Automating Tendering Processes with Web Services

The provided content appears to be a collection of various research papers, articles, and books related to electronic tender systems. The papers cover topics such as estimating and tendering for building work, adapting financial rationality, service quality along the supply chain, designing research in education, and product-driven supply chain selection using integrated multi-criteria decision-making methodology. Additionally, there are case studies on factors affecting tendering processes in manufacturing companies and the role of the construction industry in sustainable urban development. The content suggests that it is relevant to understanding electronic tender systems and how they can be used effectively in various industries.

Competitive tendering
and efficiency in a
dynamic environment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe my deepest gratitude to my mentor who inspired and guided me with his wisdom
and knowledge. His commitment to the highest standards motivated me to carry out the entire
dissertation in the right manner. I would like to express sincere thanks to my family members
and friends who provided me immense support throughout the entire research work. I would also
like to thank my colleagues and team members who helped me in gathering the data for the study
and its analysis.

ABSTRACT
Tendering is a process of purchasing the required material and services that is being
needed for carrying out the required functional activities. Uganda is a developing country and
present report aims at exploring the process of tendering as a way of recognizing the competitive
orientation in Ugandan firms. Most of the tenders in the nation are done by public sector
organizations where they largely support in carrying out a successful procedure of bidding. For
carrying out the study qualitative method has been used and thematic technique has been utilized
for conducting the analysis of collected data and information. Data and required information has
been collected from secondary data sources and information available from books, journals and
online sites have been used for completing the study. Non probabilistic sampling has been used
and under this random sampling method has been selected for performing the study. It has been
found that during the financial assessment, all costs should be appropriately covered in the
pricing structure that is being proposed for carrying out the process of bidding. Along with this,
the bids are prepared and by making use of this proposed structure of costing and the currency
conversions are properly covered under the price that is being offered. Bids mentioned over here
are easily comparable and requires conversion to be made on appropriate time. Alternative
costing to meet the specifications are being identified and logged in separately. Details of extra
cost are also evaluated and on whose basis, the terms of payment are determined.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER- 1...................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................6
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................6
1.2 Rationale of the study.......................................................................................................6
1.3 Research aims and objectives...........................................................................................7
Research questions.................................................................................................................7
1.4 Analysis and framework...................................................................................................8
CHAPTER- 2...................................................................................................................................9
LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................9
2.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................9
2.1 Concept of tendering........................................................................................................9
2.2 Tendering procedure.......................................................................................................13
2.3 External and internal factors influencing the tendering procedure................................18
CHAPTER- 3.................................................................................................................................22
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................22
3.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................22
3.1 Research philosophy.......................................................................................................22
3.2 Research approach..........................................................................................................23
3.3 Research design..............................................................................................................23
3.4 Data collection................................................................................................................24
3.5 Data analysis...................................................................................................................25
3.6 Validity and reliability....................................................................................................26
3.7 Ethical consideration......................................................................................................26
3.8 Research limitation.........................................................................................................27
CHAPTER- 4.................................................................................................................................28
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS............................................................................................28
4.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................28

4.1 Thematic and content analysis........................................................................................28
CHAPTER- 5.................................................................................................................................45
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................45
REFLECTING STATEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN....................................................50
Research Methods & Processes............................................................................................50
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................53
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CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
It is in context of the undertaken research work that has explored the process of tendering
to recognize its competitive orientation in the Ugandan firms participating in it. Wherein, the
procedure of tendering is referred to be among the most substantial operations of public sector
firms in the developing countries like Uganda. It is A majority of tenders in Uganda are being
undertaken by their governmental bodies that together involves the public bodies by duly
inviting them to participate in the process of bidding. It is however on envisioning the past times,
it has been observed that the tendering procedure in Uganda is becoming a part of corrupted
political parties (Oluka and Basheka, 2014).
As a result to which, it is leading to a poor state of performance where most of the
governmental organisations are failing to abide by the established clauses of tendering by law
(Omotoye, 2016). It is also in context to a modernised environment of business where these
organisations are duly defined by some well defined principles of public private partnership
between the public and private sector firms. It is where the public sector enterprises hereby tend
to support the private firms in Uganda via fiscal assistance (Lindell and Ampaire, 2016).
Wherein, the private sector establishments in turn refer to propose technical assistance with
proficient skills and expertise to acquire a valuable set of data for attaining several numbers of
projects by framing a competitive tender. It often leads to a competitive state of market where the
present investigation has been conducted to analyse the competitive positioning of tendering
process in Ugandan entities operating in public private partnership. It is with a fundamental
context of exploring their present competent positioning among the public- private partnership
ventures.
1.2 Rationale of the study
This section is to specify the factual context of this survey that is conducted to
acknowledge the prevalent state of competition in the tendering process of Ugandan public
private partnership ventures as focused in the present investigation. It is basically to study such
competing state of procurement procedure by broadly investigating an undertaken case of
Ugandan firms. Here, it is together evident that most of the public sector organisations in the

nation are employed with customary tactics to carry out the process of procurement (Atiga and
Azanlerigu, 2017). It however in turn undermines the state of competition by together limiting
the quality of their procurement procedures for not being correspondent to the modern practices
of procurement. It resultantly declines the valuable circumstance of public sector establishments
with a deficit existence of invention required to correspond to today's progressive strategies of
procurement. It has been reflected to be a major problematic concern where most of the Ugandan
enterprises actively participating in the process of tendering are dealing with several number of
clashes for the changing procedures. The present study where it resolution will be done by
studying such vital factors like accountability and transparency in the organisations that in turn
supports in the achievement of a competitive process of procurement.
1.3 Research aims and objectives
A chief aim of this survey is “To examine the tendering process of Ugandan public-
private partnerships firms with a prime intent of determining whether and how it is centred on a
competitive orientation of procurement procedure.”
It is with some definite number of objectives to accomplish the intended goal of this
investigation where these are as referred below-
 To determine how the dynamic external and internal factors of environment are driving a
need to increasingly ensure the tendering process is competitive in Uganda.
 To determine whether procurement processes in public-private partnerships in Uganda
are competitive, both through adding value to the public sector and the range of tenders
that are available to bid on.
 To recommend ways of enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda.
Research questions
It is basically to ensure a directional research work with well defined aims and objectives
where the below framed queries will thoroughly guide the surveyor to attain them within a
stipulated time frame-
 What is the impact of external and internal factors of environment on the need for having
a competitive tendering process in Uganda?
 In what ways are procurement processes in public-private partnerships competitive, and
can they add value to public sector firms?
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 What ways could be used to enhance the competitiveness of tendering processes in
Ugandan public private partnership firms?
1.4 Analysis and framework
It is mainly in context to an owing significance of procurement procedures for the overall
development of the nation, there existed a prompt requisition of determining the level of
competition in the procurement procedure of public-private partnerships firms. It is with another
principle identification of the role that can be played by these partnerships to augment the state
of a valuable competition with the public sector by a pertinent process of procurement (Osei–
Kyei and Chan, 2016). Furthermore, this research work has together referred to analyse a prime
intervention of assorted driving forces like the existent extraneous and supply chains to fund into
the big projects. This involves IMF, World Bank, etc., with a major consent of funding in the big
projects carried out in developing nations like Uganda. Consequently, this assessment is apparent
to come up with certain effective ways to enhance the level of competition in the tendering
process of Uganda. After whose implementation, it will considerably contribute into their overall
agenda of acquiring a competitive procurement process.
For which, the investigator has hereby referred to opt for the secondary research methods
accompanied by various secondary sources gathered from genuine set of books, journals, online
publications and magazines, etc. It has together depicted a case study approach undertaken by the
researcher as a way of analysing the procurement procedure in the field of supply chain
management in Uganda and other South African nations. Where these obtained facts and findings
have been reflected in the section of literature review. In concord to which, it has together
depicted an exploratory research approach undertaken by the investigator with a non
probabilistic tact of sampling. Wherein, the experts of two different companies in Uganda have
been interrogated with the help of qualitative analysis to further evaluate the acquired
information from them and conduct a thematic assessment of the same.

CHAPTER- 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This is referred to be the most substantial part of the entire study where it will hereby
depict the secondary findings of the researcher. Wherein, this part will reflect the distinct opinion
of varied academic scholars in regard to carry out the study in a directional manner. The way of
depicting the secondary findings is basically done by considering the secondary set of resources
to collect a liable set of data from verified publications that often consists of several internet
resources as well. It thereby showcase a prime concern of the surveyor to refer authenticated
books, journals and magazines, etc. Where at times, the governmental reports and company
records are also of great use for the investigator to gather a liable set of data for this research
work.
All these measures are likely to represent pre established data that have been earlier
studied by various other researcher's. As a result to which, this chapter is also apparent to show
any existed gap between the preceding and presently carried out studies by critically analysing
their obtained results. Also, it is foreseeable to address different standpoints of different authors
by providing a strong abstractive base to the present conducted study Petrou and Talias (2015).
Herein, the recent investigation is conducted to ascertain the tendering process of Ugandan firms
as a way of assessing their contending position in the market. For which, the below part has
delineated some leading number of themes as a way of evaluating the critical viewpoints of
various authors.
2.1 Concept of tendering
It is in accordance to the explicitly stated viewpoint of Amarapathy, Jayasena and
Ranadewa (2013), where there exists a prime requirement of understanding the term tender to
further interpret the wider concept of tendering. With an analogous reference to it, a tender
represents the invitation of a bid for a definite project where a successful tendering is meant to be
the acceptance of a formal offer made by one party to another. It is therefore referred to be a
process that usually involves two authoritative bodies representing the governmental parties and
the fiscal institutes of Uganda as stated by Kissang (2014). Where these two leading parties are
evident to invite the bids for big projects with a bounded time limit for its acceptance.
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Now, referring to the concept of tendering, it is also referred to be a process of
formulating an offer representing a bid or a proposal where it is basically referred to be a way of
showing interest in response to an invitation to tender or ITT. It is as per the conferred viewpoint
of Hellström, Ruuska and Jåfs (2013) where the business establishments often refers to seek
other commercial enterprises to react to a specific need like provisioning of products and
services, etc. As a result to which, they refer to opt for the most suitable tender that exactly fulfil
all their requirements by exhibiting a valuable investment of funds done by them to acquire a
competitive bid.
Moe (2014) have hereby argued upon the preceding consideration of tendering where it is
not only in approval of the organisations applying for the tender but is together for the benefit of
the opponent party who have proposed it for acceptance. As a result to which, they are also
required to go through pre qualification that in turn proves their credibility to undertake the
tender. It is hereby to continue with the further proceedings of tendering with a primary
requisition of document submission where it refers to several numbers of documents such as
Request for tender (RTF) and Requests for proposal (RFP), etc. However, the aforesaid
documents are mostly a dependent clause that relies upon the nature of the tendering procedure.
These documents are referred to have a substantial role in this entire conception of
tendering where it is referred to be the initiation process as a way of outlining the factual
requirements of both the parties. Beside this, it also evidences pertinent criteria along with the
instructions that are needed to be followed by both the applicant for a successful acquisition of a
tender as stated by Zink (2012). Wherein, the future tenders are usually publicized on a wider
basis to propose prompt opportunities to the suppliers as a way of promoting competition. It is
however with a leading emphasize on offering greater number of opportunities to them for
selecting the most applicable one.
Jimoh and Adama (2014) have further stated in context to a realistic concept of tendering
where it is a way of selecting the most eligible and competent supplier to perform their liable set
of responsibilities. It is after going through the above discoursed proceedings of tendering, the
interested suppliers are subsequently required to set up a tender with applicable documents in it.
It is basically a way of outlining the proposal that they are referring to give by involving an
appropriate schedule and pricing structure of by together defining their qualification to attain the
project. This will also incorporate with some other requite clauses as a way of outlining a

