Literature Analysis on Web 3.0 and Semantic Web

This assignment requires a thorough analysis of the provided literature on Web 3.0 and Semantic Web. The selected articles and papers cover various aspects of these technologies, including their development, applications, and implications for society. The student is expected to critically evaluate the content, identify key concepts and research findings, and synthesize the information into a coherent report.

Running head: COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Computer ethics in semantic web age
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:

COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Abstract
Computer ethics is described as a set of the ethical principles which can examine utilization of
computers. The issues, which were raised in the past due to introducing of new platforms like
Semantic Web. In this paper, the ethical issues are discussed which are raised by the
professionals and users for the advent of new technologies. The purpose of the research proposal
is to explore the field of the semantic web by extensive literature review. It also discusses the
architecture of the semantic web. As in this case, the information related to the environment of
the semantic web is observable to the search engines and websites; therefore it increases of
ethical issues for the consumers to offer of confidential data on the website of semantic.
Keyword: Computer ethics, semantic web, ethical issues.
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Table of Contents
1.0 Background of the research proposal........................................................................................3
1.1 History of Semantic Web.......................................................................................................3
1.2 Research question..................................................................................................................3
2.0 Review of relevant literature.....................................................................................................4
2.1 From web to semantic web....................................................................................................4
2.2 Architecture of semantic web................................................................................................5
2.3 Ethical issues in semantic web..............................................................................................8
2.4 Explore of solutions in semantic web ethical issues..............................................................9
3.0 Research methodologies..........................................................................................................10
3.1 Research philosophy............................................................................................................10
3.2 Research approach...............................................................................................................11
3.3 Research design...................................................................................................................12
3.4 Data collection.....................................................................................................................12
4.0 Detailed project plan................................................................................................................14
5.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................15
References......................................................................................................................................17
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
1.0 Background of the research proposal
The research proposal is based on “computer ethics in semantic web age”. In the year
1940, computer ethics was being established by Norbert Weiner as educational fields. The
individuals are no longer secured that the confidentiality is being continued on the web.
Casanovas (2015) stated that the hackers threaten the privacy of people since units restrict the
confidential information. As compared to past, people are sharing personal information at
superior scale. The computer hackers contact the information.
1.1 History of Semantic Web
In the year 1989, Tim Berner suggested such a system which could facilitate people to
distribute information using the hypertext system. Next year, he wrote down his first document
by use of HTML. Tim Berner introduced semantic web in the year 2000. The semantic web is an
expansion of current web where the information is offered well, enabled the computers along
with people to work in cooperation (Jain, Duhan and Sharma 2018). The term was being coined
by Tim Berners for the web of data which can process by the machines. It was being discovered
that web 2.0 was not machine comprehensible. The semantic web is also termed as web 3.0
which expansion of World Wide Web allows for sharing of data (Sahu, Mohapatra and
Balabantaray 2016). The semantic web of Tim Berner is an association from a web of credentials
towards a web of information.
1.2 Research question
Based on the following research questions, the entire research proposal is carried out:
1. What are the ethical issues due to introducing of Semantic Web?
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
2. What are solutions provided to overcome the ethical issues?
2.0 Review of relevant literature
Casanovas et al. (2016) discussed that Semantic web gains powers and collaborates with
other research areas such as e-commerce, e-government as well as the social web. There is a
requirement of a combination of information into a proper way for creating possible and
command for research into a Semantic web.
2.1 From web to semantic web
Taddeo and Buchanan (2015) stated that most people attended that World Wide Web
(WWW) is not booming as there are many troubles regarding who will upload the data, direct the
data, and fix the issues and others. The structure of the web is distributed network, which
interlinks the WebPages with exclusive resource locators. It helps to classify web of function as
well as identify them. The semantic web is used to drive the infrastructure, wherever the links of
reasons are on the information level. Kasemsap (2017) argued that it is mainly based on the
design of smart data. Smart data is being interlinked the data which permits human and machines
to not to apply the information. According to Tim Berner, the interlinked data has the property of
self-description, it leads to the semantic web. Features of the semantic web are as follows:
Voice: the Semantic web is allowed to a similar heterogeneity of the data, but at an
equivalent time it has a small model to initiate off discussion on a few of the topic (Wilson,
Scalise and Gochyyev 2015). For this reason, Resource Description Framework (RDF) was
being created that helps for linking the data.
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World Wide WebURI+ Data description Smart Data Semantic Web
COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Content creators: The main question behind proposition of web was who is going to
create the web page. Every one should able to create the content of the semantic web. Due to the
network effect, the web grows (North, Richardson and North 2017). The sourced contents are
Wikipedia, IMDB which made the entry as well as grew into huge sources of information.
