Communication Gap within Abraj Energy Services: A Literature Review
Dissertation submission for the degree of MBA (IT) at Coventry University Middle East College, evaluating the communication gap within Abraj Energy Services.
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Added on 2023-06-07
About This Document
This literature review focuses on the communication gap within Abraj Energy Services and its impact on the company. It covers topics such as cross-cultural communication, communication standards, relationship between head office and field employees, and organizational internal trust.
Communication Gap within Abraj Energy Services: A Literature Review
Dissertation submission for the degree of MBA (IT) at Coventry University Middle East College, evaluating the communication gap within Abraj Energy Services.
Added on 2023-06-07
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1
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Dissertation
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Course ID:
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Dissertation
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Course ID:
2
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................7
1.1 Introduction:...........................................................................................................................7
1.2 Background of the study:.......................................................................................................9
1.3 Research Purpose.................................................................................................................11
1.4 Research Aim.......................................................................................................................12
1.5 Research Objectives.............................................................................................................13
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................14
2.1 Cross-cultural Communication within Abraj Company......................................................14
2.2 Communication Standards within different organizations...................................................16
2.3 Importance of Relationship between Head Office Employees and Field Employees.........20
2.4 Organizational internal trust.................................................................................................25
2.5 Communication Gap within Abraj Energy Services............................................................26
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................30
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................30
3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................................30
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................32
3.4 Research Hypotheses...........................................................................................................33
3.5 Research Methods................................................................................................................33
3.6 Data Types...........................................................................................................................34
3.7 Sample Selection and Data Collection.................................................................................35
3.7.1 Sample Selection...........................................................................................................36
3.7.2 Data Collection..............................................................................................................36
3.8 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................36
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................7
1.1 Introduction:...........................................................................................................................7
1.2 Background of the study:.......................................................................................................9
1.3 Research Purpose.................................................................................................................11
1.4 Research Aim.......................................................................................................................12
1.5 Research Objectives.............................................................................................................13
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................14
2.1 Cross-cultural Communication within Abraj Company......................................................14
2.2 Communication Standards within different organizations...................................................16
2.3 Importance of Relationship between Head Office Employees and Field Employees.........20
2.4 Organizational internal trust.................................................................................................25
2.5 Communication Gap within Abraj Energy Services............................................................26
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................30
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................30
3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................................30
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................32
3.4 Research Hypotheses...........................................................................................................33
3.5 Research Methods................................................................................................................33
3.6 Data Types...........................................................................................................................34
3.7 Sample Selection and Data Collection.................................................................................35
3.7.1 Sample Selection...........................................................................................................36
3.7.2 Data Collection..............................................................................................................36
3.8 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................36
3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
3.8.1 Quantitative Data Analysis............................................................................................36
3.8.2 Qualitative Data Analysis..............................................................................................37
3.9 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................37
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS.......................................................................................38
4.1 Quantitative Analysis:..........................................................................................................38
4.1.1 Reliability analysis:.......................................................................................................38
4.1.2 Frequency Analysis:......................................................................................................40
4.1.3 Kendall’s W:..................................................................................................................53
4.1.4 Spearman’s correlation:.................................................................................................57
4.2 Quantitative Findings:..........................................................................................................65
4.2 Qualitative Analysis:............................................................................................................67
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION:..............................................................................................69
5.1 Research Findings and Conclusions:...................................................................................69
5.1.1 Research Findings:........................................................................................................69
5.1.2 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................71
5.2 Recommendation:................................................................................................................72
5.3 Student Reflection:...............................................................................................................73
5.4 Scope of Future Research:...................................................................................................73