principal reason behind their selection. Herein, the suppliers are mostly required to prove their
contending characteristics in opposition to their contenders by providing some other relevant
data in regard to specify their qualification and experiences, etc. Also, it is specified to be the
best way to prove once effectiveness by together giving a prompt chance to the opponent party of
the tender to make the best possible selection of suppliers. Wherein, it is the most elementary
requirement in whose accordance the suppliers are hereby demonstrating their bid to provide
value for money.
The proposed tenders are consequently evaluated by the affiliated organisational bodies
in regard to meet out the defined criteria that was earlier clarified to the applicants. SINGH and
et. al., (2014) have hereby enlightened a fact in whose accordance; a normal procedure of
tendering is mostly carried out in a fair and honourable manner with no partial measures of
selection. Wherein, the tender that best corresponds to the pre specified clauses has a principle
right of winning the bid contract. This is with some fundamental consideration of the selector
who is required to clearly envision the outlined dimensions of the bid that best matches the pre
specified clauses and thus provides the best value for money.
Chiu, Nick, Lai, Farwick and Hung (2014) have expressed about the utilisation of
tendering contracts where it is usually for procurement contracts that includes a substantive sum
of money. Also, the utilisations of tendering contracts are usually being done by governmental
agencies, private sector enterprises, Nongovernmental organisations (NGO's) and overseas
establishments, etc. It is where this particular concept of tendering in context to its utilization
seems to be discouraging at the first where this can be handled in a very tactful manner. This
however requires a reliable action plan for the same with a prior proposition for the participants
involving in it to make a clear understanding of their business quality for the project. It is
basically to acknowledge whether the current situation of the business permits to enter into the
further proceedings of a chosen tender. It is by together ensuring the ability to handle the contract
by corresponding to its agreed clauses one can effectively proceeds to the acquisition of a tender.
It is mainly due to the provisioning of a competitive edge to the bid by insuring to meet out all its
stipulated criteria; one can also enhance the scope of successfully winning the tender.
Leśniak (2015) with a supportive outlook towards the above acquired facts and findings
of tendering have hereby specified tender to be a submission that is done by a potential supplier
in reaction to a request of tender. It then reflects an offer made for the supply of products and
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services where in the industry of retail, there exists a main procedure of tendering to select the
most liable supplier for provisioning the offered goods and services of retail based organisations.
It is however due to a complex route of procurement, the tenders are usually sought out for a
huge range of commodities where the chosen suppliers may have to work upon certain additive
functions like designing and management of workers, etc. This is for instance to specify a factual
illustration of supply chain management where the work is being expanded to dissimilar trade
suppliers with a distinct agenda of construction to each.
Duckett, Breadon and Venkataraman (2013) have argued that in the above reflected
process, each of the suppliers are required to work for a single number of client. However, it is
mainly due to an escalating tendency of the suppliers to acquire a single number of contract. This
is for instance to refer to an integrated team of supply to work upon public projects that mostly
involves a main contractor, sub contractors, suppliers and designers along with the facility
managers, etc. It is regardless of their nature of products and services to be sought out,
procedures for guaranteed tenders are of several forms. These are open tendering, selective
tendering, negotiated tendering, serial tendering, framework tendering, single stage and two
stage tendering and public procurement, etc.
Tendering is specified to be a process by which many organisations seeks to get into a
market via a valuable way to it. It is basically to enhance the business where tendering being a
challenging aspect is required to be dealt in a correct manner. Auriol and Søreide (2017) has
hereby setted it to be a challenging agenda where it is next to a unmanageable deal if not done by
following proper and applicable measures. Herein, tendering is also meant to take place mostly
into the international marketplaces that in turn necessitate the organisational bodies to pursue the
policies associated with such global process. This will in turn result into the formation of a global
tender.
Brook (2016) with a distinct consent towards it have specified it to be an easy task where
the enterprises seeking for it can easily search for the tender via the accessible means that
includes both online and offline services. Through which, one can easily send a proposal request
to undertake a tender by together ascertaining the most suitable one, as per their findings. In
accordance to the stated clauses of Flynn, McKevitt and Davis (2015) in regard to the process of
tendering, writing a tender is what matters the most. This in turn necessitate the writer to involve

such points that in turn fetch the interest of a large number of individuals who can easily refer to
crack the agreement.
Herlin and Pazirandeh (2015) with a similar context to writing a fetching tender has
hereby referred to some other vital considerations that involves the concerns of writing down a
global tender that is applicable at an international level. For which, it is important for the
individual considering writing the terms of a tender to work with an increased accountability.
This is basically to relate the written clauses with that to the elementary needs and requirements
of the company. On whose basis, the proposal request will be submitted where the proposed
tender must be inclusive of all mandate clauses where it should clearly specify all crucial points
reflecting as an important document.
2.2 Tendering procedure
Mohebbi and Li (2012) have hereby enlightened the fact of tendering procedure where it
is referred to comprise with seven different steps by emphasising upon the foremost stage of
determining the tender. This means to discover the type of tender opportunities among the four
leading ones that involves open tendering, selective tendering, multi stage tendering and invited
tendering by together referring to its issuable means. It is however referred to be a prime
accountability of the organisation who have requested a tender to further ascertain the kind of
tender that will be implicated by together making a clear statement of its inclination. This is for
instance to discourse upon the projection of the open tendering procedure where this involves an
invitation that has been made for the tender by publicly advertising it. Herein, there do not exists
any sort of restraining clause for the submission of tender by the suppliers and often carriers a
strict outlook towards its evaluation. As a result to which, the received tenders are rigorously
assessed by the organisations to precisely verify the eligibility of suppliers.
Hermann and Verhoest (2012) with a major stress upon another pivotal possibility of a
tender named select tendering have edified its nature where it is only for a selected number of
suppliers. It thus refer to the participation of some exclusive suppliers who are either chosen
from the preceding procedure of open tendering and have been shortlisted over here or have
previously worked together. There together exists yet another type of tendering opportunity
called multi stage tendering where it is generally used to address a large number of suppliers who
may refer to participate in the process of bidding. However, at this particular stage, those
suppliers are being able to grasp the winning opportunities that are more suitable to the specific
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requirements of the procurement contract. Lastly, there exists yet another chance of tendering
named invited tendering into which the organisation bidding for a proposal directly seeks to
contact a limited number of suppliers. Herein, the suppliers are basically requested by the
organisation to handle any situation of emergency by together involving the proposition of
specialist work or a low value and low risk work that often depicts an off the shelf alternative.
Leger, Oueslati and Salanié (2013) on referring to the above determined clauses have
hereby specified the ways in which the tenders are usually being issued by the affiliated
organisational bodies. This has represented five basic measures namely expression of interest
that is also termed as EOI in short and is generally used to list the most potent supplier before
searching for their elaborated proposals. Request for information or RFI is yet another issuing
measure that is usually implicated at the time of planning as a way of aid into the shaping of
project by not referring it for the selection of suppliers. Another tool is termed as request for
proposal or RFP that is merely used to define the factual requirements of a project with a flexible
and progressive solution. Request for quotation or RFQ is the fourth issuable tool where it is
used to invite the businesses to give a quote for further provisioning of commodities. Lastly,
there exists request for tender or RFT which is an invitation to be tendered by pubic
advertisements and is open to all interested and prospective number of suppliers.
Wang (2014) on forwarding towards the next step of tendering process is specifying the
preparation of a requested tender where this section is referred to outline the factual requirements
of a contact by together stating the way of responding towards it. It is where these tender
requests are referred to be an invitation to the suppliers to give a contending offer for winning the
contract for further provisioning of goods and services. In context to which, there exists distinct
terms for requesting a tender that tends to differ from one another. Herein, the most common
ones with equal needs are RFT and invitation to tender whereas, there together exists some other
terms that involves RFP, EOI and call for bids. However, these documents tend to vary from one
organisation to another with some usual components of tender requests.
Jimoh and Adama (2014) with an arguable consent towards the above stated clause of
tendering have specified these common factors to play a vital role in the entire procedure of
tendering to determine the most effective tender proposed by potential number of suppliers.
However, there exists a foremost element for the description of goods and services that are
required to be obtained. Wherein, this stage will tend to define all inclusive work by together

