Concentrated Solar Power in Australia

This report investigates the current state of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology in Australia, its impact, technical developments, and barriers and opportunities. It explores solar energy and various CSP technologies such as parabolic troughs, solar power towers, enclosed troughs, Fresnel reflectors, and dish stirling. The report also discusses the energy scenario in Australia and the shift towards renewable energy sources.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 1
CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER IN AUSTRALIA
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA................................................................................................................................3
SOLAR ENERGY............................................................................................................................................5
CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY...........................................................................................6
Parabolic Trough......................................................................................................................................7
Solar Power Tower..................................................................................................................................8
Enclosed Trough......................................................................................................................................9
Fresnel Reflectors....................................................................................................................................9
Dish Stirling............................................................................................................................................10
IMPACTS OF CSP........................................................................................................................................11
Reduced Cost of Conventional Fuels.....................................................................................................11
Reduced Carbon Emission.....................................................................................................................11
Supplement Other Energy Sources........................................................................................................12
Employment..........................................................................................................................................12
Impacts of Wildlife.................................................................................................................................13
Economic Impact...................................................................................................................................13
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS.....................................................................................................................14
Future Technology.................................................................................................................................15
Larger CSP Plants...................................................................................................................................16
Suitable Sites.........................................................................................................................................16
BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES................................................................................................................17
Water Availability..................................................................................................................................17
Visual Effect...........................................................................................................................................18
Energy and Material Use.......................................................................................................................18
Capital Cost Evaluation..........................................................................................................................19
PERSONAL OPINION..................................................................................................................................20
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................20
BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................................22

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INTRODUCTION
This report on the Concentrated Solar Power in Australia investigates the current state of the
technology, the impact of the CSP energy system and other fuels, technical development,
currently and into the future, opportunities and barriers, and individual view on the technology.
CSP is a method of electrical energy generation fueled by free, clean, and endless heat from the
sun. The Concentrated solar power, commonly abbreviated at CSP and also referred to as
concentrated solar thermal or concentrating solar power is a solar power generating system by
the use of lenses or mirrors to concentrate solar thermal energy or huge area of sunlight onto a
small area (Chukwuka & Agbenyo, 2014). This type of solar technology needs direct and direct
and strong solar radiation and is basically used as a centralized, large source of power for
utilities.
Electrical energy is produced when the concentrated light is converted into heat, which operates
steam turbines and heat engine coupled to a generator of electrical power. The concentrated
thermal energy can also be used in the production of electricity or stored and later used when it is
needed during the night hours. Currently, Australia has approximately 44MW of Concentrated
Solar Power under operation (Kogan Creek Solar Boost) and 8.5MW installed in Lake
Cargelligo and Liddell. In most instances, the Concentrated Solar Power technologies cannot
compete with solar PV panels on price due to the high rate of growth in the past years because of
much smaller cost of operation and falling prices (Beath, 2012).
ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA
Australia is known for the electricity generation and energy for both export and consumption and
until recently, Australia uses energy from sources like natural gas and coal. However, due to the
increasing effects of human-induced climate change and global warming, there has been a shift

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 4
towards renewable energy like solar and wind power (Sajid, 2014). The major fuels used in
Australia include natural gas from gas basins in Brawse basis in West Australia, cola from New
South Wales, and oil in open cut. Australian renewable energy is currently being considered to
quantify and expand the usage of renewable energy sources in electricity production, thermal
energy, and fuel in transport (Blakers & Stocks, 2017). The development of a renewable energy
source in Australia has been promoted by government policies in response to concerns
concerning climate change, economic stimulus, energy independence. The implementation of
these energy policies in 2010 promoted the establishment of large-scale renewable energy to
41,000Wh renewable energy generation in 2010.
Energies consumed by human beings can either be categorized as nonrenewable or renewable
energy sources. Sources of renewable energy include wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal
energy, and solar energy. The total percentage of renewable energy consumption in Australia
stands at 5.9 % with 19.2% representing hydropower, 3.6% representing biofuels, 10.7%
representing wind energy, 53% representing biomass, 3.8% representing solar hot water, 5.1%
representing solar PV, as shown in the figure below. (Blakers & Stocks, 2017)
Figure 1: Energy usage in Australia (Davy & Troccoli, 2012)

