Commercial Law: Rules and Principles for Lease, Misrepresentation, and Restrictive Covenant

Running head: COMMERCIAL LAW
COMMERCIAL LAW
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

1COMMERCIAL LAW
Table of Contents
PART A......................................................................................................................................2
PART B......................................................................................................................................3
PART C......................................................................................................................................4
Issue:......................................................................................................................................4
Rule:.......................................................................................................................................4
Application:............................................................................................................................5
Conclusion:............................................................................................................................5
PART D......................................................................................................................................6
Case law:................................................................................................................................6
Issue:......................................................................................................................................6
Rule:.......................................................................................................................................6
Application:............................................................................................................................7
Conclusion:............................................................................................................................8
PART E......................................................................................................................................8
Issue:......................................................................................................................................8
Rules:......................................................................................................................................8
Application:............................................................................................................................9
Conclusion:............................................................................................................................9
Bibliography:............................................................................................................................10

2COMMERCIAL LAW
PART A
An eminent British philosopher H.L.A. Hart bases the present question on the three
part legal system that has particularly pronounced. In his theory, he has defined the process
on how legal rules take part in the force of law1. In his book “Concept of law”, Hart has
mentioned certain rules on the recognition, change and adjudication. The rule of recognition
control cures the vulnerability of the essential principles by accommodating uniform
strategies for approval of such guidelines as laws2. The rule of change control accommodates
the presence of an arrangement that permits revision of the current guidelines and the static
standards in the legitimate framework could be changed in light of societal needs. On the
other hand, rule of adjudication accommodates a method of certain arbitration, (for example,
the development of a legal) this govern would characterize who decides and mediates issues
in the event that there is an assertion that standards have been broken.
In this section, it is required to make certain constitution for the tribe and before such
implementation; it is required to maintain certain uniformity in the adjudication process.
Further, the tribe should have to maintain the concept of justice in their list of Articles.
Separation of powers is an important concept in this regard. The universal tribe rule should be
attached with its social structure, a reason should be provided for accepting all these customs,
and there should be a law regarding the same. This rule supports the rule of recognition
mentioned by Hart. The legal structure should be liberal so that easy amendment process can
be generated while required. This supports the second theory of Hart. Further, a judicial body
1 Shaw, Geoffrey C. "HLA Hart's Lost Essay: Discretion and the Legal Process School." (Harv. L. Rev. 127
2013) 666.
2 Croce, Mariano. "A Practice Theory of Legal Pluralism: Hart’s (inadvertent) defence of the indistinctiveness of
law.” (2014) Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 27.1 27-47.

3COMMERCIAL LAW
should be there who can adjudicate legal rules for the tribe and in this process; third character
of Hart’s system can be embodied.
PART B
It is a known principle under Criminal law that crime is an offence exercised against
the society. There are several provisions in the globe that mark criminal offence as a
prejudicial process against the society. In almost every country, certain principles have been
adopted so that crime can be prevented by penalised the perpetrators. In this part, criminal
legal system of New Zealand has been discussed and certain comparisons will be there with
the Australia’s to understand the differences between the states.
In New Zealand, certain common law can be observed. However, considering the
legal system of New Zealand, it can be stated that Hart’s legal system has been included in
this country. Doctrines like separation of power have been adopted in this country. However,
the legal provisions of the English system can be found in this country and therefore, it can be
stated that rule of change has not been followed in this country. All the rules to prevent the
crime is imposed on the court system and it is hierarchy basis. Parliamentary system can be
found in this country. On the other hand, Australia typifies Hart's prescribed legitimate
framework also. It has a constitution (the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act)
which perceives law and accommodates correction in the event that it is required along these
lines exemplifying the manager of acknowledgment and the administer of progress . The
constitution additionally accommodates a reasonable detachment of forces by partitioning the
administration into three wings the governing body (to order the laws) an official (to uphold
the laws) and a legal (to decipher the laws). In this manner, the legal wing of the
administration is entrusted with settling lawful debate that may emerge in this way