specifying about any technical details in relation to the project outcomes. Conditions of tender
are yet another clause where it tends to specify those terms that are required to be met for getting
into a legitimate contractual agreement.
Radermacher, Srivastava, Walsham, Sao and Paolucci (2016) have referred to be a
legitimate contractual agreement as one of the most applicable element in the process of
tendering. Wherein, it generally involves some vital requirements that are needed to be met by
the applicant as a way of corresponding to the stipulated criteria for participating in the process
bidding. Assessment of the criteria is referred to be the next element where it defines the method
in which the submission will be evaluated by adhering to the provided guidelines of tender
preparation and submission. Next is the content of submission along with some other detailing of
format as a way of presenting the submission. This is for instance to submit via templates or
response forms by together submitting within a stipulated length in accordance to the provided
guidelines of presentation. Procedural rules and data is the next element that involves overall
information about the process of submission. It depicts some specific measures such as when to
submit, where to submit and how to submit, etc. Beside this, this also details the documents that
are inevitable to be submitted and thus cannot be avoided in any circumstances.
Lastly, Musau (2015) have exemplified an eventual constituent namely the conditions of
contract where these are the conditions of draft contract and indicates certain general and
standardised terms of contract. This exists with some sort of additions and modifications that are
being made at the time of announcing a winning tender. Wherein, it is mainly in context to
represent any such non standardised terms of a contractual agreement to be detailed into the
tender documents. This is reflected to be the end of the process named preparation of request for
tender that is then followed by another stage of tender invitation where the way in which the
tenders are being invited depends upon the value, complexness and classification of the business.
It is however a prime consideration of the applicant to chose from the best tender opportunities.
Wang, Xi, Zhang, Zhang and Yu (2015) have hereby emphasised upon yet another
primary need of registering with the tender data services as a way of tracking the tendering
opportunities prevailing in the market. In context to which, one can access some official websites
of government to access further information about such vital possibilities of tendering in the
market. Where on registering, the suppliers are together referred to have updated information
about the same. Apart from this, there together existed a prime requisition of presenting a
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contending tender to win a bidding contract where this in turn showcases a chief concern of the
suppliers to meet this propulsive demand.
On this particular context, Kralji, Delismajlović and Kraljić (2013) have specified a
prime benefit of registering with such tender alerts websites that in turn keeps the suppliers
updated about the current trends. On whose basis, they can further refer to prepare and present
their bid to the organisations to win the tender with a competitive edge in it. Apart from this, they
may together refer to survey about the coherent needs of other rivalry establishments and
compare them to the enterprise for which they are referring to propose a tender. This will
resultantly assist them to involve such contending proposal that will ensure their successful
attainment of the bid tender.
Atiga and Azanlerigu (2017) have hereby stated about the fourth stage of tendering
process that reflects the way in which the suppliers applying for the tender are required to
respond by firstly collecting all relevant set of documents. After which, they are supposed to
undertake a five step approach by firstly attending any pretender that briefs about the session
needed to be carried out by subsequently clarifying any doubts by planning and preparing their
own response. It is with a last stage of submission where the response is required to be put
forward in an accurate format as per the guidelines on correct time and at a right place as argued
by Eicher (2016).
Duckett, Breadon and Venkataraman (2013) giving a more stress on the next procedural
phase of assessment and selection have referred it to be the most time consuming process into
which all received tender will be individually verified to ensure their conformity. It is also
referred to be the most critical stage where in case there exists any sort of complaint, then the
tender will be specifically verified against the specified directions. This is basically to check
upon the documentation of the tenders submitted by the suppliers as a way of determining the
suitability of the one that provides the best value for money and choose the same.
Hermann and Verhoest (2012) with a distinct perception towards it have hereby stated
that this stage is not only evident to make a mere evaluation of the received tenders but is
together apparent to compare among all of them. This is referred to be a fundamental method of
providing a competitive edge to the selected tender that stands to the expected clause of the
organisation by together meeting out the proposal made by the suppliers. It has thus reflected to
be another most complicated proceeding in the overall procedure of tendering where this

comparison is required to be done by the most cognitive individual with no biased measure in it.
This means that the selection of the supplier should be free from any personalised prospect of
benefit such as commission, etc. It should thus reflect a fair choice by the individual who must
refer to choose the supplier purely on the basis of their stipulated clauses.
The last two procedures of tendering are hereby enlightened by Kraljić, Delismajlović
and Kraljić (2013) namely notification and reporting. It is where this process is composed of a
vital consideration to acknowledge both the successful and unsuccessful tenders. Wherein, this
decision has been undertaken in the proceeding stage of selection. It is now with a resultant tact
of informing the successful tenders by notifying the won suppliers who have successfully met the
criteria of tendering and received it. For this, they will be duly informed in writing. Whereas, the
suppliers who have failed to obtain the tender will be together informed and will be asked to
attend a debriefing interview for the same. Lastly, on considering the final stage of tendering
procedure, contracts are being established and managed at the end of finalizing the tender with a
formal agreement among the agency and the selected supplier.
Leavy (2016) have hereby stated about another most important consideration of both the
parties to maintain a sustainable relationship with one another. In context to which, they are
hereby advised to be in touch of each other as a way of communicating about the prevalent
trends in the market by together interacting about any requisite changes into the existent one.
This can be done by facilitating open channels of communication where he parties can clearly
discuss about the need of change that will in turn enhances the competitive edge in their
working. It is also helpful in maintaining a reputable image by constantly abiding to the
stipulated norms of their contract.
It is where almost all business establishments are likely to work under a contractual term
and it is thus suggestible to the suppliers to adhere to the undertaken norms of their agreement in
concord to the bestowed viewpoint of Leśniak (2015). It is in correspondence to an open gateway
of interaction that must be there to support them in communicating any changes that are further
required to be done in the contract. Also, the suppliers should hereby refer to carry a confident
outlook to serve the clients as a way of meeting out all their requirements by clearly discussing
any further requirement of change in the existent context. This will not only refer to provide a
contending edge to the suppliers and the business but will together build a trustworthy image of
their provisioning.
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Kleine and das Graças Brightwell (2015) have hereby specified some considerate points
that are required to be taken care of while writing a tender. This includes the use of an official
letter head to write down the points of an international tender. It is basically to create it in a way
by which it can be published at an international level to globally attract the likely parties. Also,
the chosen font of the letters must be professional with the terms mentioned in a precise
language. Apart from this, there should not be any chances of revert and the tender should
mention the exact date and time with complete contact details of the respective authority to be
contacted at the time of any query. Beside this, another most important requirement states the
detailing of the organisation proposing the tender with a brief overview and its history, etc.
Lewis (2015) has hereby specified about several other formalities that are required to be
fulfilled other than the above mentioned clauses. It is to attain a legal advise specially for the
proceeding of a big tender. Also, it is to acknowledge the complexity of the tender that has been
proposed which must be approved by the legal bodies. Into which, a proper evaluation of the
tender must be done by corresponding to all specified conformity of the agreements proposed in
the tender. Lastly, interpretation and agreement to the tender is referred to be an essential
consideration.
2.3 External and internal factors influencing the tendering procedure
In today's contemporary era of business, public and private organizations both are legally
obliged to deal in tenders in the field of work and services in accordance to the given statement
of Eicher (2016). However, abiding by the law and regulatory framework, it becomes easy to
award the most competitive tender to the bidder in concord to their evaluation criteria due to its
authenticated nature of submission. Stanley and Wisner (2009) explained that varied industry
working on the basis of tender shed light on quality and service delivery for the purpose of
purchase performance evaluation. It enables firm to get the right kind of suppliers and purchase
the product and services effectively.
However, Samuel and Dismukes (2004) explained that different factors must be
considered in the selection of tendering procedure such as optimum cost, culture, joint
development and forward engineering. It shows that better supply chain management procedure
facilitates corporation to select the right suppliers and accordingly manage the product
procedures effectively for the purpose meeting the requirement of clients. Furthermore, trust and

communication are some of the important considered under the tendering procedures which
determine the optimum utilization of financial resources.
According to Mwikali and Kavale (2012) suppliers are selected on the basis of specific
criteria through which it becomes easy to focus on the objectives of the business and accordingly
accomplish the set objectives of the business. It would be more effective for management of
corporation to integrate all resources and determine the upward direction. Furthermore, factors of
suppliers' selection or tendering procedures are technical capability, quality assessment and
organization profit as well as cost. The first factor as technical capability indicates that in case a
business is seeking for appropriate tendering procedure the technical capability of suppliers
should be reviewed appropriately so as to ensure that flow of material will be effective and
contribute towards the successful operation of the corporation. Furthermore, cost and quality
material as well as technical capability are considered as the most important factors through
which tendering procedure can be selected effectively and long a well as short term objectives of
the firm can be accomplished.
According to O’Brian and Ghodsypour (2008) the selection of suppliers is the prominent
procedure which can be completed with taking proper care of all related procedure. For this
purpose, quality, service and cost are considered as the important aspect. At this juncture,
company shed light on lower cost and perfect quality on the basis of cost criteria. This is
considered as the effective aspect for reducing the cost of production but increasing the flow of
production. Owing to this, tender with very good quality of material and low cost as well as
technical capabilities. He further stated that, supplier selection procedure is supported by two
main key factors such as quality and cost. This would be effective for allocation of resources
effectively and ensure the flow of goods and services effectively to end users.
In this manner, O'Connell (2010) asserted that flow of information from one to another
party is very important factor in the process of tendering. He further reflected that E-tendering
procedure can be both time and cost saving through which available resources can be utilized
effective and firm can effectively integrate all related resources in order to increase higher rate of
return in the marketplace. In this manner, effective use of information and communication
technology makes it more effective procedure of tendering and supporting all related
stakeholders in the marketplace.
19

On the contrary, Kawvale and Mwikali (2012) argued that selection of suppliers is the
complicated procedure where it becomes important to focus on different criteria so as to get the
raw material on relatively low cost and meet the objectives of the business in a most effective
manner. However, e-tendering uptake is also important or crucial to determine the success of
project or tender which has been selected. On a critical note, Kissang (2014) concluded that
manufacturing companies must focus on specific factors at the time of tendering procedure. He
further argued that tendering procedure associated several other important elements which in turn
a company can accomplish its long as well as short term objectives. It indicates that appropriate
information technology associated with suppliers is the key to establish better relationship among
partners and accordingly access appropriate quality of materials on the basis of specific cost and
related resources.
On the other hand, Ayoti (2012) asserted that tendering process in public sector must be
selected on the basis of some important factors that mainly involves the submission of all
requisite documents. This is showing that appropriate record management proves to be effective
to complete the procedure related to tendering. It can be critically evaluated that poor record
keeping is the major issue associated with tendering. It is because professional association with
the procedure not trained enough and do not possess necessary information. Owing to this, it is
important to shed light on good practices in procurement and higher cost in the tendering process
at the initial stage. This would be more effective to ascertain the growth of the business and
create its competitive edge at the national and international level.
Mamiro (2010) asserted that procurement reforms generally get failed due to value of
money. It affects the power plan of the business and accordingly corporations face issues in the
selection of right kind of suppliers. Furthermore, he stated that implementation of appropriate
procurement planning and management of appropriate suppliers. At the same time, some of the
particular issues related to budgetary and skills as well as attraction of personnel affect the
tendering selection process. This has direct impact on the cost structure and affects the
performance of the business to a great extent. This in turn business must consider appropriate
strategies to avoid such kind of elements in the process and support towards the rightful selection
of the tendering procedure. Apart from this, Rono (2013) asserted that service quality and
planning are considered as the important factors for which relationship of both factors should be
considered. It would be effective for businesses to get the work done effectively at the right time.