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 5
There are a total of 15 wind energy projects with a total generation capacity of 2112MW with are
either in operation or under construction. A total of 1880MW installed capacity will be attained
after the conclusion of all the wind projects in Australia. There are various companies that are
currently exploiting 141 regions and are anticipated to invest in the sector of geothermal energy
in Australia (Merched & Hiep, 2015).
SOLAR ENERGY
A system of solar energy operates by the conversion process of solar energy into electrical power
through direct solar photovoltaics or indirect concentrated solar power, or even a combination of
the two techniques. The two major technologies of solar energy that are presently being used in
Australia include photovoltaic solar system and concentrated solar power system (Kalda, et al.,
2013). Solar energy is the radiation heat from the sun which can be converted by the application
of technologies like solar heating, artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics, molten salt power
plants, solar thermal energy, and solar architecture. Solar energy is an important source of
renewable energy and the technologies involved can broadly be categorized depending on
conversion, capture and distribution as either passive or active solar.
The passive solar method involves the orientation of a structure to the sun, selecting a material
with the properties of light dispersion, and then designing spaces that permit free circulation of
air. The active solar method entails the use of concentrating solar power, solar water heating, and
a photovoltaic system to convert the sunlight energy.
A solar photovoltaic system contains photovoltaic cells that are involved in the light energy
conversion from the sun into electrical power through the application of the photovoltaic effect.
The solar photovoltaic cells were initially used as sources of electrical energy for both small-
sized and medium-sized applications like remote homes operated by an off-grid photovoltaic

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 6
system (Ching, 2011). The concentrating solar thermal system generally applies the lenses or
mirrors and tracking system to concentrate light from the sun and then use the concentrated solar
energy in the electricity generation from the traditional steam engine (Guang & Wang, 2013). A
hybrid system combines both the concentrating solar power system and the PV cells with other
power generation forms like diesel, wind and biogas. This combination has the capability of
minimizing the non-renewable fuel consumption and variation trend of solar energy as a demand
function.
CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY
The CSP is a technology for solar power generation and uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate the
energy from solar onto a small region. Electrical energy is generated when the light concentrated
is converted into heat energy which powers the heat engine coupled to a generator of electrical
power or thermochemical reaction (Sakellariou, et al., 2015). The thermal energy concentrated
can be kept and then and then used in the electrical energy generation when needed during night
hours. The two commercial concentrated solar power technologies that are currently being used
in Australia include power towers and parabolic troughs. The other concentrated solar power
technologies that have also been implemented for solar energy generation include compact liners
Fresnel reflector and dish engine.
The Australian markets have been conquered by parabolic trough plants at a percentage of 90%
of the overall number of concentrated solar panels technology in the country. In many cases, the
concentrated solar power technologies cannot compete with solar PV panels due to the drastic
developments that have been done by the solar PV system to reduce their operation cost and
reduced price. The concentrated solar panels normally need a large supply of direct solar
radiation which in many cases is prevented by cloud cover or the solar panels being opposite

