Understanding Psychological Concepts
Added on 2020-04-21
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Running head: CONCEPTS OF SELF-EFFICACY AND SELF-HANDICAPPINGConcepts of Self-efficacy and Self-handicappingName of the UniversityName of the StudentAuthor note
1CONCEPTS OF SELF-EFFICACY AND SELF-HANDICAPPINGAnswer 1: Self-descriptions found in American college students and Japanese college students According to Gelfand, Chiu, and Hong, the majority of American college students tend toprovide self-descriptions based on personality traits. In contrast to that, Japanese college studentsare more inclined towards describing themselves in terms of group membership and social roles.In a study conducted in the late 20th century, around 58% American students consideredpersonality traits to be amongst the top-five self-descriptors whereas only 18.6% Japanesecollege students chose the personal self as the parameter for self-description. This contrasting behavior is largely due to the society both American and Japanesecollege students live in. Answer 2: Concept of Self-handicappingMany authors have defined self-handicapping in their own ways. However, the termgenerally means the attitude of individuals towards the certainty of the outcomes of their tasks. Itrefers to the instantiation of failures by individuals who are uncertain about the results of theirability in any task. Higgins, Snyder and Berglas, have illustrated it with an example of a drunkard man wholives a lavish life. He externalizes his failure of being a socially active person to his lavishupbringing, having no need to carry out responsibilities. The aim of self-handicapping, especially amongst students is to protect their self-esteemby externalizing the reason for their failure (Akça 288).
2CONCEPTS OF SELF-EFFICACY AND SELF-HANDICAPPINGAnswer 3: “Dialectical” synthesis of nature and nurtureThe dialectic involves three elements, the thesis, the antithesis and the synthesis. Thesis is thegeneration of an idea or a concept, antithesis is the contradicting argument opposing the thesisand synthesis is the understanding of thesis and antithesis. It can be demonstrated with anexample where students in a class are asked to debate on the importance of ‘nature’ that isbiological characteristics and ’nurture’ that is upbringing (Smith and Korydon). While debatingon both issues, students reach a point where they discover that both nature and nurture influencehuman psychology. The ‘nature’ is the thesis and ‘nurture’ is the antithesis. When these two extremes arecoalesced, it forms the dialectical synthesis of nature and nurture. Answer 4: Three Neurological systems defined by reinforcement sensitive theory J.A. Gray was the first to devise the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) in the year1970 where he talked about the three neurological systems that emphasize personal differencesin individuality and psychology.First is the behavioral approach system (BAS) where behaviors anticipated to seekrewards are motivated. Activation of this system results in the desiring for exhilaration,demonstration of extraordinary perseverance and elation when rewarded. Second is the fight-flight system (FFS) where behaviors expected to avoid fear, panic andanxiety are motivated. Third and final one is the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) that involves resolution ofconflicts between challenging goals.
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