Thar Coal Electricity Generation

The assignment details a 13-year forecast showing that coal is the cheapest estimator of certain renewable supplies and has small electricity development costs. It highlights the government's strategy to invest in Thar-coal and invite international companies to invest in it. The report also mentions the use of electrostatic precipitators to mitigate particulate pollution of fly ash and unburned fuel, and the introduction of limestone into the flowing-boiled boiler to absorb sulfur (SOx) pollutants. Additionally, it provides information on the environmental and social impact assessment report, policy spending, and the potential for energy production at lower social costs.

Complex Engineering Problem
Power Plant
Submitted By:
Muhammad Tayyab
2016-ME-92
Submitted To:
Dr. Asim
Mechanical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology

Lahore
Contents
Abstract:.....................................................................................................................................4
1. Compare the Global, National and Provisional Standards of Coal Fired Power Plant......5
1.1 US Standards:..............................................................................................................5
1.2 EU Standards:..............................................................................................................5
1.3 Japan Standards:..........................................................................................................6
1.4 National Standards:.....................................................................................................6
2. Different Clean Coal Technologies:...................................................................................7
2.1 Coal Processing Technologies Before Combustion Process:......................................7
2.1.1 Coal Washing:......................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Briquette Method:................................................................................................7
2.1.3 CWM Technology:...............................................................................................7
2.2 High Efficiency Coal Combustion technologies:........................................................7
4.1.1 Fluidized Bed Combustion:..................................................................................7
4.1.2 IGCC Technology:...............................................................................................8
2.3 Coal Transformation Technologies Through Chemical Reaction:..............................8
2.3.1 Coal Gasification:.................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Coal Liquefaction:................................................................................................8
2.4 Post Combustion Pollution treatment Technologies:..................................................8
2.4.1 Flue Gas Ash Precipitation Technology:.............................................................8
2.4.2 Flue Gas De-Sulfurization Technology:..............................................................8
2.4.3 Flue Gas De-Nitrification Technology:...............................................................9
3. Suitable Technology for Pakistan Coal:.............................................................................9
4. Techniques to make it possible to use Local coal:.............................................................9
4.1 Mining:......................................................................................................................10

4.1.3 Tackle the need for creativity:............................................................................10
4.1.4 Imbalances of the energy market: price control approaches:.............................10
4.1.5 Sliding production and spiraling costs: Performance recovery approaches in
mining: 10
4.2 Transportation:..........................................................................................................11
4.3 Utilization:.................................................................................................................11
4.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions:.......................................................................................11
4.5 Pollution:...................................................................................................................12
5. Cost Comparison:.............................................................................................................12
6. Social and Economic benefits of local Coal:...................................................................14
7. Environmental Impact and sustainability of Local Coal:.................................................15
8. Conclusion:......................................................................................................................16
9. Reference:........................................................................................................................17

Abstract:
This article examines Thar coal electricity generation and analyzes effective coal use reserves
in Pakistan. From 1947 to the present day, the country faced enormous crises. The (EIA)
notes that carbon was a cost-effective and key energy source. With economic growth,
electricity production expanded its availability by 6000 MW in 2010, which culminated in
load shedding in 2011. For the following 800 years, Thar coal alone will produce 5000MW
of electricity. Coal is a cost-effective estimator compared to other energy resources. The
impacts on the economic growth of the generation of energy by coal elements such as hydro,
nuclear, oil and natural gas have been assessed in the study.

1. Compare the Global, National and Provisional Standards of
Coal Fired Power Plant.
1.1 US Standards:
The United States was the first country to standardize the samples and measuring methods for
emissions of fine particulates. Its methods are therefore examined in this report before other
countries. This standard method deals with equipment, preparation and analyzes required for
only CMM measurement. After removing the stack and passing through a filter, CPM is
measured. In December 1991, Method 202 was initially promulgated and revised by Sloss in
2004. The results reported a significant positive difference and were not reproductive. The
results were reported. Sulfur dioxide was the main source of the bias, and is collected in
water in the sample train. It reacts to sulphate with water that is detected as PM2.5. In
December 2010, the EPA released the revised method. It eliminates the use of water as a
collector in impingers and includes a condenser, which is immediately after the final stack or
heated filter, followed by a water dropout impinger. It also includes one modified Greenburg
Smith impinger and a CPM filter for the wastewater impinger. [1]
Figure 1: US Coal Fired Power Plant
1.2EU Standards:
There are two main forms of emission standards in Europe: rules and regulations. Once
approved, the rules apply directly to Member States and are binding. Directives set goals to
be achieved and the decision on time, form and method of application is for Member States to

decide. The Combined Pollution Prevention and Control Directive and the Broad Combustion
Plants Guideline controlled stationary source emissions, including coal fired plant emissions.
The binding pollution limits in IED are based on what can be done with the latest available
technologies. Best technology conclusions available set out the best technology available for
a certain sector and indicate a number of associated emissions levels. [2]
1.3Japan Standards:
Founded in 2001 in Japan, the Ministry of the Environment is in charge of setting up and
implementing environmental policies, air pollution control regulations, surveillance and
management regulations, establishment of a basic environmental plan, regional
environmental pollution control programs, and other aspects. The program explicitly clarifies
the steps that national and municipal governments will pursue and the initiatives that citizens,
firms and corporate organizations should take. It also defines the roles and ways of
implementing environmental policies effectively. In its regulation measures against air
pollutants emitted from plants and sites and in the regulations outline, the emission standards
for coal-fired power plants are laid down. [3]
1.4National Standards:
The World Bank Environmental Guidance and with cooperation between the World Bank
Office of the Atmosphere, the United States ID, WAPDA and the contractors for viability
implement the following requirements in the case of coal-fired energy plants. [4]
Table 1: National Recommended Standards
Parameters Criteria
Air Sulfur dioxide: 454 Metric tons/day at 85% capacity Factor
Particulates: 100 micrograms/cubic meter
Nitrogen oxide (NOx): 260 microgram/joule (0.6 lb/Million Btu)
Water and land No unique cap, but general restriction on safety and welfare.
Noise Noise level (the average annual amount) mandated by the World Bank
Guidelines to safeguards public safety and welfare
Social and
Cultural
Secondary population development consequences shall be discussed and
regional influences alleviated
Occupational World Bank Workplace Health and Safety Recommendations for Power
Stations, Gas and Petroleum

2. Different Clean Coal Technologies:
As mentioned above, there is a broad variety of technology used in Clean Coal Technology,
but the degree of sophistication and breadth of deployment of such technology differs from
one to the other. Next, let 's examine the growth and proliferation of the different Clean Coal
Technology groups at this moment, as well as their potential prospects. [5]
2.1 Coal Processing Technologies Before Combustion Process:
Here in this technology we have different methods of cleaning coal which are described
below:
2.1.1 Coal Washing:
Coal washing requires the use of water and hydraulic processes which depends on gravity and
the disparity in density between coal and its impurities, which are typically more tightly
packed owing to the fact that they are inorganic. Wash coal improves its output and
consistency, thereby growing its profit. Coal washing will also help to reduce burning
pollution.
2.1.2 Briquette Method:
Coal is first crushed and then mixed with additives such as bonding agent and de-sulfurizing
agent, from briquette to pressure, has been shown to be very effective. The benefits of
briquette are that the flammability of fuel, as well as the heating efficiency, can be vastly
increased after crashing and refining.
2.1.3 CWM Technology:
High-concentration CWM may be generated by pulverizing coal into a particle size
distribution appropriate for CWM, choosing the necessary additives (dispersant and
stabilizer) and correctly mixing fuel, water and additives to create a highly condensed, low-
viscosity, highly stable and high-quality CWM.
2.2High Efficiency Coal Combustion technologies:
Here in this technology we have different methods of cleaning coal which are described
below:
4.1.1 Fluidized Bed Combustion:
Technologies for fluidized bed combustion include:
 Atmospheric pressure fluidized bed combustion (FBC) in both bubbling (BFBC) and
circulating (CFBC) sheets, especially with subcritical steam turbines, with sorbent
injection for the elimination of SO2 and the separation of particulate matter from flue
gas.

 Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) primarily by way of bubbling beds and
mixed cycle of both a gas and a steam turbine. Sorbent injection is used for the
absorption of SO2 and the separation of particulate matter from flue gases.
4.1.2 IGCC Technology:
The integrated IGCC (Integrated Combined Gasification Cycle Generation) is one of the
latest renewable coal-fired technology to reduce greenhouse emissions. In contrast with
historically supercritical power production based on pulverized fuel, IGCC technology is
contrasted with both with and without CO2 catch and store (CCS). The relation is based on
the same Queensland black coal consumption volume. Thermal quality, environmental
results, health and the economy are the criteria for sustainability to be studied.
2.3Coal Transformation Technologies Through Chemical Reaction:
Here in this technology we have different methods of cleaning coal which are described
below:
2.3.1 Coal Gasification:
Coal gasification is the primary process being used, and is genetically converted into
synthetic natural gas (SNG) rather than fossil fuel. The method is decades old, but recent
spikes in petrol costs indicate it is now cheaper. The US has stuck with this strategy, though,
however China continues to satisfy its increasing power demand and the its reliance on
liquefied gas (LNG) imports.
2.3.2 Coal Liquefaction:
Coal liquefaction is a coal combustion process: liquid fuels and petrochemicals in liquid
hydrocarbons. This method is also named "Coal to X," where X may be several goods
dependent on hydrocarbons. But "energy to liquid fuels" is the most popular method line.
2.4Post Combustion Pollution treatment Technologies:
Here in this technology we have different methods of cleaning coal which are described
below:
2.4.1 Flue Gas Ash Precipitation Technology:
Flue gas systems to reduce the quantity of emissions generated by fossil products burned at
coal facilities, power stations, or other outlets. Flue gas — the released substance generated
by heat and power fossil fuels including coal, gasoline, natural gas or timber — can contain
contaminants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, mercury and carbon dioxide.
2.4.2 Flue Gas De-Sulfurization Technology:
Technology of desulfurization. Flue gas sulfurizing systems for coal-fired plants can be

classified according to the specific chemical reactions and flux conditions into four types:
wet-scubber, dry-powered scrubber, sorbient-injector and regenerative process.
2.4.3 Flue Gas De-Nitrification Technology:
The efficiency is better than that of low-nitrogen combustion production in flue gas
denitrification. The two popular forms of flue gas denitrification require oxidation or
reduction and the form of reduction is used most. Converting NOx to n2 in the following
condensed sequence is the concept of the reduction method:
NO3
−¿¿→NO2
−¿¿→NO→ N2 O→ N2
3. Suitable Technology for Pakistan Coal:
The discovered lignite deposit in Pakistan in the Tharparkar (Thar) wilderness in the 1990ies
prompted the use of lignite coal for the energy sector's growth. By way of chemical analyzes
of more than two thousand samples, the Geo-logical Survey of Pakistan has calculated the
content of the gas. Coal groups differ from lignite-B and sub-bituminous-A. The consistency
of Thar's coal was distinguished by a higher moisture content, sulfur and ash.
Coal gasification is a method of introducing an oxidizing agent (air, oxygen, water vapor) to
transform solid coal to a combustible natural gas, composed primarily of carbon monoxide
and the hydrogen. The use of charcoal to satisfy strict environmental protection standards
provides a realistic means. Sulfur from coal into hydrogen sulfide and minor amounts of
carbonyl sulfide are converted in the gasification process. The wide variety of marketable
methods will quickly and efficiently extract these sulfur compounds from gas sources. [6]
The biggest benefit of gasification is that oil is turned into a renewable friendly, quick to treat
gas product. There are various uses for the synthesis product. It can be extended to an
effective and safe power production in a combined cycle network. It is suitable for the
manufacture as a substitute for natural gas and as gas reduction for metallurgical processes
with hydrogen and industrial materials like ammonia, methanol and acetic acid. It is suitable
for the simultaneous production of electricity, chemical / fertilizer, and combustible in
multipurpose plants which improve the economy of coal gasification. In short term,
renewable industrial fuels such as municipal gas for cooking and heating, cook dimethyl
ether, and methanol and DME for transport may also be supplied by the gasification industry.
4. Techniques to make it possible to use Local coal:
Some techniques which we have to analyze to make local coal in use instead of international
coal. The issues in these techniques and the possible solution to these issues will be discussed

in detail. Some recommendations will also be done to make it possible to use local coal.
4.1 Mining:
Some issues in the field of mining in Pakistan are as under:
4.1.3 Tackle the need for creativity:
Commodities will eventually return to global market order and even surpluses, but the
problems confronting the mining industry are by no means finished. Manufacturing firms
continue under unprecedented strain to control prices, maximize productivity and enhance
protection output in a broader environment of manufacturing, increasingly diverse mineral
bodies, increasing electricity rates, social and geopolitical threats, infrastructure scarcity, and
resource nationalism.
4.1.4 Imbalances of the energy market: price control approaches:
Powerful demand for minerals is raising rates and in effect is increasing output by mining
firms. However, as markets decline, costs grow, stocks rise and marginal proposals decrease
considerably.
4.1.5 Sliding production and spiraling costs: Performance recovery approaches
in mining:
The first article of this series explores what pushes down production and rising costs and
presents mining companies, including:
 Management of spending and expense
 Planning of workers
 Excellence in service
 Enhancement in manufacturing
These are some major issues in the field of mining in Pakistan. Due to these issues we face
difficulties in using our own local coal. But it doesn’t mean we don’t solve these issues. We
have to solve these issues so that we use our local coal instead of importing coal from other
countries.
Several approaches are essential for controlling uncertainty in the market:
 Enhance control of our investments
 Price relation value
 Integrate manufacturing and trade activities
Government must apply some regulations on the safety of the workers working in the mine.
They must reduce their consumption. Reuse and recycle the waste. Educate your workers so

that there will be no safety risks.
4.2 Transportation:
Transport or ship with coal may be achieved in several respects. It is important since more
than 1 billion tons of coal are transported every year according to one report. It is able to be
exported as coal is extracted. The trucks can hold the freight when the mine is close to a
destination. Otherwise we use trains to supply the coal from mining place to final destination
which in results of high cost as more fuel is used to transport coal from one place to other.
Like in Pakistan, our coal mines are in Thar and we have a plant in Sahiwal so we have to
transport coal from thar to Sahiwal which needs big quantity of fuel and a lot of money is
required to transport coal. [7]
4.3 Utilization:
The Pakistani coal reserves are mostly not really productive lignite, since it cannot generate a
lot of electricity. Mining is required for the reserves, which means more costs and time.
Thermal control creates more problems than solutions. This type of coal is used where it is
mined and not be transported from one place to other because of high moisture contents in it.
So, the plants like Sahiwal Coal power plant which is far from the mining site we can’t take
risks to use this type of coal. It is only used in such plants which are near to mining site and
can be utilized there and resolve the issue of power generation in Pakistan. [8]
4.4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions:
The sum of carbon dioxide pollution in our environment induces global warming, triggering
climate change, including ice cap freezing, increasing sea levels, destroying the environments
of wildlife, and severe weather events. Climatic transition is predominantly a question with
concentrated ambient carbon dioxide (CO2). The carbon pollution is primarily attributed to
fossil sources such as coal, oil and gas or trees depleted and burnt.
The amounts of CO2 in the environment, either naturally as a consequence of CO2
absorption from the soil, or rising CO2 pollution from the sources will be decreased to
prevent significant climate change. Several solutions are possible to minimize CO2 pollution
from stationary sources including decreasing electricity use from fossil fuels, through energy
supply from non-fossil fuels such as solar, wind, biomass, nuclear and carbon capture and
storage (CCS) technology for large scale development. [8]
 Pre-Combustion CO2 capture
During combustion CO2 capture or oxy-fuel combustion technology
Post-combustion CO2 capture

4.5 Pollution:
In 2016, 1.241 million tons of CO2 was released by the coal plant, or 68 percent of the total
1,821 million tons of CO2, according to EIA statistics. An unregulated carbon plant emits
several dangerous contaminants including nearly 114 pounds of plum, plutonium, and carbon
monoxide about 720 tons. A number of airborne toxins and pollutants are released when coal
is burned. Mercury, sugar, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and many other heavy metals
belong to them. Effects on wellbeing may cause asthma and lung issues, disruption to the
brain, cardiac failure, tumors, mental conditions and premature death.
Optimizing existing plants to reduce emissions and increase the amount of coal-fired
electricity. Continuous advancement and advancement of best-in - class combustion
technologies including fluidized bed circulation (CFB) technologies, including supercritical
and extreme supercritical combustion. This choice will also involve burning biomass as a fuel
to mitigate CO2 pollution and oxide combustion for CO2-rich flue gas production.
Gasification-transformation of coal into gas and removal of carbon gas impurities prior to
combustion. Capture and Storage of Carbon (CCS)-capture and underground storage of or
reuse carbon dioxide from the flue gas.
These are some major techniques which faces problem in the local coal usage. Solution to
these are also given. By using these solutions, we can cut our imported coal and used our own
local coal. [9]
5. Cost Comparison:
NEPRA announced a two-year early tariff system for coal-based projects in July 2014.
NEPRA shall autonomously determine the upstream tariff. 22 A ceiling price is interpreted to
ensure that NEPRA receives maximum discounts through competitive offering procedures or
through the supervision of competitive offerings. The cost of fuel in electricity production
dropped 7.9 percent year-on-year to Rs5.02 per kilowatt-hour, during the month of October
2019.
If we look into the mining process, we have seen that due to some issues regarding mining
policies the cost of electricity is higher as compared to other factors. If we tackle these issues
properly, we can reduce the cost of electricity in Pakistan. As mining in Pakistan faces
different issues like cost, safety of labors etc. the cost of electricity ultimately increases. If
government of Pakistan look over these issues the cost can be reduced.
Transportation is the major issue here in Pakistan as mining sites are far away from the power
plant station or we also say that mining sites are in other provinces and the power plant

station in working in another province. To transport coal from mining sites to these power
plants is difficult. For this purpose, we use train to transport coal which demands money and
ultimately increase in the cost of electricity. To reduce the cost of electricity from
transportation we have to build the power plant ear to the mining site so that the cost of
electricity can be reduced.
Now for the utilization of local coal, if we use the local coal, we can reduce the cost of
electricity. As imported coal is more costly as compared to the local coal. Different factors
are applied when we use imported coal so the cost of electricity by using imported coal is
more. [10]
Table 2:Local Cost Price
Fuel Type EPP (Rs/kWh) CPP (Rs/kWh) Total (Rs/kWh)
Coal Local 4.77 3.83 8.59
Coal Imported 5.48 3.54 9.02
The OECD countries estimate average carbon pollution factors for various kinds of fuel from
electricity production. The emissions (in grams of carbon per kWh) are 1020, 940, 675, 540
and 400 respectively for lignite coal, subbituminous coal, fuel oil, LPG and natural gas.
Combined with the expense of USD 30 / ton of carbon for the middle OECD nations, the
pollution prices are, respectively, Rs. 3.2, Rs. 3.96, of lignite coal and sub-bituminous coal.
We have no cost estimates for these pollution for Pakistan, but for OECD countries such
costs have been registered. [11]
If these figures are also representative for Pakistan, the lowered electricity rate, including
CO2, is seen below:
Table 3: Carbon Emission Control Price
Fuel Type Weighted Average
without CO2
emission
cost (Rs/kWh)
Emission cost
(Rs/kWh) Total (Rs/kWh)
Coal (lignite) 8.59 3.20 11.79
Coal(sub-bituminous) 9.02 2.96 11.98
Now for the cost of pollution, if we consume local coal, we face lot of pollution as our local
coal is lignite which has more water contents in it when we burn this type of coal some toxic
gases are produced. Some of the coal-fired projects initially introduced in Pakistan, such as
the Engro Power Gen and Thal Nova, have used subscription technology to use low

temperature and pressure high levels of low-quality coal, leading to high emissions of
harmful gases and pollutant gases. To reduce these types of pollution, we have to use some
better techniques which is difficult to be use in developing countries like Pakistan. If we use
these types of techniques the cost of electricity ultimately increases.
The 6,600 MW of coal-based electricity generation capability authorized by NEPRA will
produce electricity of 49 billion kWh annually without regard to the environmental costs and
security-related costs if the plants run 85% of their capacities. The LCOE from the carbon
industry is less costly than the weighted average LCOE from the 2010-2014 oil / gas
generation, which is Rs. 1.44 / kWh.
Cost analysis in the following table shows that if the cost estimate involves imputed carbon
charges, the production of coal-based electricity is considerably significantly more expensive
in Pakistan relative to other nations. [12]
Table 4: Cost Analysis of Pakistan With Other Countries
Countries LCOE (USD/MWh) LCOE (Rs/kWh)
India 80.3-86.5 8.4-9.1
China 81.57 8.6
South Africa 99.79 10.5
US 104 10.9
Japan 119.25 12.5
Germany 83.47-86.61 8.75-9.08
Korea 86-89.46 9.02-9.38
Pakistan 11.91
6. Social and Economic benefits of local Coal:
The findings of the 13-year forecast show that coal is the cheapest estimator of certain
renewable supplies and has small electricity development costs. The government will invest
in Thar-coal and invite international companies to invest in Thar-coal. Through utilizing
Thar-coal reserves, Pakistan can correctly resolve the electricity issue. Pakistan has a
resource of 185 trillion Thar coal, which allows us to resolve energy shortages by utilizing it
to their maximum potential, but also exports power. Pakistan will generate coal power at 3 to
4 cents per line, as well as 1000 barrel per annum, according to Dr. Samar Mubarak. The

government strategy remains consistent to accomplish this aim before the programs are
finished.
The extraction of coal resources due to a scarcity of gas and lack of agreement on the latest
major water schemes is one fast and simple way to address the energy problem in Pakistan.
Thar coal project would not only add infrastructure and new work opportunities to growth in
the region but will also address energy crisis. It raises employment in the nation and sectors,
or helps to scale the manufacturing ladder in the future. The growth of manufacturing would
improve the per-capita GDP income and standard of living of population, energy production,
productivity and nation creation. More specifically, it will provide the Thar area with much-
needed growth and employment. [13]
7. Environmental Impact and sustainability of Local Coal:
There has been remarkable progress in the world of coal industry towards sustainable
development, simultaneously addressing both social, environmental and economic issues.
The principle guarantees regional economic development by mitigation goals, sustainable
conservation and consumer security efficient natural resource extraction with minimal
adverse environmental effects. It also protects the social development and community in the
mining area.
Thar coal Block-II was allocated to the mining activity of two charcoal power plants each of
330MW capacity, by SECMC and their sister company Engro Powergen Thar Limited
(EPTL). The idea of the Thar coalfield circular economy is used to enhance water efficiency,
to minimize carbon gases and, thus, to control water and air pollution effectively. Sustainable
development initiatives introduced by SECMC in support of water resources have been stated
by Hagler Bailly Pakistan (ESIA) as not posed a danger to groundwater, nor would water be
polluted or dumped into sea as it had been wrongly assumed to have installed the Sindh
government's effluent disposal storage tank with a wastewater treatments facility. This water
is injected into the power plant to improve the availability of water.
With respect to the leftover carbon emission usually referred to as coal ash, only Block II
project generates 256.000 tones, although the rest of this project can be used to create bricks
and cement blocks. In the cement and marble industries, gypsum generated during charcoal
processing may be used. The CEO of SECMC also rectified that the use of the Dusk
Management Technique reduces adverse environmental impact, making risk minimal and
controllable for the large fugitive emissions caused by wind pollution.
The SECMC's hazardous waste storage facility at its premises ensures that effluent waste

generated is stored and handled and that emissions from the energy plant are kept in line with
NQS. To order to reduce GHG pollution and environmental effects, such as usage of the
electrostatic precipitator to generation systems to mitigate particulate pollution of fly ash and
unburned fuel, limestone is introduced into the flowing-boiled boiler, which absorbs sulfur
(SOx) pollutants. [8]
8. Conclusion:
The findings of the 13-year forecast show that coal is the cheapest estimator of certain
renewable supplies and has small electricity development costs. The government will invest
in Thar-coal and invite international companies to invest in Thar-coal. Through utilizing
Thar-coal reserves, Pakistan can correctly resolve the electricity issue. Pakistan has a
resource of 185 trillion Thar coal, which allows us to resolve energy shortages by utilizing it
to their maximum potential, but also exports power. Pakistan will generate coal power at 3 to
4 cents per line, as well as 1000 barrel per annum, according to Dr. Samar Mubarak. The
government strategy remains consistent to accomplish this aim before the programs are
finished. The growth of manufacturing would improve the per-capita GDP income and
standard of living of population, energy production, productivity and nation creation. More
specifically, it will provide the Thar area with much-needed growth and employment. This
should be emphasized that although policy spending is essential in energy production at
lower social costs, the capacity to produce electricity is just one of the factors responsible for
many power shortages and access to electricity at globally comparable rates.

9. Reference:
1. , H.B.P., Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report, in Thar block-II
Power Project. 2014. p. 6-1 – 6-24.
2. Aziz, R., & Ahmed, M. B. (2015). , Pakistan’s Power Crisis The Way Forward. 2015.
3. Fraser, J., Lessons from the Independent Private Power Experience in Pakistan.
Energy and Mining Sector Board Discussion, 2005.
4. Haq, R., Pakistan to tap thar coal for cheap electricity. 2010.
5. NEPRA., Determination of the Authority in the Matter of Thar Coal Upfront Tarif.
2014.
6. Khan A, Review of Pakistan Coal Industry Now & the Future. 2015.
7. Malik, A., Power Crisis in Pakistan. A Crisis in Governance. PIDE Monograph
Series., 2012.
8. Paul, P., Climate Change. Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, G8
Gleneagles, world energy congress,. 2007.
9. Zofeen T. Ebrahim Economy vs environment: Thar coal and a test of Pakistan's
priorities,, in Dawn News. Feb 22, 2017.
10. NEPRA., Decision of the Authority in the matter of Induction of Security Cost for the
CPEC Projects in the Power Tariff to Ensure Security Sustainability M.o.W.a.
Power., Editor. 2017: Islamabad.
11. Pakistan., G.o., Pakistan Economic Survey M.o. Finance, Editor. 2017: Islamabad: .
12. Chen, X., Joseph, S., & Tariq, H. , Betting Big on CPEC. The European Financial
Review,. 2018: p. 61-70.
13. China., G.o., Latest Progress on the CPEC. Retrieved from Embassy of the People's
Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. (2018, Dec 29).