Sustainable Solutions for Environmental Degradation in Coastal Bangladesh
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This research aims to address the issue of environmental degradation in the southeastern coastal area of Bangladesh. It focuses on identifying sustainable solutions and approaches, exploring past and current trends, developing interventions, and addressing challenges. The study aims to complete the research within a year and implement the solutions developed.
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1.2 Research Aim:
To address the sustainable solutions and approaches that can be implemented and
integrated within existing initiatives in order to minimize Environmental Degradation in the south-
eastern Coastal area of BangladeshThe aim behind initiating current study is to identify the correct
solutions and approaches that can be developed in order to ensure sustainable ecosystem management
in the Coastal area of Bangladesh..
1.3 Research Objectives:
To identify the past and current trends in the changing ecosystem of the study area of
Bangladesh.
To develop appropriate Interventions and measures that will assist in solving the problem of
environmental degradation.
To identify the challenges that occurred ascertain the challenges that will arise in the
implementation of the selected approach for improving environmental condition and
Ecosystem Services (ES).
To To complete the research within the designated timeline of 1 year and implement the
solutions thus developed.
recommend appropriate solutions and interventions for successful implementation of the
selected interventions.
1.4 Research Question:
WWhich is the most plausible approach that can be adopted in order to address the issue of
increasing environmental degradation in South-eastern coastal area of Bangladesh?
To address the sustainable solutions and approaches that can be implemented and
integrated within existing initiatives in order to minimize Environmental Degradation in the south-
eastern Coastal area of BangladeshThe aim behind initiating current study is to identify the correct
solutions and approaches that can be developed in order to ensure sustainable ecosystem management
in the Coastal area of Bangladesh..
1.3 Research Objectives:
To identify the past and current trends in the changing ecosystem of the study area of
Bangladesh.
To develop appropriate Interventions and measures that will assist in solving the problem of
environmental degradation.
To identify the challenges that occurred ascertain the challenges that will arise in the
implementation of the selected approach for improving environmental condition and
Ecosystem Services (ES).
To To complete the research within the designated timeline of 1 year and implement the
solutions thus developed.
recommend appropriate solutions and interventions for successful implementation of the
selected interventions.
1.4 Research Question:
WWhich is the most plausible approach that can be adopted in order to address the issue of
increasing environmental degradation in South-eastern coastal area of Bangladesh?
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hich is the most plausible approach or measure that can be adopted in order to address the
issue of increasing Environmental Degradation (ED) in the south-eastern coastal area of
Bangladesh?
2. Literature Review:
2.1 Key terminologies:
Ecosystem services (ES): This is considered to be one of the advantageous process which in turn
is mainly categorized into four different services such as, (i) supporting, (ii) regulating, (iii)
provisioning and (iv) cultural services. According to Grunewald and Bastian, (2015), Ecosystem
Services (ES) is largely linked up with the contribution of human needs which in turn is
considered to be very crucial for the survival of the environment in the long run. The Ecosystem
Services (ES) tend to focus on critically examining the services which in turn results in higher
operational performance and productivity.
Environmental Degradation (ED): Environmental Degradation (ED) occurs with the deterioration
of the capacity of environmental systems that leads to alter the frequency associated with the
occurrence of the natural calamity, which in turn largely increases the vulnerability of
community. Howard, (2017) sought to analyse the fact that, Human induced degradation is
mainly due to soil erosion, misuse of land, overutilization of natural resources, wild land fires,
deforestation, mangrove destruction, air, land water pollution, climatic changes, rise in sea
levels, depletion of ozone layer and others.
Ecosystem-based Management (EbM): According to Erickson, et al., (2016); Danovaro, et al.,
(2017), the Ecosystem-based Management (EbM) is considered to be an effective environmental
management approach which is useful in recognizing the full array of action within an
ecosystem. According to Bodin, et al., (2017), EbM is very useful in determining the future and
current environmental challenges which is mainly associated with coastal, oceans, off- shore, on
shore, and others, which in turn has cumulative impact on the environment.
Nature-based solution (NbS): Cohen-Shacham, et al., (2016) evaluated that, Nature-based
Solutions (NbS) is mainly referred to as an action in order to protect and manage sustainability
change, restoring natural ecosystem, which in turn helps in addressing the various societal
challenges adaptively and effectively. Jacob, et al., (2015) sought to determine the fact that, NbS
is very useful in providing biodiversity and human well-being benefits. According to Chen and
Bridgeman, (2017), the NbS is an effective approach, which is useful in evaluating various
issue of increasing Environmental Degradation (ED) in the south-eastern coastal area of
Bangladesh?