Mouraviev, Mouraviev, Kakabadse and Kakabadse (2016) stated about the necessity of
paying attention to a good tendering proposal that should contain all dates to attract the potent
bodies to revert for the acceptance of the deal. In context to which, quality is specified to be
above all other consideration that do not even include the concern of pricing. This should be
clearly highlighted in the proposed term where an international tender proposal must be
published with proper verification at the end with a prompt responsibility of company's legal
consultants.
21

CHAPTER- 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter is one of the most important chapters in this dissertation that has reflected
the undertaken methods for carrying out the research. This is not only evident to provide a
directional base to the surveyor for carrying out the study but together assists the readers to make
a clear interpretation of its composition (Leavy, 2016). In accordance to which, it has hereby
discoursed upon some relevant tools and techniques to conduct the study for examining the
tendering procedure of Ugandan firms. It is however in support of another fundamental intent of
deciding that in what context the procurement process is focused to acquire a competitive
positioning in the public-private partnership ventures.
3.1 Research philosophy
An undertaken research philosophy is referred to be a comprehensive term where it is directly
associated with a developmental cognition to carry out a well defined investigation. This term
thus aids into the evolution of an investigation background where it refers to those factors that
consists of an individualistic perception (Larsen-Freeman and Long, 2014). It is basically with
reference to reflect distinct values and beliefs of an individual in context to the prevalent state of
realism. There exists two elementary research approaches namely positivism and interpretivism.
It is where under the philosophy of positivism, the researcher hereby tends to formulate a
hypothetical assumption to further test the resultants acquired from the investigation. It is
therefore referred to have a major emphasize upon the objective nature of the study.
Another philosophical measure entitled as interpretivism is in turn referred to have a
distinct perspective where it tends to offer a suitable justification to the pertaining issue of the
investigation. It is thus with a prime assistance of an interpretivism philosophy of research by
which the surveyor can hereby refer to bestow the associated facts and findings of the research
issue. It is together referred to be the most applicable measure to practice the study of social
science with a major emphasis on the subjectivity of the research topic (Yanow and Schwartz-
Shea, 2015). It is therefore with reference to the present investigation that is carried out to
examine the tendering procedure of Ugandan cooperation's. It supported by another principal

intent to determine a contending existence of procurement procedures in the public private
partnership firms in correspondence to a secondary research work.
3.2 Research approach
Research approach tends to define the carried attitude of the surveyor while carrying out
an investigation where there together exist two different tactics namely inductive and deductive.
Wherein, both these approaches are evident to determine the overall scope of the study where a
deductive approach is evident to reduce the overall range of the research topic with another
perception of inductive approach that in turn increases the range of study (Nicholls, 2017). It is
therefore in context to the present investigation that is carried out to explore the contending
nature of procurement procedures in the Ugandan firms within a public private partnership. With
reference to which, the researcher in the present survey has referred to choose an inductive
approach. It is basically to enlarge the overall scope of the study that will begin from a specific
context of competitive procurement procedure.
This will terminate at a general context of all Ugandan entities participating in the
process of tendering. This will consequently intensify the overall range of this study with a clear
depiction of an inductive research work (Marini, Cunningham, Xirouchakis and Corney, 2016).
However, another approach to carry out a deductive study is not assistive in context to the recent
subject matter where in this, the investigation is apparent to move from a general to specific
approach. It is unlike the opted measure of inductive approach where the study will move from
specific to general context. Beside this, a case study approach has been opted by the investigator
over here as a way of referring to two distinct Ugandan establishments who generally
participates in the process of tendering.
3.3 Research design
There exists a total three distinct types of research designs known as explanatory,
exploratory and descriptive. It is where a descriptive design is apparent to aid the surveyor to
carry out an in depth research work with more stress upon the deepness of the research topic
(Leavy, 2016). However, another alternative design known as exploratory is with a more
emphasis upon generating newer set of ideas where in explanatory, the surveyor is more evident
to make a mere explanation of the chosen subject matter. It is therefore a purely dependant tact
where as per the suitability of the current research topic, the researcher has hereby opted to carry
out an exploratory study to make an in depth analysis of it.
23

Wherein, the other two methods namely descriptive and explanatory are not supportive
for the surveyor to carry out the present investigation in a well-defined manner. It is where the
present subject matter of the study is exploratory in nature and postulates the investigator to
generate newer set of ideas as a way of acknowledging the contending nature of tendering
procedures in the Ugandan organisations (Swain, 2016). This is basically in context to explore
their procurement process within the public private partnerships and ascertain the need of being
contending in nature. It is also with reference to the selection of competitive suppliers that in turn
necessitates to present a competitive bidding to win the contract.
3.4 Data collection
There exist two distinct measures of data collection namely primary and secondary where
the present study is based upon secondary method of data collection. Both of these tactics are
with a distinct consideration where a primary data is being collected from the targeted
respondents of the study who have made a willing participation in the survey (Burnard,
Mackinlay and Powell, 2016). However, the secondary data collection is done by referring to
some pre established data gathered from certified books, magazines, journals and online
publications, etc. It is along with some other supportive means like the governmental reports and
company records that are being referred by the interrogator to investigate a particular subject
matter.
It is thus in context to the current research work that will be based upon the methods of
secondary data collection. It is with a prime support of varied proficient authors who have
bestowed their distinct set of views in demonstrating a contending orientation of procurement
process in Uganda within public private partnership (Mwamburi, Dalal and Gala, 2016). Beside
this, the primary data is usually collected from the targeted respondents of the study who are
willing to participate in it. Herein, the investigator in the recent survey has focussed on only
secondary data collection measure in correspondence to a case study approach for the same.
Through which, a liable set of data will be acquired from two Ugandan companies participating
in the process of tendering by referring to their company records and governmental reports, etc.
It is also in agreement to the case study approach that has been selected to carry out this
research work and hence require intensive collection of data from multiple resources. It hereby
necessitates the researcher to make a prompt selection of the case studies needed to be addressed
by together opting for the methods of data collection and tactics to analyse the gathered ones

(Nightingale, 2016). It is therefore in order to carry out the current research work, the
investigator in support of case study approach has opted for secondary data collection method via
secondary sources. For which, the organisational reports of two leading Ugandan enterprises
participating in the process of tendering has been undertaken for review along with their
governmental records.
3.5 Data analysis
This is specially to assess the above acquired data from the opted measures of collection
by selecting either of the methods of analysis. In context to which, qualitative and quantitative
are referred to be the two leading measures that are mostly used to evaluate the data. It is
however with a distinct formulation of both these measures where a data is quantitatively
analysed via using different numerical tools such as mean, mode and median, etc. This together
requires yet another implication of SPSS to compare the stipulated objectives of the study with
one another (Saldanha and Zanettin, 2016). However, another tactic of qualitative analysis is
with a distinct consideration that necessitates the researcher to carry out a thematic study with
dissimilar themes that are being formed on the basis of certain interrogated queries to the
respondents as a way of evaluating the acquired responses from them. It is however in context to
the primary data collection where on the basis of secondary research, the investigator is hereby
required to form such themes that are in accordance to some impelling facts and findings about
the elected subject matter.
The surveyor in the current investigation has opted for the qualitative method of analysis
to carry out a thematic study that will be based upon the data collected from both secondary
resources. It has thus depicted a secondary research work by collecting data from secondary
resources with a subsequent measure of analysing it via qualitative analysis. Wherein, it in turn
has reflected the tactic of thematic data analysis along with another undertaken method of
content analysis (Özerdem and Bowd, 2016). It is where content analysis is together referred to
be a significant part of qualitative analysis that is generally used to make a systematic assessment
of the documents referred to generate data. Where in the present research work, it is hereby
referred to the documentations of two distinct Ugandan organisations for data collection. The
gathered facts and findings from it will be further analysed using the tactics of thematic and
content analysis.
25

3.6 Validity and reliability
It is the most proven context of the study that articulates the overall consistency of the
survey carried out by the researcher. These are basically referred to be the two vital tools that
ultimately measure the cogency and trustworthiness of a conducted investigation. These are
along with a fundamental consent of measuring the applied tools and techniques of research with
an implicated quality deliberated by the surveyor while carrying out the study (Stanfield II,
2016). There exists two distinct type of validities termed as internal and external validities where
both are concerned with the overall quality of the research work. However, tact of reliability is
with yet another concern of confirming the applied techniques of the research as a way of
corresponding to its stipulated aims and objectives. Apart from which, in terms of discoursing
more about two the leading type of validities, an external set of validity is more concerned about
the generalization of the subject matter.
However, the actuality of internal validity lies within the perplexity state of the research
work. It is where lesser the presence of confounding, more validity of the study will be reflected
with a special context of internal rationality. Although, the recent investigation has revealed both
sorts of validities along with a consistent framework of this study. It is where the reliability is
hereby linked with the undertaken measures of research by the investigator to carry out a well
defined study. It is thus in context to the present carried survey where the researcher has opted
for pertinent tactics of investigation corresponding to its subject matter that has in turn assured a
reliable set of study (Popa and Popa, 2017). Also, secondary research via case study approach
has been chosen over here that in turn has reflected secondary data collection from secondary
resources. For which, two Ugandan organisations participating in the tendering procedure has
been elected over here where their attested records along with their latest governmental records
have been referred. This has resultantly ensured a valid survey by insuring both internal and
external set of validity.
3.7 Ethical consideration
It is referred to be another foremost consideration of an investigator to conduct an
effective study that accomplishes all ethical norms to carry out a directional study. The current
investigation has intended to examine the tendering process of Ugandan firms It is accompanied
with yet another leading purpose of deciding whether and how it is concentrated on a competing
orientation within the public-private partnership entities (Lykes and Scheib, 2016). For which,

the surveyor has hereby referred to conduct a secondary research work by gathering information
from two Ugandan establishments namely Crown Agents Uganda Ltd and Amproc Inc that
usually participates in the process of tendering. Ethical consideration is however apparent to
reflect a philosophical approach of the research where in the recent investigation, the surveyor is
hereby required to study the company reports as a way of generating a liable set of data from the
intended records.
It is therefore important for the researcher to undertake a prior permission that has been
taken in the present study from the organisational head and other affiliated bodies before
accessing their records. Apart from this, the secondary data is also generated by referring to some
other pivotal resources such as books, journals and online publications to study some pre-
established information (Getz and Page, 2016). This in turn reflects yet another ethical perplexity
for the surveyor to make a proper citation of work to address the exact source on whose basis, a
particular statement has been written. It is however due to a large range of secondary resources
with an enormous intercession of varied authors that could lead to a disarranged study in case
there exists improper citation of the resources.
3.8 Research limitation
It is in context to depict a challenging state of research where conducting an effective
investigation often postulates the researcher to go through varied difficult tasks that in turn
reflects certain restricting elements of a survey. It is where the recent investigation has been
conducted with a prime intent of examining the tendering process of Ugandan firms with a
special purpose of determining their contending orientation within public-private partnerships
(Dokter and De Zarate, 2016). For which, the investigator has hereby opted to carry out a
secondary investigation based upon case study approach by electing two distinct Ugandan
ventures as a way of referring to their company records and governmental reports, etc. However,
the most constricting factor existed over here was controlled authentic sources to collect
secondary set of data. Beside this, a restricted budget with a confined time period are also
referred to be the two another major limitations for carrying out a well defined study.
27