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 7
with respect to the direction of the sun (Manente, et al., 2016). The major benefit of CSP over the
solar PV system is that the concentrated solar power can store the heat from the sun in molten
salts as a thermal technology functioning as traditional power block.
The capability of CSP to store solar heat energy enables the technology to generate electrical
energy when it is needed making the system to be a form of solar energy that is dispatchable.
This characteristic is important in areas where there is already high solar energy because the
peak in the evening can be intensified as panels ramps down when the sunset (Koepf, 2019). The
SCP system was initially designed to be a competitor to the solar PV system but without the
storage of energy. The CSP was later made a form of energy that is dispatchable with 3-12 hours
of storage of thermal energy in 2015. Presently, the concentrated solar power systems are the
cheapest dispatchable form of solar energy at a utility scale of about ten times cheaper than the
combination of an energy storage system with PV panels (Stein & Buck, 2017).
The SCP systems are commonly used for the purposes of heating and cooling in the industrial
processes through solar air conditioning. Some of the technologies of CSP currently common in
the market are discussed below:
Parabolic Trough
The parabolic trough technology entails a linear parabolic reflector that is involved in the
concentration of solar energy onto a receiver situated along the focal line of the reflector. The
receiver is made of shape like a tube that is filled with working fluid and positioned directly
above the central point of the parabolic mirror (Tonghui & Yuan, 2016). The reflectors have the
ability to trace the sunlight during the day by following along the axis. The heating of working
fluid is done and then applied as a source of heat during the power generation.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 8
Figure 2: parabolic trough (Chen, et al., 2010)
This technology has the ability to amplifying the intensity of solar energy 80 times. The metal
tube acts as the receiver with a special coating to optimize absorption and prevent heat emission.
Solar Power Tower
This concentrated solar power technology is composed of numerous tracking reflectors that have
two axes and are involved in the concentration of solar energy at the centre receiver situated at
the tower’s top. The receiver has fluid for the transfer of heat which can be in the form of molten
salt or water steam. The receiver working fluid is heated to the temperature between 1000oC and
500oC and then utilized as a source of heat for the heat storage system of the generated electrical
energy (Ramos, 2012).

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 9
Figure 3: Solar Power Tower (Zhou & Yangyang, 2016)
The major benefit of this CSP technology is that the reflectors are regulated and not the whole
system and also the production of solar power towers are less technical than the trough system.
Enclosed Trough
The enclosed trough technology is a solar thermal system where solar energy is captured within a
glasshouse which looks like a greenhouse. This technology creates an environment that is
shielded to protect the elements that can adversely affect the efficiency and reliability of the
system. The solar reflecting mirrors are of lightweight and curved and are suspended by wires
from the greenhouse’s top (Papageorgiou, 2016). The mirrors are located through a single axis
system of tracking in order to retain an optimum sunlight quantity. The mirrors concentrate and
focus the solar energy on a stationary steel pipes network which are suspended also from
greenhouse structure. Water is supplied in the whole steel pipe length, which is boiled to produce
steam when there is application of extreme solar radiation (Abid, et al., 2015).
Fresnel Reflectors
The Fresnel reflector technology is characterized by many thin and flat of a mirror to concentrate
solar energy onto the tubes through which pumping of the working fluid is done. The thin and
flat mirrors enable an extra surface for reflection in the equivalent space than the parabolic
reflectors, therefore, capturing more sunlight available, and they are also cheaper than the
parabolic reflectors (Nixon & Davies, 2012). The cost and efficiency of this technology are the
major reasons why it very common that other technologies despite their higher output ratings.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 10
Figure 4: Fresnel Reflectors (Abbas, et al., 2013)
Dish Stirling
The dish engine or dish stirling technology entails a single parabolic reflector which is involved
in the concentration of light onto the receiver situated at the focal point of the reflector. The
reflector has the ability to track the sunlight along the two axes. The working fluid at the receiver
is heated between 700oC and 250oC and then utilized to produce electrical energy by a stirling
engine (Pheng, et al., 2015).
Figure 5: Dish stirling (Rubén, et al., 2015)
The nature of dish stirling technology makes this technology the most scalable and highly
efficient CSP system because of the nature of solar-to-electric dish using in technology.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 11
IMPACTS OF CSP
This section illustrates the effects of CSP in the Australian electric power system in terms of
environmental, economic, and social impacts. The implementation of concentrated solar power
as another source of electrical energy in Australia has resulted in both positive and negative to
the environment, economy, and people living in the country.
Reduced Cost of Conventional Fuels
The incorporation of CSP system in Australia have positively increased the supply of electrical
energy and consequently minimize the cost of fuel for attaining the electricity demand to the
extent that the output of CSP plant would be of zero cost of fuel. The CSP has significantly
reduced the consumption of coal and natural gas since these energy sources are non-renewable
and strict government policies have promoted the generation of renewable sources of energy
(Vick & Moss, 2013). Due to the preferences of renewable energy, the demand for conventional
fuels has reduced resulting in the generation plant reducing their cost so as to compete with other
generation plants.
Reduced Carbon Emission
The implementation of concentrated solar power has resulted in reduced use of non-renewable
energy sources like natural gas and coal. The solar energy from concentrating solar power has
also reduced the emission of carbon by minimizing the dependency on the traditional fuels and
providing the cleanest energy source. The technology is also an effective way of producing a
more sustainable state (Guerin, 2017). Even a small CSP system has the capability of reducing
carbon emission by three or two tins on a yearly basis. The solar energy generated is significant
to the environment since it does not generate carbon (iv) oxide emissions by providing an
alternative source of fuel and decrease the need for fossil fuel market.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 12
Supplement Other Energy Sources
The CSP system is used to generate electrical energy by harnessing the solar energy and then
converting it into electrical energy which can be used for powering homes, industries, and
commercial businesses. The electricity demand in Australia is increasing on a daily basis due to
the increase in the population and the increased number of appliances and equipment required.
The increased energy consumption by the population can only be met by using all the electrical
energy sources with the inclusion of CSP (Farhidi, 2017). The CSP plant help in supplementing
other energy sources in Australia hence promoting more secure energy. Although this source of
renewable energy cannot generate electrical energy sufficient to power the entire town, adding
the energy generated with other existing electrical energy to encounter the increasing demand for
electricity in Australia.
Employment
The concentrated solar power in Australia has positively promoted job creation to a certain
percentage of the population especially those companies dealing in the manufacturing,
installation, and maintenance of this technology. During the construction of the CSP, the
expected number of new recruits is around 700 and 1800 to the local communities. The sources
of employment created by the CSP plants significantly varies depending on the technology type,
system size, and project location. Approximately 10 manufacturing and construction jobs are
created per MW for generation plant in the range of 100MW (Khodakarami & Ghobadi, 2016).
Maintenance and continuing jobs range between 0.7 and 0.2 jobs per MW, with smaller
generation plants having much higher job opportunities.
The sector of renewable energy could create 24.4 million projects in 2030 as projected by the
International Renewable Energy Agency which will consequently result in projected by that are
energy intensive. The potential of renewable energy to row across all categories of technologies