References:....................................................................................................................................74
Appendix:......................................................................................................................................76
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
3.8.1 Quantitative Data Analysis............................................................................................36
3.8.2 Qualitative Data Analysis..............................................................................................37
3.9 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................37
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS.......................................................................................38
4.1 Quantitative Analysis:..........................................................................................................38
4.1.1 Reliability analysis:.......................................................................................................38
4.1.2 Frequency Analysis:......................................................................................................40
4.1.3 Kendall’s W:..................................................................................................................53
4.1.4 Spearman’s correlation:.................................................................................................57
4.2 Quantitative Findings:..........................................................................................................65
4.2 Qualitative Analysis:............................................................................................................67
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION:..............................................................................................69
5.1 Research Findings and Conclusions:...................................................................................69
5.1.1 Research Findings:........................................................................................................69
5.1.2 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................71
5.2 Recommendation:................................................................................................................72
5.3 Student Reflection:...............................................................................................................73
5.4 Scope of Future Research:...................................................................................................73
References:....................................................................................................................................74
Appendix:......................................................................................................................................76
4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table of Tables
Table 1: Reliability Statistic..........................................................................................................11
Table 2: Reliability of all variable.................................................................................................12
Table 3: Frequency distribution of Gender....................................................................................13
Table 4: Frequency distribution of Age-group..............................................................................14
Table 5: Frequency distribution of Designation............................................................................14
Table 6: Frequency distribution of lack of honesty and trust........................................................15
Table 7: Frequency distribution of lack of cleanliness..................................................................16
Table 8: Frequency distribution of lack of respect and clarity......................................................16
Table 9: Frequency distribution of lack of superb vocabulary......................................................17
Table 10: Frequency distribution of lack of credibility and prejudices.........................................17
Table 11: Frequency distribution of the communication gap within HRM...................................17
Table 12: Frequency distribution of Theoretical argument that indicate the absence of linkage or
relationship....................................................................................................................................18
Table 13: Frequency distribution of Loosing of clients and confusion among employer and
employee........................................................................................................................................18
Table 14: Frequency distribution of No evidence of high performance work practices (HPWP) of
the employees................................................................................................................................18
Table 15: Frequency distribution of No evidence of significant personal character and leadership
skills of the employees...................................................................................................................19
Table 16: Frequency distribution of ‘The trust of management’...................................................19
Table 17: Frequency distribution of ‘The advancement of technology’.......................................20
Table 18: Frequency distribution of ‘The strong commonalities’.................................................20
Table 19: Frequency distribution of ‘The effective financial condition of the employees’..........20
Table 20: Frequency distribution of ‘The decision drivers’..........................................................21
Table 21: Frequency distribution of ‘Decrease communication differences’...............................21
Table 22: Frequency distribution of ‘Enhance the process of co-monitoring’..............................22
Table 23: Frequency distribution of ‘Enhance the beneficial legal and worthy policies’.............22
Table 24: Frequency distribution of ‘Decrease the erroneous actions’.........................................22
Table 25: Frequency distribution of ‘Decrease the command conflicts’.......................................23
Table 26: Frequency distribution of ‘Adopt verbal and non-verbal crosschecking’.....................23
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table of Tables
Table 1: Reliability Statistic..........................................................................................................11
Table 2: Reliability of all variable.................................................................................................12
Table 3: Frequency distribution of Gender....................................................................................13
Table 4: Frequency distribution of Age-group..............................................................................14
Table 5: Frequency distribution of Designation............................................................................14
Table 6: Frequency distribution of lack of honesty and trust........................................................15
Table 7: Frequency distribution of lack of cleanliness..................................................................16
Table 8: Frequency distribution of lack of respect and clarity......................................................16
Table 9: Frequency distribution of lack of superb vocabulary......................................................17
Table 10: Frequency distribution of lack of credibility and prejudices.........................................17
Table 11: Frequency distribution of the communication gap within HRM...................................17
Table 12: Frequency distribution of Theoretical argument that indicate the absence of linkage or
relationship....................................................................................................................................18
Table 13: Frequency distribution of Loosing of clients and confusion among employer and
employee........................................................................................................................................18
Table 14: Frequency distribution of No evidence of high performance work practices (HPWP) of
the employees................................................................................................................................18
