Preliminary Analyses: Descriptive Statistics and Frequency Distribution

a) Commence with preliminary analyses (data checking) and provide comments.
Answer
Descriptive statistics
Cardiac data set
Table 1 below gives the descriptive statistics for the various variables as can be seen, the average age of the respondents was
found to be 67.47 (SD = 10.32).
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
bhr basebp dose age baseef
Mean 75.29 135.32 33.75 67.47 55.60
Standard Error 0.65 0.88 0.34 0.53 0.44
Median 74.00 133.00 40.00 69.00 57.00
Mode 72.00 120.00 40.00 67.00 57.00
Standard
Deviation
15.42 20.77 8.13 12.59 10.32
Sample Variance 237.6
3
431.40 66.17 158.41 106.53
Kurtosis 9.79 0.05 -0.29 4.14 1.79
Skewness 1.55 0.41 -1.01 0.06 -1.29
Range 168.0
0
118.00 30.00 129.00 63.00
Minimum 42.00 85.00 10.00 26.00 20.00
Maximum 210.0
0
203.00 40.00 155.00 83.00
Sum 4201
2
75511 18835 37648 31027
Count 558 558 558 558 558
Table 2 below gives the frequency distribution of the categorical variables in the study. As can be seen, majority of the
participants were females (60.6%, n = 338).
Table 2: Frequency distribution table
Frequency (n) Percent (%))
Gender

Male 220 39.4
Female 338 60.6
Total 558 100
Patient experienced chest
Yes 172 30.8
No 386 69.2
Total 558 100
Signs of heart attack on the ECG
Yes 71 12.7
No 487 87.3
Total 558 100
Stress Echocardiogram was positive
Yes 136 24.4
No 422 75.6
Total 558 100
Patient has a history of hypertension
Yes 393 70.4
No 165 29.6
Total 558 100
Patient has a history of diabetes
Yes 206 36.9
No 352 63.1
Total 558 100
Patient has a history of smoking
Yes 122 21.9
No 436 78.1
Total 558 100
Patient has a history of heart attack
Yes 154 27.6
No 404 72.4
Total 558 100
Patient has a history of angioplasty
Yes 41 7.3
No 517 92.7
Total 558 100
Patient has a history of bypass surgery
Yes 88 15.8
No 470 84.2
Total 558 100
The patient died
Yes 25 4.5
No 533 95.5
Total 558 100
Thyroid dataset

The average age of the participants in this study was found to be 38.97 (SD = 10.48) with the average time being 41.60 (SD
= 16.78).
Table 3: Descriptive statistics
age time
Mean 38.97 41.60
Standard Error 1.28 2.05
Median 37.00 44.00
Mode 33.00 55.00
Standard Deviation 10.48 16.78
Sample Variance 109.91 281.70
Kurtosis 0.15 -0.58
Skewness 0.65 -0.73
Range 49.00 58.00
Minimum 19.00 2.00
Maximum 68.00 60.00
Sum 2611 2787
Count 67 67
For the frequencies, we found out that the female patients were the majority (70.1%, n = 29.9). In terms of race, majority
were the whites (44.8%, n = 30) followed by the Blacks (35.8%, n = 24) and lastly the Asians were represented by 19.4% (n
= 13).
Table 4: Frequency distribution
Frequency (n) Percent (%)
Patient Gender
Male 20 29.9
Female 47 70.1
Total 67 100.0
Patient Race
White 30 44.8
Black 24 35.8
Asian/other 13 19.4
Total 67 100.0
Presence of regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis
Yes 17 25.4
No 50 74.6
Total 67 100.0
Tumor Size

< 1.5cm 14 20.9
1.5-4.4cm 37 55.2
>=4.5cm 16 23.9
Total 67 100.0
Surgery greater than lobectomy
Yes 17 25.4
No 50 74.6
Total 67 100.0
Time to treatment
< 4 months 39 58.2
4-8 months 19 28.4
>=8 months 9 13.4
Total 67 100.0
Five year survival status
Alive 51 76.1
Dead 16 23.9
Total 67 100.0
Tumor Type
Papillary 18 26.9
Follicular 49 73.1
Total 67 100.0

b) AGE
The above boxplot shows that the age distribution for the status (those alive and dead) are not normally distributed.
T-test
Group Statistics
status N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
age 1 51 38.18 10.543 1.476
2 16 41.50 10.205 2.551
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
Std. Error
Difference
age Equal variances assumed .008 .929 -1.108 65 .272 -3.324 2.999
Equal variances not assumed -1.128 25.858 .270 -3.324 2.947

The results of the t-test for determining the average age difference between those alive and those dead shows that there is no
significant difference in the age of the two groups (p > 0.05). The average age for those alive was 38.18 (SD = 10.54) while the
average age for the dead was 41.50 (SD = 10.21).
GENDER
status
1 2
Count Count
gender 1 16 4
2 35 12
CHI-TEST
Pearson Chi-Square Tests
status
gender Chi-square .236
df 1
Sig. .627a
Results are based on nonempty rows and columns in each innermost subtable.
a. More than 20% of cells in this subtable have expected cell counts less than 5. Chi-square
results may be invalid.
A chi-square test of association was performed to test for the association between gender and status. Results showed that there is no
association between gender of the participant and the status (Whether alive or dead) of the participant (p > 0.05).
RACE
Variables in the Equation
B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)
Step 1a race .149 .373 .159 1 .690 1.161
Constant -1.423 .727 3.825 1 .050 .241
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: race.

METASTASES
status
1 2
Count Count
metastases 1 10 7
2 41 9
Pearson Chi-Square Tests
status
metastases Chi-square 3.749
df 1
Sig. .053a
Results are based on nonempty rows and columns in each innermost subtable.
a. More than 20% of cells in this subtable have expected cell counts less than 5. Chi-square results may be invalid.
A chi-square test of association was performed to test for the association between presence of metastases and status. Results showed
that there is no association between presence of metastases and the status (Whether alive or dead) of the participant (p > 0.05).
SIZE

T-Test
Variables in the Equation
B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)
Step 1a size 2.547 3 .467
size(1) 19.904 40192.486 .000 1 1.000 440580337.853
size(2) 19.748 40192.486 .000 1 1.000 376940955.718
size(3) 20.797 40192.486 .000 1 1.000 1076974159.195
Constant -21.203 40192.486 .000 1 1.000 .000
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: size.
SURGERY
status
1 2
Count Count
surgery 1 15 2
2 36 14
Pearson Chi-Square Tests