Financial Analysis Report: Accounting Information System, Revenue Recognition, Liability Analysis

This financial analysis report provides insights into the accounting information system, revenue recognition process, and analysis of the liability side of the balance sheet. It includes a ratio analysis and offers valuable information about the financial health of the company.

Company’s Business
Financial Analysis
Report

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Accounting information system ..................................................................................................1
Revenue recognition process and structure of the revenue..........................................................3
Analysis of the liability side of balance sheet and ratio analysis ................................................4
Critically analyse the compensation system and stock compensation plans ..............................7
Leasing environment and types of lease .....................................................................................8
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Financial analysis report means the analyses of the financial strength and weakness of the
organizations for communicates the financial health of the company to the shareholders and
investors in order to increase the profit of the company in the future (Akbar and et.al., 2017). It is
also help in expansion of the business in future which help the business to grow. It is helpful for
the investors because through this they decide they take the investment decisions. Through this
individuals make the reports based on the research and investors conduct financial analyst by
gathering the financial information, through calculate ratios and then determine the value. This
report is based on the British Airways which is headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
Company was founded in the year 1974 and its parent company is 'International Airlines Group'.
It is second largest airline on the basis of Fleet size as well as passenger carried. In this report
there is the analysis of the accounting information system and method of the revenue recognition
for the structure of the revenue. Their is the analysis of the ratio also see the result which is best
for the financial analyses.
MAIN BODY
Accounting information system
In the Accounting information system refers to the process or methods that is used to
collect, store, process, manage and evaluation of the financial data which is used by the
managers and business analyst and tax agencies (Białkowski and Perera, 2019). Its is the
documents used by the accountants, consultants, business analyst, managers and auditors for the
analysis of the financial report. In this various software and hardware is used to store and retrieve
the data. In this there are six component is included which is people, procedures, data, software,
instructions and information technology infrastructure. In Context to British Airways they focus
on the one of the accounting information system for the effective working in the economy
(Birch, 2017).
Types of the Accounting Information systems:
 Legacy systems- It can be defined as system which is used by the business by focus on
the information technology in the sophisticated way which is old- fashioned but there are
some advantages is there for the firm which are valuable historical data for the firm and
system which is customized according to the needs of the system. In this there is the
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disadvantage is present which is no documentation (Dichev, Graham, Harvey and
Rajgopal, 2016).
 Manual systems- In this system there is the use of this system by the small businesses
and home based businesses, because it is entire manual in which there is the requirement
of the source document, general ledger, journal and subsidiary journals if there is the
need (Bilgin and et.al., 2018).
 Replacement of the legacy system- In this there is the completely replace of the legacy
systems with the new up -to- date system because it is the quite expensive system which
is used in the procedure called screen scraping, through the new system it helps in
transfer the data and displayed on the computer screen which help in making the different
applications such as inventory, payroll. In the home based variety there is the use of the
accounting information system to keep the competitive in the industry (Drake, Quinn and
Thornock, 2017).
In relevance to British Airways, information technology of legacy system is utilised by an
organization for the purpose of collecting data and for managing the collected information of the
historical data that is essential for the investors for analysing options of investment associated
with entity. Application of this system of accounting information enables firm in customizing the
requirements of business and ensures consideration of operating practices which are unique to
company.
Preparation of financial systems: It is the process of aggregating accounting
information into standard set of financials which is distributed into management, lenders,
creditors and investors for the evaluation of cash flow, profitability and liquidity. In the general
purpose for the preparation of financial statements there is the preparation of the balance sheet,
income statement and cash flow for the purpose of financial accounting. In Context to British
Airways they have to focus on the financial reporting and they prepare their financial statements
at the end of the year in which there is the recording of all transactions such as incoke
statements, statement of retained earning and statement of the cash flow for the making of the
financial statements (Gabor and Brooks, 2017).
Closing and reporting activity there is the recording of the key data which is used for
support the fiscal policy and monitoring the decision making for the preparation of the Generally
accepted Accounting Principle which is produced for the reasonable period. In this there is the
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recording of the operational financial transactions, for reconcile the module and subsidiary
ledgers.
Revenue recognition process and structure of the revenue
In the revenue recognition process it is the generally accepted accounting principle which
is help in identify the specific conditions for the generation of the revenue and determine the
account which is easily measurable in the company. It is the process for the straight forward
form the product is sold. In this there is of the recognition of the revenue in acquiring the cash
which is collected fat the workforce for the clients on the percentage of the completion method.
It is the process which is apply on the financials and seasonal trends. In this there is the risk and
rewards has been transferred from the seller to buyer. In this there is control of the goods sold is
over the long time. In this collection of the payment is come from the products and services. In
this cost of revenue is reasonably measured. (Gao, Mao, Huang and Yang, 2018).
 Cost recoverability method- It is the method used in different approach to generate
revenue recognition which is used for offsetting the revenue by the expenses until all
project cost is accounted (Hapsoro and Husain, 2019).