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 13
provides its huge potential, with solar power, bioenergy, and hydropower businesses all being
selections (Naspolini & Rüther, 2011).
Impacts of Wildlife
Insects and birds are normally attracted to bright light from the CSP, and consequently, the birds
and insects end up hurting themselves or can even be killed through burning in case they fly to
close the points where focusing of light is being done. This has resulted in various critics who
have demonstrated their hatred in any expansion of the concentrated solar power technology
since it will mean that the number of birds and insects that will be injured or killed will
tremendously increase in future (Guerin, 2017).
Economic Impact
Research shows that minimizing the share of renewable in the global mix by 2030 will improve
the global GDP by approximately USD 1.3 trillion or 1.1%. This positive figure is majorly
derived from the probability of installation investment of renewable energy, which will have
positive ripple impacts in the entire economy of Australia.
Table 1: World ranking of Australian solar energy generation (Davy & Troccoli, 2012)
This speculation may even be lower compared to what may actually take place, considering there
is a greater electrification speed.

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TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Research has been done by the energy sector in Australia to assess the future and potential of the
CSP system. Research done internationally and in Australia continues to highlight the
significance of CSP generation in the current and future system there are easily integrated with
other sources of thermal power, reliable and stable power generation and dispatchable renewable
energy. Australia has access to world-class capabilities of research and world-class thermal
technologies and proven strengths in large-scale project finance, construction, and development.
These capabilities promote any future technological, generation, and efficiency developments
(García, et al., 2011).
Currently, the generation of electrical energy by concentrated solar power installed is about
8.5MW those plants which are under operation have an installed capacity of 44MW. This
capacity is expected to improve in the near future through the expansion of these plants situated
in Lake Cargelligo and Liddell, improved CSP technology with high efficiency, and suitable site
selection. The research shows that the CSP could account for about 25% of the energy need in
Australia by 2030 (Dehghan, et al., 2014). Since the CSP technology operates best in areas with
high solar radiation, experts predict the highest growth rate in regions such as Western Australia,
Northern Territory, Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia.