Table 15: Frequency distribution of No evidence of significant personal character and leadership
skills of the employees...................................................................................................................19
Table 16: Frequency distribution of ‘The trust of management’...................................................19
Table 17: Frequency distribution of ‘The advancement of technology’.......................................20
Table 18: Frequency distribution of ‘The strong commonalities’.................................................20
Table 19: Frequency distribution of ‘The effective financial condition of the employees’..........20
Table 20: Frequency distribution of ‘The decision drivers’..........................................................21
Table 21: Frequency distribution of ‘Decrease communication differences’...............................21
Table 22: Frequency distribution of ‘Enhance the process of co-monitoring’..............................22
Table 23: Frequency distribution of ‘Enhance the beneficial legal and worthy policies’.............22
Table 24: Frequency distribution of ‘Decrease the erroneous actions’.........................................22
Table 25: Frequency distribution of ‘Decrease the command conflicts’.......................................23
Table 26: Frequency distribution of ‘Adopt verbal and non-verbal crosschecking’.....................23
5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table 27: Frequency distribution of ‘Understanding the opposite spokesperson’........................23
Table 28: Frequency distribution of ‘Improving the fluency of language and effective listening’
.......................................................................................................................................................24
Table 29: Frequency distribution of ‘Enhance the quality of postures, gestures, expression and
emotions’.......................................................................................................................................24
Table 30: Frequency distribution of ‘Effective way to exchange the information’......................25
Table 31: Kendall’s W test of the causes of communication gap within HRM............................25
Table 32: Kendall’s W test of the identified communication gaps within HRM..........................26
Table 33: Kendall’s W test of the best practice related to communications in other different
companies......................................................................................................................................27
Table 34: Kendall’s W test of the bridging the gap between Head Office Employee and Field
Employee and raise legal, policies awareness...............................................................................27
Table 35: Kendall’s W-test of Suggestion and solutions for the problems facing the
communication gap within HRM..................................................................................................28
Table 36: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 1...............................................................30
Table 37: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 2...............................................................31
Table 38: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 3...............................................................33
Table 39: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 4...............................................................34
Table 40: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 5...............................................................36
Table 41: Testing of research hypothesis......................................................................................37
Table of Charts
Chart 1: Communication Gaps......................................................................................................27
Chart 2: Multi-resolution Communication....................................................................................28
Chart 3: Communication across cultures.......................................................................................29
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table 27: Frequency distribution of ‘Understanding the opposite spokesperson’........................23
Table 28: Frequency distribution of ‘Improving the fluency of language and effective listening’
.......................................................................................................................................................24
Table 29: Frequency distribution of ‘Enhance the quality of postures, gestures, expression and
emotions’.......................................................................................................................................24
Table 30: Frequency distribution of ‘Effective way to exchange the information’......................25
Table 31: Kendall’s W test of the causes of communication gap within HRM............................25
Table 32: Kendall’s W test of the identified communication gaps within HRM..........................26
Table 33: Kendall’s W test of the best practice related to communications in other different
companies......................................................................................................................................27
Table 34: Kendall’s W test of the bridging the gap between Head Office Employee and Field
Employee and raise legal, policies awareness...............................................................................27
Table 35: Kendall’s W-test of Suggestion and solutions for the problems facing the
communication gap within HRM..................................................................................................28
Table 36: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 1...............................................................30
Table 37: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 2...............................................................31
Table 38: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 3...............................................................33
Table 39: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 4...............................................................34
Table 40: Spearman’s rank correlation for hypothesis 5...............................................................36
Table 41: Testing of research hypothesis......................................................................................37
Table of Charts
Chart 1: Communication Gaps......................................................................................................27
Chart 2: Multi-resolution Communication....................................................................................28
Chart 3: Communication across cultures.......................................................................................29
6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table of figures
Figure 1: Types of Research Design................................................................................................4
Figure 2: Types of Research Approaches........................................................................................5
Figure 3: Types of Research Methods.............................................................................................6
Figure 4: Types of Data...................................................................................................................7
Figure 5: Bar plot of Gender..........................................................................................................12
Figure 6: Bar plot of Age-group....................................................................................................13
Figure 7: Bar plot of Designation..................................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
Table of figures
Figure 1: Types of Research Design................................................................................................4
Figure 2: Types of Research Approaches........................................................................................5
Figure 3: Types of Research Methods.............................................................................................6
Figure 4: Types of Data...................................................................................................................7
Figure 5: Bar plot of Gender..........................................................................................................12