 Percentage of completion method- In this there is the recognition of the revenue by the
completion of the long term projects that help in provide the services to construction and
engineering services that help in generate of the revenue which is used for the long term
contract which is enforceable by the law. In this revenue is recognized at the time of the
milestones and it is calculated on the basis of the cost.
 Sales basis method- In this method there is the sales is based on the revenue recognition
methods which is recorded at the time of the sale. It is defined as the period of time in
which goods and services are charged according to time when payment is made.
 Instalment method- It is the method use by the organization in which they rely on the
customers on the timely manner for the collection of the payment. It is the method used
for the offset the related cost.
 Completed contract method- In this method there is the recognize of the revenue when
the project is complete and the contract is satisfied. This method is applies to both
revenue and expenses it is the requirements for the completion of the percentage method.
In this revenue is not recognized until the project is complete (Husnin, Nawawi, Salin
and Zhou, 2016).
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British Airways adopts sales basis method of revenue recognition, that is, revenue is
recorded in books of accounts only after service is delivered to customers, even if payment is
received before hand. (Jones, 2017).
Analysis of the liability side of balance sheet and ratio analysis
Balance sheet is classified into factors Assets and Liabilities in which different things are
written according to their headings. In the liability side means that company owes to outside
party, there is the payment of the bills which is pay to suppliers for the interest on bonds, there is
issue of the rent, salaries and utilities. In the liability side there is the differentiation is done on
current liability and non current liability. In the current liability there are many items are include
bank indebtedness, wages payable, interest payable and dividend payable, unearned premium
and accounts payables. In the liability side there is the discuss of the shareholders equity. In this
there is the discussion of the retailed earnings which is used by business to pay off the debt and it
is distributed to shareholders in form of dividend.
Liability is structured into three types which is current liabilities, non current liabilities
and contingent liabilities.
 Non current liabilities means debt or obligation that is due in over the year time, it is the
long term debt to acquire the immediate capital for the invest in new capital. The list of
the non- current liability are bonds payable, mortgage payable and deferred tax liabilities
(Pedersen, Gwozdz and Hvass, 2018).
 Current liability include short term liabilities for the debt and obligation that is paid
within a year. It is closely watched by the management for the company that is possess
the liquidity form the current assets for the grantee the debts (Mukhametzyanov and
Nugaev, 2016).
 Contingent liabilities is occur when there is the outcome of the future event, it is the
potential liabilities which is face by the lawsuit in this contingent liability is recorded if
the liability is probable. Examples are lawsuits and product warranties.
Bond valuation, in the valuation of bonds there is the technique is used for determining
the theoretical fair value from the specific bond (Leong and Sung, 2018). It includes calculating
the present value of the bonds in the future interest payment which is depend on the rate of return
for the investment. In context to British Airways, it bond is passed in guidelines of Trust 2018-A
Bond which offers coupon of 3.58 percent. Various types of bonds are issued by company such
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as, hybrid bond, convertible bond as well as non-convertible bonds. Focus is on international
bond as firm operates in airline industry.
Valuation of share is done by the process by knowing the value of the shares which is
based on the quantitative techniques and share values id valued by the demand and supply of
market (Malafronte, Porzio and Starita, 2016). The share of the listed companies is listed
publicly which is known easily to everyone. In Context to British Airways, they focus on
valuation of share depend on the London Stock Exchange which help in value the price of their
shares in the market. In current market their share price is 284.50 which is focus on the
responsiveness for increasing the value oriented for raising the securities.
Ratio analysis: means analysis of the ratio for measure the liquidity, efficiency and
solvency of the company. It is helpful for the investor in assess the financial statement of the
company in the market among the competitor. Through ratio analysts is able to find the
profitability of the company in the long tern. In simple terms it means the performance of the
company over the specific time for indicating the financial performance of the organization. In
this there is the use of the quantitative method for recording the information which is very
benefit for the analysing. In this there is the upward and downward trend is known to the
investors by comparing with other industry.
Particulars Formula 2018 2017
Current ratio
current assets/ current
liabilities
4193/6125 =
0.68 4341/5653 = 0.77
Acid test ratio quick assets / current liabilities
4022/6125 =
0.66 4213/5653 = 0.74
Debt to total assets ratio Debt / total assets
3953/17425 =
0.23
3985/17151 =
0.23
Times interest earned ratio EBITDA / interest expense
3253/11 =
295.72 2496/18 = 138.67
Working notes:
particulars Formula 2018 2017
Current ratio
current assets/ current
liabilities
4193/6125 =
0.68 4341/5653 = 0.77
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Acid test ratio quick assets / current liabilities
4022/6125 =
0.66 4213/5653 = 0.74
Debt to total assets ratio Debt / total assets
3953/17425 =
0.23
3985/17151 =
0.23
Times interest earned ratio EBITDA / interest expense
3253/11 =
295.72 2496/18 = 138.67
From the above current ratio it can be interpreted that ability of firm for paying short term
obligations has reduced over time because its current ratio has decreased from 0.77:1 in the year
2017 to 0.68:1 in 2018.
From the above computed acid test ratio it can be interpreted that acid test ratio of
company was 0.74 in 2017 while it reduced to 0.66 in 2018. it indicates that ability of firm for
paying immediate liabilities has declined.