2. Literature Review:
2.1 Key terminologies:
Ecosystem services (ES): This is considered to be one of the advantageous process which in turn
is mainly categorized into four different services such as, (i) supporting, (ii) regulating, (iii)
provisioning and (iv) cultural services. According to Grunewald and Bastian, (2015), Ecosystem
Services (ES) is largely linked up with the contribution of human needs which in turn is
considered to be very crucial for the survival of the environment in the long run. The Ecosystem
Services (ES) tend to focus on critically examining the services which in turn results in higher
operational performance and productivity.
Environmental Degradation (ED): Environmental Degradation (ED) occurs with the deterioration
of the capacity of environmental systems that leads to alter the frequency associated with the
occurrence of the natural calamity, which in turn largely increases the vulnerability of
community. Howard, (2017) sought to analyse the fact that, Human induced degradation is
mainly due to soil erosion, misuse of land, overutilization of natural resources, wild land fires,
deforestation, mangrove destruction, air, land water pollution, climatic changes, rise in sea
levels, depletion of ozone layer and others.
Ecosystem-based Management (EbM): According to Erickson, et al., (2016); Danovaro, et al.,
(2017), the Ecosystem-based Management (EbM) is considered to be an effective environmental
management approach which is useful in recognizing the full array of action within an
ecosystem. According to Bodin, et al., (2017), EbM is very useful in determining the future and
current environmental challenges which is mainly associated with coastal, oceans, off- shore, on
shore, and others, which in turn has cumulative impact on the environment.
Nature-based solution (NbS): Cohen-Shacham, et al., (2016) evaluated that, Nature-based
Solutions (NbS) is mainly referred to as an action in order to protect and manage sustainability
change, restoring natural ecosystem, which in turn helps in addressing the various societal
challenges adaptively and effectively. Jacob, et al., (2015) sought to determine the fact that, NbS
is very useful in providing biodiversity and human well-being benefits. According to Chen and
Bridgeman, (2017), the NbS is an effective approach, which is useful in evaluating various
challenges associated within the society and find recommendable action to attain better results
and outcomes.
Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR): According to Cohen-Shacham, et al.,
(2016), the Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) is a very effective approach,
which is useful for communities in mitigating, preventing and coping up with the disasters
effectively. According to Salvaterra, et al., (2016), the conservation, sustainable management
and restoration of the ecosystem is mainly associated with the reduction of disaster risk.
Renaud, et al., (Eds.). (2016), investigated that Eco-DRR helps in effectively dealing with
ecosystem losses which is mainly linked up with depletion or over exploitation of natural
resources and environmental calamities.
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA): This approach tends to focus on encompassing the various
broad set of assumptions and approaches in order to effectively adapt to the climatic changes
takes place within the ecosystem. Vignola, et al., (2015) evaluated that the EbA approach tends
to effectively involve the management of the ecosystem. Reid, (2016) found that the EbA helps
in reducing the vulnerability associated with the human communities, which mainly focuses on
impact of climate change. KitazatoH, et al., (2018) critically investigated that, Ecosystem-based
Adaptation (EbA) approach is mainly associated with the conservation, sustainable management
and effectively restoration of the ecosystem in order to effectively provide services, which helps
people in adapting to the various effects of climatic changes. Vignola, et al., (2015) evaluated
that Incorporating the Ecosystem Services (ES) and biodiversity is very useful in overall adaption
of the particular strategy, which helps people to effectively adapt to various negative effects
associated with the climate change.
Ecosystem Service (ES) valuation: The valuation of Ecosystem Services (ES) is used for
assessment of trade-offs toward gaining a specific goal (Farber, et al., 2002). In order to achieve
a specified goal, the decisions that involved with trade-offs must include valuation (Costanza, et
al., 2011). In a clear view, the Ecosystem Services (ES) is termed as the services and beneficial
supports deliver to the surrounding community from ecosystem (Costanza, et al., 1997,
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005). Therefore, the value of ES (known as ESV) is
the contribution of the ecosystem to achieve a specific goal (Costanza, et al., 2014).
Climate Change Adaptation (CCA): According to Kelman, et al., (2017), CCA is an effective
approach which in turn is very useful in effectively responding to the global warming. Mimura,
et al., (2015) observed that, Climate Change Adaption (CCA) is mainly linked with the process of
and outcomes.
Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR): According to Cohen-Shacham, et al.,
(2016), the Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) is a very effective approach,
which is useful for communities in mitigating, preventing and coping up with the disasters
effectively. According to Salvaterra, et al., (2016), the conservation, sustainable management
and restoration of the ecosystem is mainly associated with the reduction of disaster risk.
Renaud, et al., (Eds.). (2016), investigated that Eco-DRR helps in effectively dealing with
ecosystem losses which is mainly linked up with depletion or over exploitation of natural
resources and environmental calamities.
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA): This approach tends to focus on encompassing the various
broad set of assumptions and approaches in order to effectively adapt to the climatic changes
takes place within the ecosystem. Vignola, et al., (2015) evaluated that the EbA approach tends
to effectively involve the management of the ecosystem. Reid, (2016) found that the EbA helps
in reducing the vulnerability associated with the human communities, which mainly focuses on
impact of climate change. KitazatoH, et al., (2018) critically investigated that, Ecosystem-based
Adaptation (EbA) approach is mainly associated with the conservation, sustainable management
and effectively restoration of the ecosystem in order to effectively provide services, which helps
people in adapting to the various effects of climatic changes. Vignola, et al., (2015) evaluated
that Incorporating the Ecosystem Services (ES) and biodiversity is very useful in overall adaption
of the particular strategy, which helps people to effectively adapt to various negative effects
associated with the climate change.
Ecosystem Service (ES) valuation: The valuation of Ecosystem Services (ES) is used for
assessment of trade-offs toward gaining a specific goal (Farber, et al., 2002). In order to achieve
a specified goal, the decisions that involved with trade-offs must include valuation (Costanza, et
al., 2011). In a clear view, the Ecosystem Services (ES) is termed as the services and beneficial
supports deliver to the surrounding community from ecosystem (Costanza, et al., 1997,
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005). Therefore, the value of ES (known as ESV) is
the contribution of the ecosystem to achieve a specific goal (Costanza, et al., 2014).
Climate Change Adaptation (CCA): According to Kelman, et al., (2017), CCA is an effective
approach which in turn is very useful in effectively responding to the global warming. Mimura,
et al., (2015) observed that, Climate Change Adaption (CCA) is mainly linked with the process of
adjusting to the expected or actual climate. According to Forino, et al., (2015), the key goal of
CCA is mainly linked to reduce the vulnerability to harmful effects, which is mainly linked with
the climate change in relation with sea level encroachment, intense extreme weather
conditions, food insecurity and others, this is an effective measure because it helps in reducing
vulnerability and it also helps in allowing population to be benefited from several opportunities,
which is linked with climatic change. According to Jacob, et al., 2015, CCA is useful to increase
the society's resilience to climate change.
2.9 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the proposed study is mainly associated with Environmental
Degradation (ED), Ecosystem Services (ES), issue specific Nature-based Solution (NbS) e.g.,
Ecosystem-based Management, Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) along with Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster
Risk Reduction (DRR).
There are several factors, which are mainly responsible for degradation of environmental and
Ecosystem Services (ES) is mainly due to change in the land use, deforestation, exploitation of
resources, social issues, political issues and mind set of people and relevant stakeholders
(Wendling et al., 2018). Government may tend to take initiatives from the existing Disaster
Management Committee (DMC) from the local level (as Union, known as UDMC), Upazila (sub-
district) level (known as UzDMC), district level (known as DDMC) to National level (known as
NDMC); along with NGOs from different level (local level NGOs known as LNGOs, National Level
as NNGOS and International level ones known as INGOs), along with Donor and UN bodies as
well as other department of Government e.g., Agriculture, health, education and others, which
will helps in strengthening the decision making process through effective implementation of
proposed sustainable intervention. This can be done by the practitioners with the help of
increasing awareness, spreading education and knowledge among policy makers and
practitioners (Cohen-Shacham et al., 2016). Government can integrate ecosystem with the
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) projects in order to make
informed decision by imparting knowledge, creating awareness, participating, accepting and
coordinating the activities, which may lead to higher sustainable growth and efficiency (Albert,
et al., 2016). The key goals associated with the Ecosystem Service Valuation (ESV) will be
generating information that will help in reducing the impact associated with the Environmental
CCA is mainly linked to reduce the vulnerability to harmful effects, which is mainly linked with
the climate change in relation with sea level encroachment, intense extreme weather
conditions, food insecurity and others, this is an effective measure because it helps in reducing
vulnerability and it also helps in allowing population to be benefited from several opportunities,
which is linked with climatic change. According to Jacob, et al., 2015, CCA is useful to increase
the society's resilience to climate change.