Users: The web page is for the humans for sharing of information with one another. The
semantic web consists of another user such as machines. It is one of the reasons why semantic
web is important to increase evolution of pervasive computing (Vigo and Harper 2017). When
all data are linked with one another, then the potential of data becomes massive.
Figure 1: From web to semantic web
(Source: Vigo and Harper 2017, pp-5)
2.2 Architecture of semantic web
The semantic web is an effort for making web intelligent by doing modifications into a
structure of data on the web such that it is linked, developed as well as carried to the users
(Antunes, Freire and Costa 2016). The data on the web is unstructured (text or images or
HTML)/ semi-structured (XML). The web converts the data into the web of data, which is built
upon RDF data modelling. The RDF classes are being stored which describe entities and its
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
relationships. It is considered as a new standard for exchanging of data into the web (Kenneth
McBride 2014). It is used of URL for linking the data such as to describe the relationships
among the entities.
Universal Resource Identifier (URI): It is termed as the formatted string, which is used
for identification of physical resources. URI identifies of real objects, which are distinguished
from HTTP URI identifies the documents related to HTML (Smith 2016). It is one of the
methods to differentiate data at the human end (HTML) from the data at the machines.
Unicode: It offers a unique number for each character, independent to underlay the
platform and program along with the platform. ASCII code is used before developing the
Unicode. Diverse encoding makes manipulation of the data critical (Jamoulle et al. 2017). There
are also risks of conflicts among various encoding schemes. Unicode is used for solving issues
for being universal.
eXtensible markup language (XML): It is a resource description framework to represent
information related to resources into a graphical format (Sahu, Mohapatra and Balabantaray
2016).
RDF scheme: It is defined as a vocabulary of the RDF model. It offers a mechanism for
describing domain-specific properties along with classes of resources (Campbell and Cowan
2016). RDFS is simple, and it is not providing the exact semantics of the domain.
Ontology: It is comprised of a set of knowledge terms includes of vocabulary, semantic
interconnections as well as logic for a specific topic (Keshavarz 2014). It is applied to the web
for creating a semantic web.
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User interface and its applications
Trust layer
Unifying logic
Proof layer
Ontologies:
OWL
Queryin
g
SPARQ
L RDFS
Character set: UNICODEIdentifiers: URI
Data interchange: RDF
Syntax: XML
Cryptography
COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Logic, proof and trust: The logical layer is used for enhancing ontology language and
permit to write application specific to the declarative knowledge (Jovanovic and Bagheri 2016).
The proof layer includes an actual deductive process in the form of web languages. The trust
layer emerges throughout the use of digital languages based on recommendations.
Figure 2: Architecture of semantic web
(Source: Jovanovic and Bagheri 2016, pp-59)
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
2.3 Ethical issues in semantic web
Gudivada, Rao and Paris (2015) discussed that computer principles are a division of
practical viewpoint with how the computing specialized make choices regarding the
professionals as well as community conduct. The aim of the semantic web is to expand the
website where the data are obtainable and visible to the users as it is available to the website.
Kerne et al. (2017) illustrated that when the data are available at the traditional website, and then
there are high chances of hacking of data. The information, which is provided from the user’s
end, becomes available into the source code of the web pages into such technique that it is
effortlessly crumbed by the crawlers (Wankel and StachowiczStanusch 2015). The information is
also provided into URL of WebPages of the website. Sharma and Jindal (2016) stated that the
users provide the sensitive information so that it is accessible on the websites. The combination
of individual information into a semantic website is significant. It is done in such technique that
the private information that is presented by the users is not available via search engines. The user
is provided to make information private as well as the public on the website. Punagin and Arya
(2015) analyzed that the information, which is declared as public, is accessible by the search
engines while the private information is not accessible by other websites. The developers of such
website take concern of the fact that the private data which are afforded by users are not
accessible into any data feed offered by the website (Kreps and Kimppa 2015). The information
is not integrated into URL of WebPages into the website. The ethical issues are raised due to the
evolution of the semantic web. The ethical issues are mainly related to personal information, data
as well as trust into social web data. Following are the ethical issues that are raised by semantic
web environment such as:
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Interconnection: The ethical issue is related to accessibility of the online interaction. It is
identified from larger emerge starting the implementation of semantic web 2.0. It rose due to the
dissimilarity between offline academic writing, prescribed issuing along with online community
drafting (Antunes, Freire and Costa 2016). Interconnection issues cause natural barriers to
production, movement as well as a standard of knowledge into the academic contexts.
Content creation: At the time of online interaction, various content is created which
raises problems regarding managing of a public environment of the content formation into online
academic networks. The confidential information is not shared with any other website without
giving prior authentication and authorization to the data and information. It leads to manipulation
of both public as well as private boundaries (Sahu, Mohapatra and Balabantaray 2016). It is
critical to secure the data when they are integrated from various sources. Therefore, informed
consent is one of the ways to ensure the user that the data are being secured.