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Figure 6: Projected CSP development in Australia (Dehghan, et al., 2014)
The energy sector has predicted that the cost of CSP will be as low as $0.06/kWh by the year
2030 due to the mass production and efficiency improvement of the technology. This would
make the CSP as cheap as the other sources of energy. The Australian industrial capabilities,
project development, and technical skills position the country for the future improvement of the
concentrated solar power technology. Australia has a mandated market share for electrical
energy from sources of renewable energy of 20% by the year 2020 (Choudhary, et al., 2016).
Future Technology
The future technology of CSP is expected to improve in terms of efficiency through the
development of large curved metal sheets that have the capability to be 30% cheaper compared
to the current concentrated solar power collectors through the replacement of glass-based models
with a sheet of silver polymer with much lower weight and cost but similar operations. This
technology will be easier to install and deploy. The glossy film applies numerous telescope
technology layers with an internal layer of pure silver (Weinstein, et al., 2014). The recent
experience with the technology of CSP shows large shortfalls in production in the generation of

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 16
electrical energy between 40% and 25% in the first year of installation. The designers blamed
stormy weather and clouds, however, criticizers think there are issues with the technology used.
These issues are causing utilities to pay prices that have been inflated for wholesale electrical
energy, and threaten the technological viability in the long-term.
Other future technological changes that are currently under investigation include the flotovoltaics
which is an emerging technology in the concentrated solar power system and operate by floating
on the surface of irrigation canals, water reservoirs, and tailing ponds. This technology is
currently under implementation in countries like France, US, India, UK, Japan, and Korea. This
technology will be very effective in some areas in Australia which are just swampy without any
use (Barlev, et al., 2011).
Larger CSP Plants
The future of concentrated solar power in Australis is expected to gain more momentum as the
country focuses on renewable energy sources which will result in the generation of electricity in
large CSP plants. There have been numerous suggestions for very huge scale and GW CSP
plants so as to improve the electrical power generated (Lazzarin & Noro, 2018). Large-scale
concentrated solar power will provide significant economic benefits such as improvements to the
economic efficiency of the renewable energy generation portfolio in Australia, regional and
industrial development, and job creation.
Suitable Sites
The future of concentrated solar power plants is expected to be situated in suitable places where
the light intensity is very high to accommodate a large number of panels which will generate a
higher amount of electrical energy to encounter the increased demand for electricity in the
Australia.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 17
Figure 7: Potential CSP plant installation sites in Australia (Baig, et al., 2015)
Some of the potentially suitable sites that will be considered in future CSP plants include
Western Australia, Northern Territory, Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia where the
sunlight intensity is very high. These locations have the highest direct irradiance in Australia and
have high altitude and situated in the tropics.
BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Water Availability
Concentrated solar power plants need a huge quantity of direct solar energy and therefore are
best installed in semi-arid or arid areas in Australia. However, these plants are constructed to use
water for the purposes of cooling the thermal cycle at the back-end, generally in a wet cooling
tower. The requirements of water may lead to barriers especially in these semi-arid and arid
regions in Australia. The large-scale installation of CSP as expected in the near future will need
additional requirements of water or there will be a need for designing technologies with lower
water requirements (Ching, 2011). Generally, 50MW CSP plant uses between 0.4 and 0.5 million
m3 volume of water yearly for the purposes of cooling. This is roughly the same volume used in
irrigation of the agricultural land with an area equivalent to that occupied by the entire plant.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 18
Another barrier faced by the construction operation or installation of CSP plants is the land use
and visual impacts. The land use denotes the total area of land occupied directly by the power
plant. Very large-scale CSP plant will require a large area which may not be available in some
places. The visual effect gives the area over which the CSP plant a disturbing view (Farhidi,
2017).
Visual Effect
One of the major opportunities of CSP plants is that they are situated in regions with low
aesthetic value or amenity. The use of desert land for CSP plant could in numerous ways be
considered as better compared to the use of agricultural lands for the case of biomass energy.
This means that the area targeted is wastelands that are no longer in use or have never been used
before and then utilizing these lands for the purposes of energy generation (Sulaiman, et al.,
2019). However, semi-arid and arid areas have environmental values and have some species or
biotopes that are endangered (Naspolini & Rüther, 2011). The severity of the climate in the
desert also makes it take a long duration for the community of semi-arid biotope to recover from
the impacts of this disturbances. Considerable development of CSP plants in a region may
negatively influence plant population and regional animals by cutting routes of dispersion and
isolating animal population partially from each other.
Energy and Material Use
Another opportunity in the electricity generation through the CSP plant is the energy and
material use. When assessing the CSP plant sustainability it is significant to compare the life-
cycle of the plant over the material use and energy to other technologies of electrical energy
generation. An assessment of life cycle of the concentrated solar power plant shows that the
primary cumulative energy invested in operation and construction of a plant over its lifetime is
regained as renewable energy after one year of the 30-year life assumed. The concentrated solar