2.9 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the proposed study is mainly associated with Environmental
Degradation (ED), Ecosystem Services (ES), issue specific Nature-based Solution (NbS) e.g.,
Ecosystem-based Management, Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and
Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) along with Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster
Risk Reduction (DRR).
There are several factors, which are mainly responsible for degradation of environmental and
Ecosystem Services (ES) is mainly due to change in the land use, deforestation, exploitation of
resources, social issues, political issues and mind set of people and relevant stakeholders
(Wendling et al., 2018). Government may tend to take initiatives from the existing Disaster
Management Committee (DMC) from the local level (as Union, known as UDMC), Upazila (sub-
district) level (known as UzDMC), district level (known as DDMC) to National level (known as
NDMC); along with NGOs from different level (local level NGOs known as LNGOs, National Level
as NNGOS and International level ones known as INGOs), along with Donor and UN bodies as
well as other department of Government e.g., Agriculture, health, education and others, which
will helps in strengthening the decision making process through effective implementation of
proposed sustainable intervention. This can be done by the practitioners with the help of
increasing awareness, spreading education and knowledge among policy makers and
practitioners (Cohen-Shacham et al., 2016). Government can integrate ecosystem with the
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) projects in order to make
informed decision by imparting knowledge, creating awareness, participating, accepting and
coordinating the activities, which may lead to higher sustainable growth and efficiency (Albert,
et al., 2016). The key goals associated with the Ecosystem Service Valuation (ESV) will be
generating information that will help in reducing the impact associated with the Environmental
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Degradation (ED) which is mainly linked with the competitive resource exploitation (Cohen-
Shacham, et al., 2016).
Shacham, et al., 2016).
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the study
Environmental
Degradation (ED)Existing Coastal
Hazard
High impact Extreme
Disaster events
(increase in frequency
and intensity)
- Coastal Erosion
- Loss of land
- Displaced people
- Increase in salinity
Impact of
Climate Change
Exposure
Existing CCA and DRR
Nature-based solution (NbS)
Reduce the impact
of disaster (short-
term)
Implementation of
selected sustainable
intervention based on
nature e.g., Ecosystem-
based Adaptation (EbA)
and Ecosystem based
Disaster Risk Reduction
(Eco-DRR)
Extensively reduce the
impact of disasters for
Long-term through
nature-based sustainable
Intervention implemented
alone or combined with
the conventional structure
as “Hybrid Infrastructure”
to ensure sustainability
Structural
measures
alone or with
ES as “hybrid
Infrastructure”
Non-structural
measures e.g.,
awareness
raising,
preparedness
and others
Conventional Structural
measures (embankment,
dyke, drainage systems and
others)
- No-regret strategy
- Cost-effective
- Strengthening the
function of conventional
structures
Non-structural
measures
considering
ecosystem, e.g.,
awareness raising
on ES values
- Poor landuse
planning
- Deforestation
- Competitive
resource
exploitation
- Disturbance in
Scientific Knowledge
on ecosystem
Traditional Ecological
Knowledge (TEK)
Support from
Donor
organisation
DMC
Others
Local
Government
NGOs
Considering ES in CCA
and DRR
Vulnerability
Without
considering
ecosystem
Environmental
Degradation (ED)Existing Coastal
Hazard
High impact Extreme
Disaster events
(increase in frequency
and intensity)
- Coastal Erosion
- Loss of land
- Displaced people
- Increase in salinity
Impact of
Climate Change
Exposure
Existing CCA and DRR
Nature-based solution (NbS)
Reduce the impact
of disaster (short-
term)
Implementation of
selected sustainable
intervention based on
nature e.g., Ecosystem-
based Adaptation (EbA)
and Ecosystem based
Disaster Risk Reduction
(Eco-DRR)
Extensively reduce the
impact of disasters for
Long-term through
nature-based sustainable
Intervention implemented
alone or combined with
the conventional structure
as “Hybrid Infrastructure”
to ensure sustainability
Structural
measures
alone or with
ES as “hybrid
Infrastructure”
Non-structural
measures e.g.,
awareness
raising,
preparedness
and others
Conventional Structural
measures (embankment,
dyke, drainage systems and
others)
- No-regret strategy
- Cost-effective
- Strengthening the
function of conventional
structures
Non-structural
measures
considering
ecosystem, e.g.,
awareness raising
on ES values
- Poor landuse
planning
- Deforestation
- Competitive
resource
exploitation
- Disturbance in
Scientific Knowledge
on ecosystem
Traditional Ecological
Knowledge (TEK)
Support from
Donor
organisation
DMC
Others
Local
Government
NGOs
Considering ES in CCA
and DRR
Vulnerability
Without
considering
ecosystem
Nature-based Solution (NbS) helps in addressing the various societal challenges adaptively and
effectively (Kutz, 2018), which is very useful in providing biodiversity and human well-being
benefits. Environmental risk management strategies tend to focus on effectively determining
the various environmental risk which tends to exist and these strategies are very useful in
managing the risk in a best possible way.