CHAPTER- 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
This section will reflect the acquired facts and findings of the research that has been
gathered by the surveyor after conducting a secondary research work. For which, a case study
approach has been undertaken by the investigator to accomplish the stipulated objectives of this
study. Wherein, it is with a prime focus on two leading Ugandan companies to analyse their
participation in the process of tendering in Ugandan firms by together examining their
contending nature of bidding to procure contending suppliers. The obtained set of data has been
analysed using two prompt approaches namely thematic and content analysis to carry out a
qualitative evaluation of the same. The below outlined themes will be based upon the undertaken
objectives of this survey as a way of attaining reliable responses to the framed set of research
questions with an endmost target of achieving the intended goal of this study.
4.1 Thematic and content analysis
Thematic analysis is referred to be one of the most methodological way for carrying out a
qualitative analysis of data. Content analysis is further done in support of the theme based
analysis done so as to refer some accessible content from pre established studies interpreted from
authenticated books, magazines, journals and internet sites, etc. Also, the company records of the
Ugandan organisations undertaken to carry out this study along with their governmental reports
have together made a vital contribution in this type of investigation.
Theme 1- Tendering process of Ugandan firms.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.- Tendering procedure is based on the
demands of client who would be inviting tender. After the major reforms that took place in
tendering process of Uganda in 2001, there has been significant changes in the procurement of
Crown Agents. They have been working with public works, water, health, agriculture and finance
as the major sectors for procuring projects. There are two types of tenders that is restricted and
open (Chever, Saussier and Yvrande-Billon, 2017). The company has to assess the type of
procurement method which has been invited by Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. The preparation

stage of a tender is quite complex and needs detailed analysis of the situation and the agreed
clauses of the cited firm. Tendering process of Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. has following stages:
 Determination of the proposed format and scope provided by Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.
 Analysing and defining major requirements and quantifying them according to needs and
supplies.
 Estimating the budget and overall costs which will be applied when meeting specified
requirements.
Being a consultancy firm and a significant part of many supply chains, Crown Agents has
to conduct the tendering process every time they would seek to procure a project. The main aim
of tendering process in the quoted entity is to select the right supplier or contractor for fulfilling
the respective goals of their business. This procedure can be single stage or two-stage depending
on the type of information which is provided by suppliers. The right tender is one which is
commercially, technically and financially appropriate according to the requirements of clients
(Herlin and Pazirandeh, 2015). The suppliers have to consider all these aspects before preparing
and finalising the entire tender so that deal doesn't go in favour of other suppliers. Uganda is a
developing country and it requires more developments so that infrastructure of the firm can be
improved. There is lot of scope for the government for making regulations so that necessary
bidding process can be performed successfully. There is large number of organization that are
working in this sector and it is critical that most appropriate approaches should be used for
carrying out the tendering process.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.- Tendering and procurement process are used in an
organization for purchasing products and services from outside agencies and firms. A systematic
and strategic approach is used for conducting these procedures. Tendering/ Procurement process
of Amproc Inc in Uganda involves eight stages and it gets completed in series of steps (Koushal,
Singh and Goel, 2014). Procurement is the process that is used for acquiring goods, services and
civil works and it is vital that selection of sources should be done in appropriate manner. Some
general principles are followed while organizing these processes and it includes getting the best
value for money, effective international competition and fairness and integrity in the procurement
procedure.
Tendering process of Amproc Inc in Uganda involves an eight stage procedure and all the
steps are followed for completing this process. Initially identification of the correct opportunity
29

is done and sources of suppliers are identified. Proper plans are made for organizing the
tendering process and it aids for sequencing the process. Analysis of competition is also done so
that specific tender opportunity can be identified and established. Documentation process is also
completed in which necessary documents are prepared and records are maintained. Preparing and
delivering of presentation is done and it helps in negotiation process (Alley, 2013). Negotiation
process is organized for dealing with the suppliers so that best products and services can be
received at reasonable price rates. After getting best source of supply contracts are signed and
legal formalities are completed so that required material can be obtained on due time. It is vital
that all the steps of tendering should be completed so that required objectives of the procedure
can be achieved. Strategic approach is used in Tendering/ Procurement process of Amproc Inc. in
Uganda and it aids in getting required goods and services as per the requirement of the users.
Theme 2- External environmental factors driving a need to increasingly ensure a competitive
tendering procedure in Ugandan organisation.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.- Almost all sort of businesses are
referred to play the role of assailable entities that are duly impulsed by varied extraneous forces.
These external factors are not only impact upon the internal functions but together makes an
equivalent impact on the overall structure of the organisation by ruling its external interactions as
well. These are usually termed as financial factors, technical factors, political factors and socio-
cultural or environmental factors that largely impact upon the undertaken operations of the firms
despite of the nature and type of their business (Belniak, 2015). Likewise, all these components
are also apparent to perplex the process of procurement as well by greatly affecting the system of
price negotiation to the trade of goods and services via a proper management of supplier's. It is
therefore on relating to the undertaken system of Crown Agents Uganda Ltd, it has been found
that they are mostly affected by the financial environmental factor. This involved the economic
performance of the quoted entity that largely impacted upon their way in which the buyers carry
out the operational tasks of procurement. A major challenge in this environmental factor is on
context to the fluctuation of currency on almost regular interval of time that is mostly being
possessed by the organisations like Crown Agents Uganda Ltd, at the time of trading at an
international level.

It is with a need base requisition of buying at the most suitable time period to get huge
return on the investments. However, its opposing consequence is to invest at the inappropriate
time by resulting it into the loss of earning the anticipated gains. This is for instance to specify
one such factual incident of Bank of England. It is where their financial policies have directly
resulted in the ramification of their procurement departments where it governed rising prices
with a counter behaviour of the investors that in turn influenced their cash flow (Soufian, Forbes
and Hudson, 2014). Meanwhile, this has shown a relatable case where any sort of lending
activity of the organisations like Crown Agents Uganda Ltd at an unpredictable time can lead to
restrain the entire act of procurement. It is basically on referring to the factual case of banking
organisations where despite of being into the business of lending, such uncertain transactions are
resulting into unfavourable situations. It is basically due to a huge stress upon the method of cost
cutting that in turn makes it difficult to guarantee monetary funds. In a correspondent way, a
credit compression can also result into an undefended state of the small scale suppliers by
exploding the risks associated to the buyers.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.- Amproc Inc on other hand is largely affected by yet
another environmental constituent namely political and legal factors. In context to which, it has
been found that a changed government with altering policies while operating at an international
level is a massive impulsive drive that greatly impact on the undertaken decisions of
procurement in firms like Amproc Inc. Where, Amproc Inc. is together found to provide almost
all sort of procurement related services with an innovative context of each of the proposed
services that greatly impacts upon the satisfaction level of their clients (Hawkins, Gravier,
Berkowitz and Muir, 2015). It is where the satisfaction level of clients are being determined on
the basis of their projected services to them where they are evident to make full efforts to address
the factual desires of the users. However, such political reforms while operating at an
international level plays a greater role in affecting the undertaken business related decisions of
Amproc Inc. with a distinct consideration while operating at national and international
marketplaces.
It is where at the domestic level, a changed government with their altered policies are
apparent to bring onto certain regulative reforms that in turn modifies the packages to support the
business along with their representative outlook. Additionally, it also tends to impact upon the
31

adopted structure of the company by directly impacting upon their structure of supply chain
management. It is with some related clauses that are directly being affected by such changed
structure of supply chain management where this consider the way in which the adopted
structure tends to abide by the employment laws, legal considerations related to taxation, etc.,
health and safety measures for the workers along with the regulative clauses for working in an
ethical manner and the tactics of quality control etc. This together tends to reflect the growth of
the companies like Amproc Inc. by determining their future consequences of development.
Another tact is the international working of firms like Amproc Inc. where surcease of
relationship with the suppliers can largely impact upon the overall trade dynamics of a nation.
It is at the time of beginning the trade activities with a new country to the free
marketplaces can in turn result into the creation of newer challenges as well as opportunities.
Likewise, interruption in the supply chain measures due to political collapse, insurrection and
disassociation, etc., are also referred to be some resultant factors of changed political norms due
to an altered government in the countries in abroad (McNeill, 2017). It is where the regions and
the districts are then required to create the compliances that bring onto some leading fiscal
challenges by together challenging the tact of supplier change management of businesses like
Aproc Inc. As a result to which, the cited firm is hereby required to be informed about the
constant political changes pertaining in the market where they are operating their business to
swiftly perform their undertaken practices. This will in turn tend to reduce any risky occurrences
by generating vital business opportunities for them.
Theme 3- Internal environmental factors driving a need to increasingly ensure a competitive
tendering procedure in Ugandan organisation.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.- There together exists such
environmental factors that are internal in nature. As a result to which, they also tend to make an
equal impact on the procurement procedures of firms like Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. It is
however interrelated with the external factors that indicates a leading dependency on one other. It
is where the extraneous factors duly impacts upon the internal environment of the firm (Iyer and
Banerjee, 2016). As in the present case, it has been found that the economic factor that was duly

