Segment 2 offset = 1480
Segment 3 offset = 2960
Segment 4 offset = 4440
1.5
c) Total size of fragments is 4*1048 because total 4 fragments are present
and each fragment size is 1048. MTU size is 1500.
So,
4*1048>1500
1
Question 3: (10 marks)
1. When the sender send a large number of packets which is grater then the
packet number that can be handle by the protocol, a problem is created
that is known as congestion control.
1
2. TCP ends slow start when a packet is lost, the limit of the send or receive
windows are reached, or a previously calculated limit is reached.
2
3. BBR algorithm is very fast the TCP.
BBR algorithm can handle all network packets but TCP does not. 3
4. Router and switch does not have much buffer to handle all packets. But
BBR buffer is very big. Which is little complex to match with the current
system. Therefore, it is difficult to get a new protocol accepted as a global
standard for TCP/IP
4
Total marks awarded 25 (max)
Less late penalties if applicable
Less plagiarism penalties if applicable
Total marks earned
Markers comments: