Computer Architectures and Principles

Computer Architectures and Principles
PROGRAMMING
Computer Architectures and Principles
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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Computer Architectures and Principles
Table of Content
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................3
Methodology:.............................................................................................................................4
Von Neumann Architecture.......................................................................................................6
Intel core i7 - 4960X Processor..................................................................................................8
AMD PHENOM II X6 1100T....................................................................................................8
COMPARISION OF PARAMETERS and FEATURES...........................................................9
MARIE.....................................................................................................................................11
An Introduction....................................................................................................................11
Architecture..........................................................................................................................11
BASIC INSTRUCTIONS - MARIE...................................................................................13
Programming........................................................................................................................13
Algorithm.................................................................................................................................18
Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................23
References................................................................................................................................25

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Computer Architectures and Principles
Introduction:
In this task, we are required to choose 2 contemporary commercial computer systems and
study them in detail.
In case of multi - core processors, there is a problem of power dissipation. This is due to the
use of more than 1 core. Another problem is to make a choice between the core type -
homogeneous core or heterogeneous core. We have considered 2 processors which are multi-
core processor machines for comparison. They are the Intel core i7 - 4960X processor and the
AMD Phenom II X6 processor. These have certain similarities to the von Neumann
Architecture. We have analysed and compared the design of these 2 computer systems. Our
main focus is on the performance metrics, costing, security, usability as well as energy
consumed of the 2 given processors ( as per Prinslow G. (2011)). We have also made a
prediction about the future trends in the designing of the processors based on the peer –
reviewed research findings.

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Computer Architectures and Principles
Methodology:
If we have to measure the performance metrics of any processor, we can use various
parameters. They are : the throughput ( the average rate of the number of processes executed
successfully ), the response time, execution time, energy consumed and the bandwidth of the
memory ( the rate at which data is available from the core of the CPU to the RAM ). We
consider a system better, if it has a higher throughput, smaller execution time and moderate
power consumption.
If we have to make use of a multi - core processor fully, then we have to make use of
parallelism. We must have a feature to execute the programs parallely. There are various
types of parallelism. The 3 types are : Instruction level parallelism, thread level parallelism
and data level parallelism.
In instruction level parallelism, we can execute the instructions in a parallel manner or we can
execute them in a sequential manner. In thread level parallelism, we can present multiple
threads of a task to the processor which can be executed at the same time. In data level
parallelism, we use the concept of memory coherence to share any common data between the
processes being executed.

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Computer Architectures and Principles
As per Jeffers J, Reinders J, Sodani A (2016), the study which includes the real world code
examples which showcase the use of the particular features of the new largely parallel and
good performance computation product has been conducted.
If we use the concept of single threading, the execution time is the sum of time taken to
complete each task individually. If we use the concept of thread level parallelism, the
execution time is maximum value of all the individual task’s time taken.
As per Herdrich, A., Verplanke, E., Autee, P., Illikkal, R., Gianos, C., Singhal, R., & Iyer, R.
(2016), during the last 10 years, addressing the quality of service (QoS) in multi-core server
platforms is a fastly growing research topic.
As per Sodani, A., Gramunt, R., Corbal, J., Kim, H.-S., Vinod, K., Chinthamani, S., Liu, Y.-
C. (2016), the Knights Landing Processor is targeting the good performance of computing
and the parallel workload. It gives a far better performance as well as bandwidth of memory
as compared to the earlier generations.

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Computer Architectures and Principles
Von Neumann Architecture
The model is also called as the Princeton architecture. The various components present in the
architecture are : the processing unit which contains the ALU (Arithmetie Logic Unit) and the
processor registers, the control unit which contains an instruction register and a program
counter, the memory to store data and instructions, there is external mass storage and the
input and output of procedures. In this type of model, the instruction fetch and any data
operation does not occur at the same time as they share the common bus. This leads to an
effect on the performance of the system. The program instructions as well as the data are kept
in RAM (Random Access Memory).
The Von Neumann architecture has a shared bus for the program memory and data memory.
This leads to slower data transfer rate between the memory and the CPU (Central processing
unit). It is because we have only 1 bus and we cannot access two classes of the memory at a
single time. This lowers the throughput. It does not allow the CPU to reach its maximum rate.
The speed of processing the data becomes slower due to this. The performance of Von
Neumann architecture can be enhanced by some methods. They are: provision of a cache
between the CPU and the main memory, to provide separate caches as well as separate access
paths for data and instruction, by the use of branch predictor algorithm and the logic, to
provide limited CPU stack and scratch pad memory to decrease the access of memory, to
implement the CPU and memory hierarchy which helps in decreasing the latency and
enhancing the throughput between the processor registers and main memory. We solve this
by using the concept of parallel computing. The researches show that an increase in the