influencing the cited firm, being an external environmental factor. This in turn has pointed out a
relative internal element namely the tact of accountability in Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.
It is where accountability as one of the most influential internal environmental factor is
significantly impacting upon the procedural way of tendering adopted by them. It is where the
sense of responsibility is hereby referred to be the duty of the governmental body for exhibiting
the effectiveness that is required to carry out the defined goals and objectives to produce the
exactly those products and services that are correspondent to the factual needs and demands of
the customers in the market. However, a lacking sense of accountability in turn generates the
possibility of corruptness and dishonesty by the people in charge of fulfilling these
responsibilities. It is where Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. operates on the basis of three principal
elements of accountability.
This includes measurement of objectives and results of its achievement, explication of the
acquired outcomes to both internal and external supervisors and lastly penalizing or enabling
requisite measures for not performing well or behaving in a debased manner. The cited
organisation is hereby evident to make a prompt usage of some effective strategies as a way of
increasing the responsibilities of their organisational bodies (To and Carless, 2016). It has been
done with the help of involving such informational systems that will in turn measure the use of
inputs done to measure the resultant outputs. It is together indicated a vital intercession of
defender organisations such as health boards along with other civil bodies for demanding
explication of outcomes. Also, the quoted entity is making a significant use of various reward
systems so as to appreciate considerable performance by providing financial incentives to them.
It is done with a counter measure of sanctioning for poor performances done by any of
their organisational body by using corruptive measures. It is with a special context of South
Africa, where their zonal health planning and system of reporting is usually being used as a way
of improving the managerial control over the decision making process. It is where the
governmental bodies are generally held responsible for the undertaken decisions. It is also by
combining the data received from financial and service based information on whose basis, their
reporting system has drawn a substantial attention to various clinical programs that are referred
to have extraordinary signals. This in turn has together assisted the official bodies to look into the
root causes for the differences found in the performance which may be possibly due to
corruption.
33

Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.-
Internal factors gives impact on the business activities that are performed by the
organization. With this, there are diverse range of elements that gives impact on the tendering
activities that are performed by the firm (Flynn, McKevitt and Davis, 2015). With this there are
also challenges that has affected the business activities that are performed in the company.
Uganda is a developing country and it is looking for infrastructure development for ensuring
long term growth of the nation. It is vital that impact of internal factors should be analysed so
that required practices should be performed successfully.
Good governance is also one of the major factors that affects the tendering process and it
also gives influence on the overall activities that are performed in the firm. Likewise, corruption
is major element that gives impact on the bidding process and due to that impact is being
observed on the tendering process that is being performed in the organization. There are large
number of risks that are linked with this process and it creates challenges for performing the
bidding process successfully. In addition to that short listing and pre qualification are major
reasons that lead towards creating risks and it gives impact on the bidding process that is being
performed in the firm.
In accordance with this it has been analysed from the secondary research that bribe is the
major factor that hampers the bidding process and due to that it becomes challenging to use a
transparent procedure for carrying out the bidding process (Agarchand, Agarchand, Laishram
and Laishram, 2017). It is imperative that firms should take innovative approaches so that
procurements should be done well on time and it will aid for ensuring that necessary goods and
services should be delivered well on time.
Corruption is one major element that affects the tendering process and due to that impact
is being observed on the procurement process. Likewise, erstwhile bidding documents are
tailored for one company and due to that competition is neither possible nor can be restricted. It
has been evaluated from the findings of secondary research study that sometimes falsified quality
assurance certificates are provided by the companies with objective to restrict the competition. It
leads towards allowing unqualified and non deserving bidders to take part in the tendering
process.
Misuse of some non-competitive procedures that are based on legal exceptions is one of
the major reasons due to which bidding process gets influenced and affected. Relevant

information is not shared with the bidders and due to that also impact is being observed on the
tendering process. Likewise, lack of justification and ignorance of the requirement in the non
competitive procedures also affect the bidding process (Auriol and Søreide, 2017). Misuse of
confidential information is also one of the major reason that gives impact on the tendering
process and due to that also bidding process gets affected. Lack of public notice for the bid
invitation is one of the major reasons that gives influence on the procurement process. In this
regard it has been also assessed from the research study that company lacks technical and
financial experts.
Theme 4- Competitiveness of procurement procedures in public-private partnerships in
Ugandan organisations.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.- What is PPP? The answer to this
question is PPP is a long term contract between a public body and a private body for the purpose
of providing public services, infrastructure development where private party takes certain risks
such as technical, financial or operational (Mouraviev, Mouraviev, Kakabadse and Kakabadse,
2016). Public – private partnerships have been used by many developed as well as developing
countries in the last few years in various sectors ranging from infrastructure utilities to transport
facilities to many social infrastructures like hospitals, schools etc. Procurement responsibilities
has been decentralized due to introduction of interim procurement regulations in Uganda.
Uganda came into the list of African countries that implemented Public Private Partnerships in
July 2015.Uganda was lacking formative framework of regulatory adapted to Public Private
Partnerships arrangements. For conducting the operations Stakeholders were referred to the 2010
National Public Private Partnerships.
The objective of new law is to regulate procurement, to implement, to maintain and
manage from origination to conclusion. The Act wanted to incorporate a private party for the
objective of implementing certain PPP. There was no particular time frame to obtain approval.
Act also made limitations for shared capital and alterations in shareholding to the companies like
Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. Its Scope is just confined within the government departments,
authorities that are contracting, government ministries and governments that are local were
excluded.
35

Confirmation from ministry is required for funding where Uganda Government is the
sponsor of finance for the projects before implementation of PPP. Government is prohibited from
raising loan and to borrow and guarantee loan for PPP except by approval of parliament (Valdez
and Molyneux, 2015). It is required by the Act that all the PPP projects should have manpower
that is already specified and appoints the personnel from the private sector. The government has
the liability to appraise a PPP private partner.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.- In last couple of years, the developing and the
developed countries have majorly used the public-private partnership. Uganda is the another
country, which is a developing nation has implemented the public private relationship in 2015.
The main objective is to procurement, maintenance, management, implementation of many
public-private relationship from only the project conception to conclusion.
This partnership involves a long term basis between the private organization and the
public organization. These partnerships are very risk sharing investments as we see from the
public point of view, products like public goods and services would not be possible in a very low
amount or reasonable amount within the budget which is available in public sector (Gatti, 2013).
The major competition is between the public sector and private sector. For public sector, the
main aim was to develop public facility and achieve the services which are value for money, and
for private sector, the main aim was to keep all the entities involved and the resources are
properly used. These PPP projects are assigned by the government so the Ugandan government is
the financial sponsor of these projects, but this must be confirmed by the ministry.
The procurement laws in this partnership act vary differently from the normal
procurement laws, and it's totally dependent on the government to shortlist and appraise a public-
private partnership through a project which is tailor-made. The PPP agreement is provided under
the circumstances of 7 specific models, those are: operation and maintenance agreement, build,
own and maintain agreement, lease develop and operate agreement, design, finance and build
agreement, build your own and operate agreement, and design build finance and operate
agreement. All these products are financed every year by the government of Uganda.
Theme 5- Both Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. And Amproc Inc. are adding value to the public
sector and the range of tenders that are available to bid on.

Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.- Functional activities performed by
Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. Adding value to the private sector and on the range of tenders that
are available to bid on. Revenues given by company supports in enhancing the quality of private
facilities and it also facilitates for making it ensure that better services should be made available
for people (Peppard and Ward, 2016). Along with this model of procurement also have been
improvised that has aided in ensuring that superior quality services should be made available for
people. Procurement is defined as very important element that adds value towards the growth
and development of the company. Initially this process was described as back office element but
now it has improved and considered as one of the most essential parts of the business procedures.
Likewise, it is playing a vital role in carrying out the functions of the organization.
In Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. And Amproc Inc. Top management effectively manage the
procurement process and all the necessary services are arranged on the basis of that. With this,
procurement process is an independent part of the company and it has helped for making it
ensure that supply of goods and other services should be made on due time. It also facilitates for
managing quality with quantity and with this required practices are performed effectively.
Professionals of the company that are involved in the procurement process are well known about
the various stages that are involved in the procurement process.
They are well informed about the potential market and stages that needs to be followed
while carrying out the procurement process. Tendering procedure that is being used in the
company requires specific qualities and quantities (Lewis, 2015). It aids them for supplying the
raw materials and goods and services at required time. Other third party suppliers are also
contacted well in time and with this third party supplies before the market gets influenced.
Private sector gets benefited due to tendering process and due to that potential risks in case
supply terms are not taken seriously.
Risks associated with supply chain management also gets reduced. Procurement process
is adding value to the public sector and amenities and it will aid in ensuring that all the public
sector services should be offered without facing much challenges. It has aided in strengthening
public procurement in Uganda and due to that public sector facilitation has also been improved.
Company is supporting government of Uganda and procurement process for more than 12 years.
Uganda's procurement process has been improved and it has helped in initiating reform programs
in the country. With this, company has also supported public procurement and disposal
37

regulation. It has also helped in contributing towards the reform programs that have been
planned at all levels of management.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.-
Procurement and tendering process that has been followed in the company supports for
making improvisation in the diverse range of practices that are being followed in the firm. With
this, it has supported the government in preparation of public procurement and making
disposable legislation so that procurement process can be carried out effectively (Kleine and das
Graças Brightwell, 2015). Tendering process that is being followed in the private sector has been
improved and with this regulations, rules and other practices formed by the state has also been
improved.
Likewise, standard bidding forms are used and it accounts for completing the regulatory
framework successfully. Transformation of bidding process in private sector has occurred and it
has helped in carrying out the procurement process successfully. Along with this, tendering
procedure of the firm has helped in making the regulatory functions more effective. Standard
bidding documents are used and procedural forms are also used with this so that guide for
completing regulatory framework can be provided. Likewise stakeholder consultation workshop
is also organized in the company that helps in playing a very important part in organizing the
bidding process. Interim procurement legislation has been formed by the government in state of
Uganda and local government has also made legislations. Likewise, contract committees and
disposal units have also been formed so that required practices can be carried out effectively.
Theme 6- Ways in which both Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. and Amproc Inc. can enhance the
competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.-
There are diverse range of ways through which companies has made improvements in
tendering process that are being followed by them. It will aid in purchasing necessary material
and services that are being required for performing the necessary functions successfully
(Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero and Patterson, 2015). Along with this profitability and revenues
earned by the firm has also be enhanced so that existing business practices has been improved, it
is critical that strategic approaches should be used so that tendering process has been performed
without facing much difficulties and challenges.

All the tendering process has been performed in legal and lawful manner so that rules
formed by state should be followed appropriately. It will support in complying with the rules and
norms that are being formed by state. With this, state has also made various provisions that could
be used for improving the practices that are being used for tendering process. The government of
Uganda has taken steps in introducing diverse range of changes so that procurement laws has
been modified according to that. Likewise, introduction of appeal tribunals has been done and it
has provided independent reviews about the tendering complaints that are being received by the
firm.
Force account of works and introduction of interim procurement legislations are some
innovative approaches that have been taken by state in improving the practices that are being
followed in the firm. Companies has adopt the ongoing reforms that have been introduced and
with this, organizations has also adopted various measures that could be used by them for
harmonising with the national standards (Brusca and Martínez, 2016). Likewise specific needs to
local government has also been met by adopting this practices and it will aid in enhancing the
standard of procedures that are being followed in the firm in performing tendering process.
Crown agent Uganda has prepared procurement legislations for the company and all the
necessary bidding procedures has be performed on the basis of that. With this, preparation of
appropriate procurement infrastructure has be done so that specific needs of organization for
bidding has be met.
Company has adopt measures for enhancing the competitiveness and it has made the
tendering process more challenging and difficult. Likewise, existing procurement system has
been strengthened so that benefits from the procurement procedures can be availed. Operational
efficiency of the firm has been enhanced and it has helped for making enhancements in existing
competitiveness among various firms. Training programs have been introduced for professionals
that are being associated with the tendering process and it has aided in making improvements in
their skills and capabilities so that required practices can be performed successfully.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.-
Company has adopted diverse range of techniques that can be used in enhancing
competitiveness. It is critical that approaches should be used in enhancing competitiveness.
Various methods have been used by the firm for selecting their source of suppliers and tendering
process is carried out by making use of competitive measures. Other than this negotiation
39

process is performed with vary sharp methodologies and it has aided for making it ensure that
competition in the market should be increased (Fleisher and Bensoussan, 2015). With this,
Amproc Inc is assisting with the process of aligning regulations, standard bidding documents and
guidelines. Company also gets involved with drafting new regulations for the appeals tribunals.
Company has also facilitated for developing a procurement infrastructure so that
necessary bidding practices can be performed successfully and it aids in enhancing
competitiveness. Likewise in the same manner monitoring and auditing system has also been
implemented in the firm so that data bases for procurement can be collected successfully. In the
same way, new regulations for appealing tribunals have been developed and new rules have also
been drafted that has aided in carrying out the tendering procedure successfully. In the same way,
specification writing and preparation of tender documents is done in organized way so that
bidding process can be carried out effectively. Company also has been involved in training the
trainers and giving wider support for the package of training programs.
Theme 7 : Ways in which both Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. and Amproc Inc. can perform their
bidding and evaluation in the tendering process in Uganda.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.-
Crown agents Uganda Limited performs their bidding and evaluation in tendering process
successfully. Initial review of offers that are received at tendering is carried out and on the basis
of that bid opening event is organized. A pre examination of all the offers is done and it assists in
successfully completing the bidding process (Pyzdek and Keller, 2014). At the end detailed
examination is carried out so that tenders received should be carefully analysed and it helps for
making it ensure that required tendering process should be performed successfully. It is
confirmed that it should meet with the technical compliances. After this comparison of proposed
price mentioned by bidders is done and it supports in assessing the requisite for the solicitation
documents.
Offer that is made for lowest bidding price is selected and it is recommended for
contracted awards. Emphasis is also given in evaluating technical specifications so that
consultants having highest score can be selected. Review panel of the company also takes steps
for taking decisions related to the tender and it supports in providing best value for money.
This panel takes into account some specific experiences and elements that comprise
quality, price, timing and cost. These are considered as major elements that gives influence on

the tendering process. With this, established procedures are being used in which management of
the company takes decision for awarding the contract to third parties. Some other factors also
affects the tendering procedure and it comprise of negotiation and prompt payments, bulk
purchases and annual orders that are being taken by the firm. Likewise payment time,
documentation, insurance and responsibilities are also included in the list of factors that gives
impact on the award of contract and the bidding process.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.-
Bid analysis team of the firm takes positive initiatives so that all the major components of
bids could be evaluated. It is also ensured that all the parts should be completed so that
comparison and assessment of all the parts should be done so that tenders should be selected
effectively. The process of bidding and evaluation follows a definite pattern and it aids in
ensuring that bidding process should be performed effectively. With this, all the bids that are
received by the firm are dealt with in a systematic and appropriate manner.
Management makes it ensure that all the professionals should have requisite skills and
capabilities so that all bids should be dealt in the same way as per the requirement. Likewise,
financial experts, technical experts and purchasing experts are included under the bidding team
so that proper evaluation of the bids should be done. With this, management makes it ensure that
all the financial assessment should be performed successfully by making use of strategic
approach. It is ensured during financial assessment that all costs should be appropriately covered
in the price that are being offered (Nagle, Hogan and Zale, 2016). Along with this bids are
prepared and by making use of this, the currency conversions are properly covered under the
price that are being offered. Bids that are mentioned are easily comparable and required
conversions are made on appropriate time. Price escalations that are being observed are corrected
and cover the effect these might have during the life of the bid or the resultant contract.
Alternative costing for meeting the specification are identified and logged separately. Details of
extra cost are also evaluated and on the basis of that terms of payment are determined.
Theme 8 : Ways in which both Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. and Amproc Inc. perform the
bidding procedure in the tendering process in Uganda.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.-
Bidding process are used in the company and it is critical that organized way should be
used for this so required outcomes from this can be gained. Two types of bidding process is used
41

in the organization and it aids in carrying out the required tendering process in effective manner.
One most frequent method is single envelop bidding under which technical proposal and price
proposal are being used and they are submitted in envelop (Khan and Abdul Qadir Khan, 2015).
In the same way lowest evaluated bid is awarded with the contract. Lowest evaluated
substantially responsive bid is selected as an approach that is being used for awarding the
contract to the bidder who has made lowest bidding. With this, two envelop bidding is also used
and in this method bidder submit the sealed proposal under which price proposals are mentioned.
Both the elements are kept in single envelop and all the small envelops are kept in a big envelop.
Envelops are sealed and submitted and then first technical bid is opened and price bid of bidders
who are found technically qualified are opened at a subsequent date later on.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.-
Multiple envelop bidding process is used under which these types of tenders are
submitted in first envelop and technical bid is submitted under the second envelop and next the
price bid is submitted in the third envelop. As per the requirements bids are submitted in separate
envelops. Initially pre qualification and EMD envelops are opened and at the next stage technical
envelop is also opened (Yang, 2015). Technical envelop of bidders who pre-qualify in the
bidding process are selected. Bidders who are found as technically qualified are selected and
their price bid is opened. In the multiple envelop building first EMD envelops are opened and
later on pre qualification envelops are being opened.
Theme 9 :What types of tendering process are used in Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. and Amproc
Inc. can enhance the competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.-
Company has adopted different types of tendering process so that required materials and
services from suppliers can be purchased as per the requirement. It is a complicated procedure
that needs to be carried out so that required objectives from the procedure should be carried out.
With this, there are many types of tender practices that are used by the organization. It is critical
that the practice should be selected in an organized way so that firm should receive the necessary
material and services. Single tenders are used by the company and in this process tenders are sent
to one particular party.
With this, open tender process is used in a transparent manner and it is utilized when
there is only a single supplier that is being available for the company and purchaser of the

product has developed some interest in supplier for purchasing the items that are being supplied
by them. In the same manner only some factors are verified and it comprise of delivery and
current price trends (Willcocks and Cullen, 2013). Along with this open tender process is also
used by the firm under which advertisements are given in local newspapers so that contractors
can be invited and tender documents can be prepared. Likewise, in open tender process all
individuals gets fair chance to take part in the bidding procedure and it helps for making it ensure
that best and appropriate prices should be gained from the tendering process.
One more practice that is being used by the firm is negotiated tender and in this method
one particular contractor is selected and these type of tenders are selected for some specialist
works. One to one discussions are used under this method and it aids for performing the
necessary work in successful manner. Negotiation process is used in carrying out the tendering
process and it supports in purchasing the required materials and services that are provided by the
firm. Under the open tendering process advertisements are given and it aids in inviting large
number of bidders so that tendering process should be performed successfully. With this,
interested contractors who are interested in applying for the tender documents are selected.
However there are some negative aspects that are associated with this type of bidding process.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.-
There are three different methods that are used in the company for purchasing the raw
materials and other materials. One of the most appreciated method that is being used for
purchasing different materials in the company is percentage rate tenders under which detailed
estimation of overall quantity of work performed in the organization is carried out (Smith, 2013).
It aids for making it ensure that all the required tendering procedure should be performed in
effective manner. With this bidders are expected to quote a specific amount in percentage format.
With this open tender are also used by company in which advertisements are published in local
newspapers and due to that more number of bidders apply to take part in the bidding process. It
supports for inviting more number of contractors so that required procedure of tendering can be
performed effectively.
Theme 10 :Ways in which both Crown Agents Uganda Ltd. and Amproc Inc. can select their
suppliers in the tendering process in Uganda.
Findings and analysis for Crown Agents Uganda Ltd.-
43

Crown agents Uganda adopts a systematic procedure for selecting their suppliers and bids
submitted by suppliers are selected on some specific criteria and it aids the company for taking
their bidding related decision. It is initially ensured that technical solution process that has been
provided by bidders is feasible and deliverable and it also aid for making it ensure that this
bidding process is based on reliable and valid methods (Synyenlentu, Badu and Peprah, 2015).
With this, emphasis is also given on looking at proposed project management techniques and it
has helped for making it ensure that the bidding process should come as a cohesive entity.
Management and professionals who are involved in the process of bidding looks at the
perspective of project management and it aids for inviting all the contractors to take part in the
bidding process.
Findings and analysis for Amproc Inc.-
Bidding process of the company is completed by making use of organized approaches
and it aids the firm in evaluating and selecting the alternative bid. Initially bidders send their
proposal and it's invitation is issued to the tenders so that procurement practices should be
performed successfully. It is considered that interest of bidders should be low so that deficiencies
and faults in the tender documents should be identified (Brook, 2016). It aids in removing the
deficiencies that have been identified in the tender documents. Best possible solutions are
evaluated and implemented and it supports in successfully performing the tendering process. Bid
is made on the bidder's belief and it creates good numbers of competition and with this best
solutions are implemented and sole bidders are selected through this process. It is requisite that
tender should be fully compliant with the evaluation criteria.