Figure 6: Bar plot of Age-group....................................................................................................13
Figure 7: Bar plot of Designation..................................................................................................14
7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
The effectiveness of communication has an important impact on the retention of
employees. The current research is mainly based on the topic of communication gap within
Abraj Energy Services and its different positive impacts on the company. Communication gap
generally refers to the effectiveness of communication, which is the process of practicing the
effective use of high-end technology in communications in order to close or reduce the gap
between site employees whom working in the oil field and head office employee. Jablin is one
of the first scholars to conduct research. Jablin believes that the employee's intention to leave can
be predicted by the communication relationship between the upper and lower levels; Michael
further studies communication. Xiao Bo (2006) sampled the grassroots employees of private
enterprises in Sichuan and Chongqing. Through structural equation modeling, empirical research
shows that the organization of career management can improve the loyalty of employees and
strengthen the internal management of enterprises while strengthening organizational
management (Soliman, 2010, p.54). Communication, then the company has a more significant
effect on organizational life management and employee loyalty. Deng Lifang (2008) selected
representative employees of enterprises, and institutions as research objects, and quantitative
research found that the relationship between superiors and subordinates, colleague relations, and
communication. Organisational communication factors such as direct supervisor attitude and
information transmission status are closely related to work stress and it will cause psychological,
work behavior, and physiological stress effects. The qualitative analysis of the data not only
supports the conclusions of the above quantitative research, but also gives a more subtle and rich
description and reflection of these conclusions. As the research on management communication
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
The effectiveness of communication has an important impact on the retention of
employees. The current research is mainly based on the topic of communication gap within
Abraj Energy Services and its different positive impacts on the company. Communication gap
generally refers to the effectiveness of communication, which is the process of practicing the
effective use of high-end technology in communications in order to close or reduce the gap
between site employees whom working in the oil field and head office employee. Jablin is one
of the first scholars to conduct research. Jablin believes that the employee's intention to leave can
be predicted by the communication relationship between the upper and lower levels; Michael
further studies communication. Xiao Bo (2006) sampled the grassroots employees of private
enterprises in Sichuan and Chongqing. Through structural equation modeling, empirical research
shows that the organization of career management can improve the loyalty of employees and
strengthen the internal management of enterprises while strengthening organizational
management (Soliman, 2010, p.54). Communication, then the company has a more significant
effect on organizational life management and employee loyalty. Deng Lifang (2008) selected
representative employees of enterprises, and institutions as research objects, and quantitative
research found that the relationship between superiors and subordinates, colleague relations, and
communication. Organisational communication factors such as direct supervisor attitude and
information transmission status are closely related to work stress and it will cause psychological,
work behavior, and physiological stress effects. The qualitative analysis of the data not only
supports the conclusions of the above quantitative research, but also gives a more subtle and rich
description and reflection of these conclusions. As the research on management communication
8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
began to quantify, the focus of its indicator system began to increase (Den Hartog, 2013,
pp.1637-1665). Cheng Zhichao (2005) divided the effectiveness of communication into two
categories of indicators, 10 specific indicators: one is the effect indicators, including consistency,
clarity, content, fluency and credibility. The other is efficiency indicators, including timeliness,
complexity, confusability, ratio of use and rework rate. Wang Wei and Song Yan (2007)
proposed an index evaluation system for the effectiveness of virtual enterprise organization
communication, which simplified Cheng Zhichao's system as follows: performance indicators
include consistency, reliability and innovation; efficiency indicators include timeliness and ratio
Use and consumption. Management communication began to focus on the study of team
performance. Mei Hong, (2008) analyzed the factors affecting the effectiveness of organizational
management communication for leaders and teachers and students in the organization. The study
found that communication satisfaction and open communication have positive effects on
improving college performance (Den Hartog, 2013, pp.1637-1665).
Yang Yaqin (2008) simulates the decision-making task of island survival. Through two
rounds of experiments, it is concluded that the degree of communication has an impact on the
team's mission performance. Under the condition of sufficient communication, the accuracy of
team decision-making tasks is higher than that under the condition of insufficient
communication. At the same time, in terms of performance, the degree of communication has an
impact on the satisfaction of individual decision-making. Under the condition of sufficient
communication, the satisfaction of team members in personal decision-making is lower than that
under the condition of insufficient communication, that is, communication is sufficient to make
team members more agreeable on team decision-making (Kesler, 1995, pp.229-252). With the
deepening of management communication research, researchers encounter more and more
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEWDISSERTATION
began to quantify, the focus of its indicator system began to increase (Den Hartog, 2013,
pp.1637-1665). Cheng Zhichao (2005) divided the effectiveness of communication into two
categories of indicators, 10 specific indicators: one is the effect indicators, including consistency,
clarity, content, fluency and credibility. The other is efficiency indicators, including timeliness,
complexity, confusability, ratio of use and rework rate. Wang Wei and Song Yan (2007)
proposed an index evaluation system for the effectiveness of virtual enterprise organization
communication, which simplified Cheng Zhichao's system as follows: performance indicators
include consistency, reliability and innovation; efficiency indicators include timeliness and ratio
Use and consumption. Management communication began to focus on the study of team
performance. Mei Hong, (2008) analyzed the factors affecting the effectiveness of organizational
management communication for leaders and teachers and students in the organization. The study
found that communication satisfaction and open communication have positive effects on
improving college performance (Den Hartog, 2013, pp.1637-1665).
Yang Yaqin (2008) simulates the decision-making task of island survival. Through two
rounds of experiments, it is concluded that the degree of communication has an impact on the
team's mission performance. Under the condition of sufficient communication, the accuracy of
team decision-making tasks is higher than that under the condition of insufficient
communication. At the same time, in terms of performance, the degree of communication has an
impact on the satisfaction of individual decision-making. Under the condition of sufficient
communication, the satisfaction of team members in personal decision-making is lower than that
under the condition of insufficient communication, that is, communication is sufficient to make
team members more agreeable on team decision-making (Kesler, 1995, pp.229-252). With the
deepening of management communication research, researchers encounter more and more
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