2.4 Explore of solutions in semantic web ethical issues
The ethical decisions are taking regarding the computer technology along with usage of
the primary influences such as the personal code of an individual along with informal code for
conducting ethical work, which enters into the workplaces, and experience towards the formal
code of ethics (Allison and Kendrick 2015). Following are some the solutions should be
considered for preventing the ethical issues in the semantic web environment such as:
Education of developers: The developers of a semantic website are knowledgeable from
the point of outlook before the information is made accessible. It is understood that situation as
well as nature of the information is provided by users (Baun, Cocos and Spanou 2017). The
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
responsibilities are understood before the data are made public afforded by the customer on the
websites.
Education of the users: The users are knowledgeable as of the point of view of learned
consent. It is sophisticated to read the written text into an agreement ahead of clicking on “I
agree” button (Wilson, Scalise and Gochyyev 2015). They are educated about declaration of the
information private as well as public on the website. The users should also be aware about the
ethical issues which are mainly raised. If the users are aware of those, the next time these types
of issues are not occurred in the future.
3.0 Research methodologies
This section is found to articulate reasons behind the selection of data analysis and
collection techniques. The researcher requires taking proper data analysis methods to collect data
for this research proposal. Selected research methods are selected with regards to the research
question, and issues of data collection and analysis. Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault (2015) stated
that research methodology addresses the issues and gaps in the research study. Use of accurate
methods helps to comprehend the strategies adopted to investigate the computer-related ethical
issues in semantic web (Punagin and Arya 2015). The researcher tries to examine the research
approaches for analysing and investigating the ethical issues.
3.1 Research philosophy
Flick (2015) discussed that research philosophy is related to develop the nature of
knowledge. According to Silverman (2016), many assumptions are taken to conduct the study so
that proper search outcomes are being achieved. The philosophy adopts to influence different
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
practical considerations. Critical thinking is required to evaluate selected research topic. The
selected research philosophy for this study is positivism, which helps to build logical statements
on a selected research topic to analyze unknown factors. This particular philosophy is used of
structured methods to assist the duplication. This study is also time limited which also limited the
role of a researcher to assess the data leads to lessening of data errors (Antunes, Freire and Costa
2016). The role of the researcher is incomplete to only data collection throughout the use of aim
approach. Athe part from all this, the errors in the analyzed data are to be mitigated properly.
3.2 Research approach
Wilson, Scalise and Gochyyev (2015) defined that the approaches are required such that
proper format is followed to carry out the study. The selected research approach for this
particular study is an inductive approach. This approach is helpful to provide conclusions on the
study from prepositions and test is conducted from the side of researcher’s observations. The
researcher begins with observations that are used to create comprehensive theories along with
summaries which are taken from this research study (North, Richardson and North 2017). The
limitation of this inductive approach is that it is created of comprehensive theories along with
summaries related to small observations; therefore reliability of the research is resulted in the
selected research question. It is selected for analyzing investigations on ethical issues due to the
adoption of the semantic web for minimizing the issues on the web. Different measurement
analysis methods are used to better understand of the investigation topic (Taylor, Bogdan and
DeVault 2015). This topic is based on different theories. The researcher conducts of practical
analysis the collected data for getting better results that help to understand the research question.
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
3.3 Research design
According to Kreps and Kimppa (2015), research design helps to conduct the study with
examining control over different factors that obstacles strengths as well as weakness of the
research findings. It is a plan help to illustrate procedures for data analysis and collection. The
selected research design is descriptive which is used to provide a better image of the six
situations that occur. It is utilizing and rationalising existing practices and creating accurate
decisions on the selected research topic (Flick 2015). This design approach is also conducted a
feasibility analysis to measure the effectiveness of investigating the ethical issues. Privacy and
security procedures are used to minimize the ethical issues in the semantic web environment.
Examination plan helps to enable selection of data for proper conducting of this study. Proper
research design method is used to design along with undertaking components which are
reasonable (Silverman 2016). Use of descriptive design enables for gaining information and
carrying out critical research work. Through this research design, various research factors are
understandable.
3.4 Data collection
The data collection method is considered as significant aspect for this particular research
study. It is recognized as process to gather and measure information that is dependent on a
selected research topic. Data collection is the process to collect information from various sources
to search solutions to the identified research problems. Here, the problem is ethical issues, which
are raised into the semantic web environment. It also evaluates the research outcomes. The data
collection methods are categorized into two types such as data sources and data techniques.
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Data sources
In this particular study, secondary data is selected to collect data on the research topic.
The data are mainly collected from the peer review journal articles, newspapers, books in
addition to case studies. Antunes, Freire and Costa (2016) stated that secondary data are those
data which are already available as well as collected by others from other sources. The data are
quicker to obtain as compared to primary data collection method (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault
2015). With the help of this data collection method, the gaps into the researcher are analyzed
along with deficiencies in the research study. It also helps to understand the research problems.