CHAPTER- 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the above report, it has been concluded that, procedure of tendering is referred to
be among most substantial operation of government in relation to the development of the
countries. Mostly, there exist such tendering procedures that are undertaken by governments and
other authorised bodies. In the process of biding there are a number of public bodies invited by
government. The tendering procedure which has been carried out in Uganda has become the part
of corrupted political parties (Rose-Ackerman and Palifka, 2016). Due to this reason it has
become a poor state performance where most of the government organizations are failing to
abide by the established clauses of tendering by law (Kikwasi, 2016). In the modernised environ
of business where these organizations are duly known as the partnership between the public and
private sector firms. Further, tendering is basically an invitation of a bid for a definite project
where a successful tendering is meant to be acceptance of a formal offer made by one party to
another one. There are two processes which are involved in authoritative bodies which represent
the governmental parties and the fiscal institutes of nation.
For big projects reflecting the need of procurement, there exists leading parties which are
evident to invite the bids in given time for the acceptance of big project. Further tendering is the
process in which one party make offer by showing the bid in which interested participant respond
the bids. The procedure of tendering is known as inviting tender. At the Uganda firms there are
some changes in the tendering process which taken place. Further there are two types of tender
which is restricted and open. The first stage of tender is not simple and there is required some
detail analysis of the situation. There are some tendering processes crown agents Uganda has
provided the format. Further it can be concluded that one of the aims of tendering process is to
select the right supplier or contractor in order to fulfil the respective goal of the business.
Process which is provided to supplier is for two stage and single stages, it depends on the
type of information. Along with this it can be stated that right tender is that which is
commercially, financially and technically appropriate according to the requirement of Clients. So
it is important for supplier to aspect before preparing and finalising the entire tender so that deal
not go in favour of other suppliers. In the tendering procedure there are eight stages and they
need to be completed in the series of stages. At the time of organizing whole process it is
45

important that to follow some general principles. Proper plan are made for organising the
tendering process and its aids in sequencing the process. Further in tendering the documentation
process is also needed to be completed so that necessary documents can be prepared and
maintained. For the negotiation process it is important to prepare and deliver the presentation.
With the help of negotiation process it is easy to deal with suppliers, so that best products and
services can be received at lower price. For obtaining a required material on time it is important
to fulfil the legal formalities and sign the documents.
Further it is concluded that external environmental factors affecting the undertaken
practice of businesses are driving a need to increasingly ensure a competitive procedure of
tendering in the organizations. There are many organizations which are largely affected by the
other environmental constituents such as political and legal factors. Changes which are made by
government in their policy while at the time operating at an international level drive that greatly
and impact on the undertaken decision of procurement. At present there are different types
services which are provided by the organization which innovate and propose services that greatly
impacts upon the satisfaction level of their clients. Further the satisfaction level of customers is
being determined with the help of projected services to them where they can put full efforts in
addressing the factual desires of the users. Therefore, the political level while reforms at the time
of operating international level which play significant role affects the business related decision.
Further, it also impacts upon the structure which is adopted by the organization which
directly impact the structure of the supply chain management. Further the structure of company
is tended to abide by the employment laws , taxation and legal considerations etc. the health and
safety measures for the workers along with the regulative clauses for working in an ethical
manner. Further, there are some internal factors which also drive a need to increases which
ensure a competitive tendering procedure at Uganda organizations. Internal factors give impact
on the business operations. There are diverse range of elements which gives impact on the
tendering activities which are performed by the firm. Along with this there are some challenges
which affected the business activities which is performed in the company.
Uganda is a developing country and it need to develop infrastructure for getting long term
growth of the nation. It is important to analyse the internal factors so that needed facility can be
performed successfully. Further it can be stated that tendering process can be affected by the
good governance and it also influence the overall activities which are performed in the firm.

Such as corruption which is one of the elements which directly impact the biding process and
due to this impact analysed on the tendering process which is being performed within the
organization. For performing the biding process successfully there are many risks related to this
process and it also creates challenges in it. Under this there are short listings and pre
qualification which is the main reason performed in the firm. Further it is concluded from the
secondary research that bribe is main aspect which impacts the bidding process.
There are some functional activities which can be performed by Crown agents Uganda ltd.
Which is adding value to the private sector and on the range of tenders which are available to bid
on. Further Crown agents Uganda ltd. And Amproc Inc. top management effectively manage the
procurement process. It also arranged all the necessary services on the basis of bid. One of the
independent parts of the company is procurement process and it helps in making sure that supply
of goods and other services must be made on time.
Further it also assist in facilitating to manage the quantity and quality and with this the
other required practices can be performed effectively. There are many professionals of the
organization who know very well the procurement process and involved in its different stages.
Further it is analysed that they are also informed about the potential market and stages which
need to be strictly followed at the time of carrying out the procurement process. Further specific
qualities and quantities which is needed in order to carry out systematic tendering procedure.
Third party also need to be contacted well on time and with the third party supplies also
contacted well on time and with this third party supplies, the market gets influenced. Further if
supply terms are not taken seriously then it impacts the supply chain management. The
procurement process also add some value to the public sector and amenities. It also aids in
ensuring that all the public sector services should be offered without facing many challenges.
Operational efficiency of the firm has been enhanced and it has helped in making enhancements
in existing competitiveness among various firms. Training programs have been introduced for
professionals that are being associated with the tendering process and it has aided in making
improvements in their skills and capabilities so that required practices can be performed
successfully.
Recommendation
It is advisable to strengthen the national procurement system by referring to the below suggested
measures:
47

For this, it can use mutually agreed standards and processes for taking out diagnostics, develop
sustainable reforms and monitor implementation.
Use of sufficient resources in supporting and sustaining medium and long term procurement
reforms and capacity development.
Further feedback can be shared at the country level so that improvements can be made on time.
Roles and responsibilities of the individual procuring entities:
Individual procuring entities also need authority to undertake the tendering of the goods
and services and all its work need to meet the responsibilities with the funds appropriate to
them. Further government officers can also delegate procurement authority which required to be
made responsible for the public procurement decision which is taken by them. It also need to
comply with accepted international standards and all the contracting, monitoring and auditing
roles need to be clearly separated. If separation is done of different functions then it helps in
reducing conflict, encourages competition and interest. On the other hand it also helps in
improving the value of money which was spent. Further it is recommend the separation of three
roles also assist in making sure that the process is accountable and it seems to be responsible. By
doing this trust can be developed between the suppliers and public sectors. Government officers
who are responsible for this need to make sure that they can easily meet the needs and
requirements.
Company needs to be facilitated in developing a procurement infrastructure so that
necessary bidding practices can be performed successfully and it aids in enhancing
competitiveness. Along with this in the same manner, monitoring and auditing system require to
be implemented in the firm so that data bases for procurement can be collected successfully.
Further new regulations for appealing tribunals have been developed and new rules also need to
be drafted which can aid in carrying out the tendering procedure successfully. Specification
writing and preparation of tender documents is needed to be done in an organized way so that
bidding process can be carried out effectively. Company also need to involved in training the
trainers and giving wider support for the package of training programs.
Further it is recommended that Lowest evaluated substantially responsive bids need to be
selected as an approach which is needed to used for awarding the contract to the bidder who has
made lowest bidding. With this, two envelop bidding can be used and in this method bidder
submit the sealed proposal under which price proposals are mentioned. Both the elements are

kept in single envelop and all the small envelops are kept in a big envelop. Envelops are sealed
and submitted and then first technical bid is opened and price bid of bidders who are found
technically qualified are opened at a subsequent date later on. Therefore, this can lead to ways of
enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda.
49

REFLECTING STATEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Research Methods & Processes
I performed the research in such a way that the objective of the study should be fulfilled
by it. Research will be successful by adopting proper methodologies and strategies. Current
project involves to find out the ways of enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process in
Uganda. This project is developed by various methods of research that are chosen on the basis of
the objective of study and research. After assessing, I chose the Designing and philosophy for
research .The research contains various methods used for collection of data, all those instruments
which were required for research, and the techniques of sampling data. Evolutionary approach
has been used to achieve the objective of the study. Further literature review is one of the
significant chapter of dissertation which enable researcher to find out different beliefs and
viewpoints of authors regarding the ways of enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process
in Uganda. In the current report viewpoints of different authors are presented in relation to the
ways of enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda. Further I need to find out
that this all strategies which is used by government is appropriate in order to improve ways of
enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda or not. These journals and book
assist in gaining the knowledge of competitive tendering.
To carry out the research only high structured methodologies were involved therefore, I
chose positivism philosophy. This philosophy was used so that the observations of the study can
be generalizations. The study gets systematic if proper direction is followed. I got help by using
descriptive designing as it provided interactions with people. I collected information required to
collect customer’s loyalty. I made use of inductive approach which helped me to have a number
of people so that I can collect their viewpoints and ideas. After collecting ideas , I was now able
to understand the ways of enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda.
Questionnaire was used by me to collect open and close ended questions. I used quantitative and
qualitative analysis for analyzing data. By using such technique it got easier to evaluate
information. Methods used in research were outlined as it would help readers to justify the
purpose of using such technique. Recommendations have been provided by me the ways of
enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process in Uganda. The data will be represented in a
better way by using charts and graphs. Tables were also used to enhance representation. Further

taking this project of enhancing competitiveness of the tendering process help in gaining deep
knowledge and understanding about the importance of competitive tendering process.
At the time of working on dissertation there are many different skills of mine which has
been developed that is learning skill, reading skill etc. I learned the way to views the contrast and
compare the view of different authors. Along with this I understood the way of citing the work.
Further it is not easy to construct the questions for competitive tendering. It consumes lots of
time for carrying out in preparing research question. But I tried my best and made questionnaire
on the basis of competitive tendering. I enjoyed a lot at the time of complete entire dissertation,
but sometimes due to which lots of my time was wasted when if faced some issues. I understood
different type of research method which helped me in carrying out the whole project in an
appropriate manner. Further overall experience of mine was good at the time of completing the
whole project. When I started my work it was not easy for me to make questions but carrying out
whole project made it easy for me to complete the project on time.
51

52

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