Success Factors of the Montreal Protocol

This assignment examines the multifaceted success of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty aimed at phasing out ozone-depleting substances. It explores factors such as strong leadership, informal negotiation processes, trade provisions, technological advancements, financial support from the Multilateral Fund, and the role of independent expert panels in driving its effectiveness.

QUESTIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Identifying key ecosystem services which are provided by environment........................................3
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................4
Key Causes of Bio diversity loss ....................................................................................................5
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................7
Managing risk is a social and technical process...............................................................................8
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................9
Targets which UK government has set for Greenhouse Gas emission..........................................10
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................11
Montreal Protocol is seen as success.............................................................................................12
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................14

Identifying key ecosystem services which are provided by environment
Environment plays an important role in human life and population require best
surroundings for improving their health conditions as well as living standards. Ecosystem
services usually render direct and indirect contribution to human and well-being. As stated, they
either support directly or indirectly and influence the quality of life for individuals (Collins and
et.al., 2011). Taking a specific environment, city park has been taken into consideration because
out of all the hectic life during the day, people mostly comes there to have some quality of time
in silent atmosphere. Individuals sees the natural beauty accompanied with different birds and
small creatures.
Furthermore, the ecosystem services has been characterised into different four segments
and these are provisioning, regulating, habitual and cultural. Provisioning comprises of products
which are obtained from ecosystem in form of fresh water, woof, food, fiber, medicines, etc.
Regulatory services on the other side states the benefits which have generally been obtained from
the regulation of ecosystem processes in form of climatic regulations, purification of water,
waste management, etc. There are habitat services which are only required for migratory species
and cultural at last includes different sort of non-material benefits which population receive from
ecosystem. Cultural services includes spiritual and historical, recreational experiences, science
and education etc. Ecotourism, outdoor sports and recreation is also a important part of
ecosystem (Kareiva, 2011).
Certain discussions has also been made relation to the different concept of cultural
ecosystem services as whether they can be operated in different situations or not. However, there
exist some fundamental critiques relating to the concept of cultural ecosystem and these critiques
have been developed on the basis of following arguments:
 Pivotal cultural values which is attached to natural environment usually relies on area of
some unique character which cannot be found or addressed easily. There need to be some
sort of scientific parameters which is essential in defining ecological structures as well as
the functions (Atkins and et.al., 2011).
 These cultural values are usually not resulted from properties which are given by the
ecosystems but are developed in significant manner so that cultural framework provides
a good symbolic experience.

REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Atkins, J.P. and et.al., 2011. Management of the marine environment: integrating ecosystem
services and societal benefits with the DPSIR framework in a systems approach. Marine
pollution bulletin. 62(2). pp. 215-226.
Collins, S.L. and et.al., 2011. An integrated conceptual framework for long‐term social–
ecological research. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 9(6), pp. 351-357.
Kareiva, P., 2011. Natural capital: theory and practice of mapping ecosystem services. Oxford
University Press.
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Key Causes of Bio diversity loss
One of the best thing about London, UK is that there exist lots of open spaces and the
most benefited thing is that spending the day in some major parks is totally free. Thus, the
resident there in can come with their family or loved ones so that they can spend quality of time
with them. Apart from it, from viewing it is found that people come for jogging and doing
routine exercise for keeping them fit. These parks are giving various benefits to people in living
their life for long (Cardinale and et.al., 2012). Some major parks which exist in mentioned city
are Green park, Hyde park, St. James park, etc. These parks are generally spread in acres of areas
but nowadays they are affected by different types of bio diversity losses.
One of the major cause of loss of biodiversity is considered as human being as they are
affecting the world's ecosystem upto great extent. With the fishing and hunting, they are
affecting the biogeochemical cycle of species and with this species are transferred to different
planet which affects their health badly. Some of the threats which can be lead to biodiversity has
been discussed down under: Increasing population: This is one of the major cause for biodiversity loss. These
threats of biodiversity not only get merge from increasing population but it is influenced
from multiplied other ways as well. Deforestation, cutting of trees, use of land, excess
utilisation of resources, pollution, etc. Deforestation and fragmentation: As discussed in above point as well, deforestation and
fragmentation are considered as one of the major element for the loss of biodiversity.
Deforestation is usually of two types i.e. conversion of social land into private use and
second, the cutting of trees for self or any specified purpose. Further, trees been cut for
preparing different things in form of pencils, medicines, chairs, table and other products
(Dawson and et.al., 2011). They need to be stopped because if it is continued for long
time period, then the population will face sudden downfall and will not be able to work in
the environment effectively. Pollution: It is found that human resource influence the environment by some negative
and indirect efforts. This usually make environment much more polluted. With increase
in population, their exist increase in traffic and with more traffic, their will be more air
pollution. This pollution affects the flora and fauna within the city and considering that,
city parks also gets affected.
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 Overexploitation of resources: When sudden activities which are linked with areas like
capturing and harvesting, renewable resources in one specific area is at excessive intense
(Mora and Sale, 2011). Human beings have to consider this aspect in clear and effective
manner and need to use the resources effectively so that they do not get wasted and
utilised in prior and efficient way.
Some of the most common things in this process relates to the degradation and non care
of the surroundings. Considering the city parks in London, there are large strength of people who
visits there and spend their time. Individuals sometimes have their food there only, careless
people usually throw the waste there but those who are conscious about the place, prefer to throw
at dustbin only. Spoiling the city parks is the worst thing which individuals are doing because it
is affecting the individuals characters and also the mentality of the city members. Local
government there in should take some serious steps relating to that and need to be stopped by
undertaking some campaigns relating to the preservation of flora and fauna (Butchart and et.al.,
2010). When city parks are considered, then people usually have to follow all the norms and
regulations because a large number of public visits those places.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Butchart, S.H. and et.al., 2010. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science.
328(5982). pp. 1164-1168.
Cardinale, B.J. and et.al., 2012. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486(7401),
pp. 59-67.
Dawson, T.P. and et.al., 2011. Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a changing
climate.science. 332(6025). pp. 53-58.
Mora, C. and Sale, P.F., 2011. Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond
protected areas: a review of the technical and practical shortcomings of protected areas on
land and sea. Marine ecology progress series. . 434. pp. 251-266.

Managing risk is a social and technical process
Ecosystem conservation is one of the important process for biodiversity and also for
human well-being. By considering these risks to ecosystems, is is necessary to have well-
informed ecosystem management who looks towards the welfare and development. City parks
are now really have been in limited number (Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2012). One of the
major reason for the same is that the land which is a part of park are usually coming in use for
the construction purpose. Further, these construction is usually done for commercial or official
use. Construction work will surely affect the environment upto great extent by cutting down of
trees, digging and cultivating the area. This need to be stopped because these areas are really
scarce in nature and government have to take some initiatives in order to prevent the same
(Alexander, 2013).
Furthermore, nowadays it is considered as one of the social and technical process because
people need to be aware regarding the awful things which are happening with the city parks.
There are various risk which are linked with these parks and one of the major is the non-
awareness of individuals. From social point of view, it is found that society need to be aware
regarding all the wasteful elements and training session should be conducted so that they get
aware of the things which they do not know. If one group is aware of preserving the environment
then it is their utmost responsibility to aware other groups as well. City parks are necessary to be
preserve because they are less in number if they are not preserved then individual will not be
able to have proper atmosphere. Thus, society need to be made aware regarding various activities
which will help in preserving the surroundings (Veil, Buehner and Palenchar, 2011).
Their exist technical process as well where video can be telecast on national television
regarding preservation of parks and other valuable resources. Moreover, different equipments
can be used by local government and allotted authority in order to preserve these parks. Some of
them are CCTV cameras, sign boards, digital presentation showing the various perspective
through which environment is getting affected. It is necessary to preserve within limited time
span because there are very few gardens and other places available. If not preserved within the
certain time period then people will feel hectic in living their normal life (Dey, 2010).
Thus, initiatives need to be taken and along with city parks, forests and island also need
to be preserved because they are also getting degraded with the elapse of time. If proper action is
not taken, then it will become impossible for people to have better environment and healthy life.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Alexander, K., 2013. Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge.
Dey, P.K., 2010. Managing project risk using combined analytic hierarchy process and risk
map. Applied Soft Computing. 10(4). pp. 990-1000.
Subramanian, N. and Ramanathan, R., 2012. A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy
Process in operations management. International Journal of Production Economics.
138(2). pp. 215-241.
Veil, S.R., Buehner, T. and Palenchar, M.J., 2011. A work‐in‐process literature review:
Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication. Journal of contingencies and
crisis management. 19(2). pp. 110-122.

Targets which UK government has set for Greenhouse Gas emission
Greenhouse gas are those gases which are present in the atmosphere and these gases
absorbs and also emits the radiations with the help of thermal infrared range. Some primary
greenhouse gases which are present in the atmosphere are in form of carbon dioxide, water
vapour, methane, nitroxide and ozone (Zhang and et.al., 2012). If these gases are not present,
then for sure the temperature of earth would have resisted for around -18 degree Celsius.
UK government has taken significant steps in order to control the same so that environment
remains protected and does not get influenced much. The UK produces an annual greenhouse gas
inventory in form of continuous time series of UK greenhouse gas emissions. These are done
from 1990 onwards and till now the practice for producing reports are followed (Hillman and
Ramaswami, 2010). Moreover, Official statistics on UK greenhouse gas emissions are also
produced annually which provides quality of accessible source of data for the experts. They
make appropriate decisions accordingly.
Government focuses on restricting the individuals for the burning of fossil fuels because
it affect the health and environment in significant manner (Hillman and Ramaswami, 2010). It is
responsibility of each and every person to stop the same so that environment get protected and
people get natural air for survival.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Hillman, T. and Ramaswami, A., 2010. Greenhouse gas emission footprints and energy use
benchmarks for eight US cities. Environmental science & technology. 44(6). pp. 1902-
1910.
Lesschen, J.P. and et.al., 2011. Greenhouse gas emission profiles of European livestock
sectors.Animal Feed Science and Technology. 166. pp. 16-28.
Zhang, A. and et.al., 2012. Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality, crop yield and
greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: a field study of 2 consecutive rice
growing cycles. Field Crops Research. 127. pp. 153-160.

Montreal Protocol is seen as success
The Montreal Protocol is a protocol related to Vienna Convention for the Protection of
the Ozone layer. It is an international treaty which is framed to give protection to the ozone layer
through phasing out the production of various substances. These are responsible for ozone
depletion. It has been considered as the most successful and effective environmental treaties with
regard to the environmental protection. Exceptional level of cooperation and commitment has
been shown by the international community (Gareau, 2010).
The treaty has shown its effectiveness by putting ban on the global production and the
use of ozone damaging chemicals like CFCs, HCFCs etc. The protocol relied extremely on the
leadership and innovative approaches. However much of the negotiation was held in small
informal groups. This facilitated a sincere exchange of views and the opportunity to take some
issues on trust. Subsequent development of the multilateral fund was seen in the treaty. The
experts who negotiated the treaty also consists of scientists who imparted great credibility.
Another factor which contributed in the success of The Montreal Protocol was the trade
provisions. It offers limitations on the signatories that they can trade only with other signatories.
Business sectors such as chemicals, refrigeration etc have been clearly articulated. This has led
the government to prioritize the main sectors only. The protocol has also delivered a stable
framework which has encouraged the industry to make long term plans for research and
innovation. The industry was also parting its roots from the ODS (Chua and Oh, 2010). The
CFCs have become old technology and are out of patent also. Shifting to new and reasonable
priced developments with no ozone depleting technology will definitely benefits the environment
and the industry.
Another success factor behind the Montreal Protocol is the independent Technology and
Economic Assessment Panel. They have provided assistance to the signatories in reaching
towards the sound and timely decisions on different complex issues. This has given great amount
of confidence to the nations to start their transition. Further the Multilateral Fund has been
another reason for the success of the treaty. The fund has provided incremental funding for the
developing nations so that they can meet their targets. Along with this, a good level of
institutional support has also been offered by the protocol. This has helped the countries in
developing their potential within their governments (Newman and McKenzie, 2011). They are
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also able to implement phase out activities and form regional networks. The main objective
behind it is to share experiences and to gain learning from each other.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Chua, S.C. and Oh, T.H., 2010. Review on Malaysia's national energy developments: Key
policies, agencies, programmes and international involvements. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14(9). pp. 2916-2925.
Gareau, B.J., 2010. A critical review of the successful CFC phase-out versus the delayed methyl
bromide phase-out in the Montreal Protocol. International Environmental Agreements:
Politics, Law and Economics. 10(3). pp. 209-231.
Newman, P.A. and McKenzie, R., 2011. UV impacts avoided by the Montreal
Protocol. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 10(7). pp. 1152-1160.