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 19
plant is more material intensive compared to the traditional fossil-fired plant (Morris, et al.,
2015). The major materials used are commodities that are common like concrete, glass, and steel
whose rate of recycling is high.
Capital Cost Evaluation
The levelized electricity cost is a significant tool for the competitiveness of the cost of
production technology. For a CSP plant, these may include site-specific factors like meteorology
and Direct Normal Irradiance of a specific location, and also more general assumptions
concerning the operating cost, capital cost, interest cost, construction period, and life of the plant.
In case of two designs of a 100MW plant without and with 6 hours of thermal storage shows a
potential cost of capital of the concentrated solar power system in Australia based on the present
labour and material prices with the inclusion of all power block cost and date estimates
(Channon & Eames, 2014). The figure below shows the estimated capital cost for a 100MW CSP
plant installed in Australia:
Table 1: Approximated capital cost for 100MW CSP plant (Davy & Troccoli, 2012)

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 20
The estimated capital cost in the table above shows a potential cost of capital for concentrated
solar power in Australia. These estimations endorse that there is no motive as to why the
concentrated solar power plant cannot be installed in Australia at the costs listed.
PERSONAL OPINION
Increasing social development and economic growth within Australia is placing a growing
demand for supply of energy. Combined with the quick development in social and economic
development, is the increasing consciousness of the need for sustainable development, climate
change, and environmental impacts call for the development of renewable energy sources in
Australia. The successful application if renewable energy technology is Australia still needs
extensive assessment, however, CSP and PV technologies have proved to be environmentally
and economically capable and viable of being implemented on a large scale.
Personally, I think that the source of renewable energy that Australia should take seriously in
their future developments is the technology due to the capability of CSP to store solar heat
energy enables the technology to generate electrical energy when it is needed making the system
to be a form of solar energy that is dispatchable. This characteristic is important in areas where
there is already high solar energy because the peak in the evening can be intensified as panels
ramps down when the sunset. Presently, the CSP technologies are the cheapest dispatchable form
of solar energy at a utility scale of about ten times cheaper than the combination of an energy
storage system with PV panels.
CONCLUSION
This report on the CSP illustrated the current state of the technology, the technical developments,
energy system impacts, currently and into the future, opportunities and barriers, and personal
opinion on the technology. The CSP is a technology for solar power generation and uses mirrors

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 21
or lenses to for the purposes of energy concentration from solar onto a small region. The heat
collected can then be used for cooling, hot water heating for residential, commercial, and
industrial applications or generate electrical energy when the light concentrated is converted into
heat to propel the heat engines coupled to an thermochemical reaction or electrical power
generator. The major reason for selecting the concentrates solar power is because solar energy is
the major type of renewable energy source in Australia.
The major technologies of CSP discussed in this report include dish stirling, Fresnel reflectors,
enclosed trough, solar power tower, and parabolic trough. Some of the impacts of construction
and installation of CSP plant in Australia include reduced cost of conventional fuels, negative
effects on wildlife, reduced carbon emission, and employment creation. Research performed
internationally and in Australia continues to highlight the significance of CSP generation in the
current and future system there are easily integrated with other sources of thermal power, reliable
and stable power generation, and dispatchable renewable energy. The requirements of water may
result in barriers especially in these semi-arid and arid areas in Australia. The large-scale
installation of CSP as expected in the near future will need additional requirements of water or
there will be a need for designing technologies with lower water requirements.
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Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 22
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