It has been determined that, due to competitive resource exploitation it has tended to result in
deforestation and lack of valuable resources, which largely affects the operations of the
business, human needs and environment at a large scale. Deforestation results in increase in the
global warming (Shuford, 2018). Adoption of sustainable intervention system is considered to
be very useful in minimizing the impact associated with the degradation, which will help in
effectively carrying out the operations of the business and effectively protecting the resources
of the environment.
effectively (Kutz, 2018), which is very useful in providing biodiversity and human well-being
benefits. Environmental risk management strategies tend to focus on effectively determining
the various environmental risk which tends to exist and these strategies are very useful in
managing the risk in a best possible way.
It has been determined that, due to competitive resource exploitation it has tended to result in
deforestation and lack of valuable resources, which largely affects the operations of the
business, human needs and environment at a large scale. Deforestation results in increase in the
global warming (Shuford, 2018). Adoption of sustainable intervention system is considered to
be very useful in minimizing the impact associated with the degradation, which will help in
effectively carrying out the operations of the business and effectively protecting the resources
of the environment.
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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology involves a collection of tools and technologies that a researcher can use
in order to develop a specific procedure that will assist in achieving the intended goals and
objectives with which the research was initially conducted (Taylor, et al., 2015). According to
VanKooten, (2019) the methodology section is always a key tool in analysing the validity and
reliability of the research that is planned and analysing whether it will truly achieve the
objectives for which this research was initially conducted. The methodology defines how the
data will be collected by the researcher and then what tools will they use in order to draw
relevant conclusions in the field of research that they are undertaking.
In the research, the researcher will use some identified tools and techniques to analyse the
different strategies and select one that will help the researcher in addressing the problem of
increasing Environmental Degradation (ED) (Arantes do Amaral, et al., 2018). The research will
revolve around qualitative analysis of all the strategies such as Ecosystem Services (ES), Nature-
based Solutions (NbS) and its approaches for example, Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and
Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR), conventional hard infrastructure and
others and critical aspects will be identified and analysed so that researcher will be able to
identify the potential changes that have occurred due to such Environmental Degradation (ED)
in the coastal region of Bangladesh and then suggest appropriate recommendations that can be
adopted (Hickson, 2016). By using primary and secondary appropriate data collection sources,
the researcher will collect the data from appropriate sources and then use it to draw relevant
conclusion regarding the different strategies that are being adopted to maintain the ecological
balance and minimize further Environmental Degradation (ED) in coastal region of Bangladesh
(Ritter, et al., 2018).
3.1 Research Approach: The research approach helps in developing a proper plan and
procedure that details all the plans formulate a approach that the researcher can adopt in so
that data can be collected in a relevant manner and the tools that are used for the purpose of
analysis are selected correctly that will help in giving the results that are actually required. There
are two classification in the research approach that a researcher can adopt i.e. the deductive
and the inductive approach (Bhaskar and Manjuladevi, 2016). The deductive approach is related
to quantitative research which involves formulation of a hypothesis that is tested by applying
proper tools on the numerical data that is collected and moves from particular to general
(Guthrie, 2015). Inductive approach, on the other hand, helps in qualitative research technique
Research Methodology involves a collection of tools and technologies that a researcher can use
in order to develop a specific procedure that will assist in achieving the intended goals and
objectives with which the research was initially conducted (Taylor, et al., 2015). According to
VanKooten, (2019) the methodology section is always a key tool in analysing the validity and
reliability of the research that is planned and analysing whether it will truly achieve the
objectives for which this research was initially conducted. The methodology defines how the
data will be collected by the researcher and then what tools will they use in order to draw
relevant conclusions in the field of research that they are undertaking.