The main advantage of secondary data methods is that it helps to provide comparison of data that
are collected by the researcher (Flick 2015). The researcher observed that this method is accurate
to provide better research outcomes. The submission of a proper set of criteria to choose the
secondary data used acts a significant role to increase levels of authority as well as the reliability
of the investigation.
Data techniques
In order to meet with the research question, qualitative research is held which provides a
complete description as well as investigation of the research subject without restraining the scope
of this investigation along with the environment of the responses of participants. The usefulness
of this qualitative research is based on abilities along with the capacity of the researchers while
the ending is to be professed as dependable (Silverman 2016). It is recognized that data are
related to the selected research topic of proper data set on computer ethics in a semantic web
environment. It is observed that the main plan to use of the semantic web is to at the er the web
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
such that the data will become smarter. Jamoulle et al. (2017) stated that qualitative techniques
are dealt with quality such that it becomes descriptive rather than the numerical form. The data
are only gained throughout the observation. This data technique explores of how in addition to
why the things occur while collecting the data.
4.0 Detailed project plan
Task Name Duration Start Finish
Research plan on computer ethics on semantic web age 50 days Mon 3/26/18 Fri 6/1/18
Selection of the Research Topic 2 days Mon 3/26/18 Tue 3/27/18
Identifying the source of secondary data 4 days Wed 3/28/18 Mon 4/2/18
Developing the layout of the research 5 days Tue 4/3/18 Mon 4/9/18
Conducting the detailed literature review 6 days Tue 4/10/18 Tue 4/17/18
Forming the appropriate research plan 4 days Wed 4/18/18 Mon 4/23/18
Selecting the Appropriate Research Techniques 5 days Tue 4/24/18 Mon 4/30/18
Collecting the secondary data and information 3 days Tue 5/1/18 Thu 5/3/18
Analysis and Interpretation of Data Collection 5 days Fri 5/4/18 Thu 5/10/18
Developing the data findings 6 days Fri 5/11/18 Fri 5/18/18
Concluding the Study 5 days Mon 5/21/18 Fri 5/25/18
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Development of Rough Draft 4 days Mon 5/28/18 Thu 5/31/18
Submitting the final draft to the University 1 day Fri 6/1/18 Fri 6/1/18
Table 1: Research plan for the proposal
Figure 3: Gantt chart
(Source: Created by author)
5.0 Conclusion
It is concluded that features of semantic web is ease with the PDA, laptop, server as well
as desktop to communicate with each others. It is used for automation of corporate decisions
which are hand processed. It has ability to assess trustworthiness of the document on web and it
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
is remarkable ease with finding of answers to the questions. It is analyzed that semantic web is
vision of the information which are understandable by the computers, such that it can perform
works involved to find, share as well as combine of information on the web. The semantic web is
vision of future of www.
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
References
Allison, M. and Kendrick, L.M., 2015. Toward Education 3.0: Pedagogical Affordances and
Implications of Social Software and the Semantic Web. New Directions for Teaching and
Learning, 2015(144), pp.109-119.
Antunes, F., Freire, M. and Costa, J.P., 2016. Semantic web and decision support
systems. Journal of Decision Systems, 25(1), pp.79-93.
Baun, C., Cocos, H.N. and Spanou, R.M., 2017. Performance Aspects of Object-based Storage
Services on Single Board Computers. Open Journal of Cloud Computing (OJCC), 4(1), pp.1-16.
Campbell, D.G. and Cowan, S.R., 2016. The paradox of privacy: Revisiting a core library value
in an age of big data and linked data. Library Trends, 64(3), pp.492-511.
Casanovas, P., 2015. Semantic web regulatory models: Why ethics matter. Philosophy &
Technology, 28(1), pp.33-55.
Casanovas, P., Palmirani, M., Peroni, S., van Engers, T. and Vitali, F., 2016. Semantic web for
the legal domain: the next step. Semantic Web, 7(3), pp.213-227.
Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research
project. Sage.
Gudivada, V.N., Rao, D. and Paris, J., 2015. Understanding search-engine
optimization. Computer, 48(10), pp.43-52.
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
Jain, R., Duhan, N. and Sharma, A.K., 2018. Comparative Study on Ontology Management
Approaches in Semantic Web.
Jamoulle, M., Resnick, M., Ittoo, A., Vander Stichele, R., Cardillo, E., Grosjean, J., Darmoni, S.
and Vanmeerbeek, M., 2017. Indexing grey multilingual literature in General Practice in the era
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Technology & People, 28(4), pp.726-741.
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COMPUTER ETHICS IN SEMANTIC WEB AGE
Student Number-P16238072
Module Code -IMAT5262
North, M.M., Richardson, R. and North, S.M., 2017. Information Security and Ethics
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