From the debt to assets ratio it has been evaluated that there is no change ion debt to total
assets ratio of an organization. Hence, in both the year, that is, 2017 and 2018 company
maintains debt to equity ratio of 0.23 which shows that there is no significant change in ratio of
debt involvement in business and shareholder's ownership.
Form the time interest earned ratio it is interpreted that in 2017 it is 138.67 and in 2018 it
is 295.7 which means there is large increase in the ratio of the interest coverage ratio which
means that the company is able to take risk of the investors and creditors in terms of solvency if
this ratio is greater than 2.5 than it is acceptable risk at the time of the assessment.
Critically analyse the compensation system and stock compensation plans
Compensation system is concern with monetary and non- monetary benefits given to
employees to improve their willingness towards the work (Seyedghorban, Matanda and LaPlaca,
2016). It is widely used to motivate the employees and its divided into three categories. In the
context of British Airways, the compensation system is provided to its workforce at certain
period of time and this could be in form of wages, salaries, commission and non cash benefit.
Some of the tools and techniques though which it used to use compensation system in
organisation.
 Salaries- This can be termed as wags and salaries in payroll accounting, this are are basic
pay by company to its employees and promise them to pay a specified amount of money
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after specified period of time. In the context of British Airways, salaries are given to
workforce for the work done by them and engage them to work for longer period.
Company use systematic method to pay salaries to its employees and tried to satisfy their
expectation from organisation (Pustylnick, 2017).
 Bonus system: This system of compensation plan in an organization refers to payment of
lump sum amount to employees at year end for the purpose of achieving higher efficiency
or improving their performance. As this amount is given in lump sum manner instead of
dividing into small portions, it generates the feeling of receiving high amount in
perception of working staff. Hence, they feel motivated and their commitment towards
organization and tasks that is to be performed increases. Hence, ultimately efficiency of
business improves.
 Commissions system- This might consider as sales commission and they are computed
according to certain percentage of commission rate (Osadchy and et.al., 2018). In the
company British Airways, this consider same as wages and they determine the regular,
hourly rate and make sure this must be equals to minimum wages. Company ensure that
employees were paid according the exact work done by them and provide them fair
commission as possible.
 Piece rate plan- In this workers paid on piece rate plan which receive for the each item
produced by them. In the context of company British Airways, they paid to its workers
who made certain activities and add some value to organisation.
Stock compensation plan is refer to the stock options that is necessary for giving the
rewards to the employees which is used for the longer time depends on the Fair market value of
the stock, if the stock is subject to tax withholding then the tax is paid in cash. Restricted stock It
is the type of stock compensation in which employees receive shares through purchase or gift for
the performance. It is done equally for the set of period for taking the rights of the stock
ownership.
Post retirement benefits refers to the benefits which is included for the payment of the
employees in the benefit plan, pension plan, life insurance and post employment benefits . There
are various plans also which are welfare benefit plans (Schaltegger and Hörisch, 2017).
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Leasing environment and types of lease
Leasing company refers to the physical assets or service which is use by the commercial
client for the individual to established the specific time for generate the return for the regular
payments (Samoilikova, 2020). In the leasing environment there is the both risk are present
which is environmental and social risk which is involve for the combination of the worker safety
which is arising from the use of the physical assets. In Context to British Airways there is the
description of the physical assets for the regular payments,
Capital and operating lease means asset on the company balance sheet in capital lease
and in operating lease it means expense remain off in the balance sheet. In the capital lease there
is the description of the debt in which there is the transfer of the ownership of the assets at the
end of term. In the capital lease ownership is transferred to the lessee at the end of lease term
and in operating lease it is retained by the lessor during and after the lease term (Valaskova,
Kliestik and Kovacova, 2018).
There are mainly three types of lease which are explained below in context to British
Airways:
 Absolute net lease- In the net lease there is included of the insurance, taxes and
maintenance. In large business there is the understand of the contract and duration. It is
follow by the British Airways for giving the lease to customers (Zeff, 2016).
 Triple net lease: It associates three category of expenses, that is, real property tax,
maintenance as well as insurance. Such expenses can be termed as pass through expense
as in this, owner of property passes tenant in rent excess form.
 Modified gross lease: Here, entire burden is passed in owner of property as owner makes
payment of taxes, maintenance and insurance, while tenant is responsible for utility,
interior maintenance and janitorial.
Conclusion
From the above report it has been concluded that financial report is described as the
income statement and balance sheet for the analysis of the financial position in the market. In
this there is the analysis of the accounting information system. Further, this report states that
accounting information system are of various types which are, manual system, legacy system and
replacement of legacy system. Apart from this revenue recognition process is explained and its
method are identified. Liability side of balance sheet is analysed and ratios are computed for the
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purpose of analysing performance of business. Lastly, leasing environment and compensation
system is studied.
REFERENCES
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Online:
British Airways. 2020. [Online],. Available through:
<\\nhttps://www.iairgroup.com/~/media/Files/I/IAG/annual-reports/ba/en/british-
airways-plc-annual-report-and-accounts-2018.pdf\\n>
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