In the research, the researcher will use some identified tools and techniques to analyse the
different strategies and select one that will help the researcher in addressing the problem of
increasing Environmental Degradation (ED) (Arantes do Amaral, et al., 2018). The research will
revolve around qualitative analysis of all the strategies such as Ecosystem Services (ES), Nature-
based Solutions (NbS) and its approaches for example, Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and
Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR), conventional hard infrastructure and
others and critical aspects will be identified and analysed so that researcher will be able to
identify the potential changes that have occurred due to such Environmental Degradation (ED)
in the coastal region of Bangladesh and then suggest appropriate recommendations that can be
adopted (Hickson, 2016). By using primary and secondary appropriate data collection sources,
the researcher will collect the data from appropriate sources and then use it to draw relevant
conclusion regarding the different strategies that are being adopted to maintain the ecological
balance and minimize further Environmental Degradation (ED) in coastal region of Bangladesh
(Ritter, et al., 2018).
3.1 Research Approach: The research approach helps in developing a proper plan and
procedure that details all the plans formulate a approach that the researcher can adopt in so
that data can be collected in a relevant manner and the tools that are used for the purpose of
analysis are selected correctly that will help in giving the results that are actually required. There
are two classification in the research approach that a researcher can adopt i.e. the deductive
and the inductive approach (Bhaskar and Manjuladevi, 2016). The deductive approach is related
to quantitative research which involves formulation of a hypothesis that is tested by applying
proper tools on the numerical data that is collected and moves from particular to general
(Guthrie, 2015). Inductive approach, on the other hand, helps in qualitative research technique
where the theories and concepts involving human behaviour and tendencies are tested in order
to draw relevant conclusions and therefore, move s from general to specific.
Currently, researcher will conduct a qualitative research and therefore the approach that will be
adopted by the researcher is inductive in nature. The researcher will identify the theories that
are prevalent regarding the methods like Ecosystem based approaches can be used as
interventions for improving the sustainability in the ecosystem is one theory and another can be
“Hybrid approach” utilizing the nature and the conventional hard infrastructure used for
protection al-together would be a more prudent approach that can be used in order to develop
appropriate solution for resolving the problem of Environmental Degradation (ED). Therefore,
the researcher, based in the inductive approach will analyse these two alternatives and then use
different tools to justify that which is the more relevant method that will help in improving the
deteriorating ecological condition of south-eastern coastal area of Bangladesh. In addition to
this, rationale behind the adoption of inductive approach is that it helps in evaluating and
analysing qualitative data set effectually.
3.2 Research Philosophy: Research philosophy is used to detail the belief systems on whose
basis the researcher intends to conduct the research and the measures that he will adopt in
order to collect the data, analyse it and then draw relevant conclusions (Cuervo Cazurra, et al.,‐
2017). There are two categories of research philosophy as well i.e. positivism philosophy and
interpretivism philosophy. Under positivism philosophy, the researcher when conducting
quantitative research, takes a large sample for their research and then appropriate
mathematical tools are implemented in order to conduct the research in an appropriate manner
and draw different statistical conclusions (Gear, et al., 2018). However, the interpretivism
philosophy will be used in qualitative research and the research analyses the data that will be
collected by testing of the different theories that may help them to draw appropriate
conclusions (Miah and Genemo, 2016).
Currently, the researcher will use interpretivism approach and under this approach, the
theories that have been formulate earlier will be tested on the basis of the two theories that will
have been formulated in order to conduct the above research and then conclusions will be
drawn accordingly. T The nature based approach will be tested on the basis of the different
interventions that have already been implemented and whether they are resulting enough or not
will be evaluated by collecting the opinion of the experts from different departments through
questionnaire method. he ecosystem based approach will be tested on the basis of the different
interventions that have already been implemented and whether they are resulting enough or
not. Similarly “Conventional hard Infrastructure” will be tested on the basis of or by taking into
account existing theoretical framework. different measures and strategies that have been
adopted and undertaken. The data then would be collected based on the philosophies that the
to draw relevant conclusions and therefore, move s from general to specific.
Currently, researcher will conduct a qualitative research and therefore the approach that will be
adopted by the researcher is inductive in nature. The researcher will identify the theories that
are prevalent regarding the methods like Ecosystem based approaches can be used as
interventions for improving the sustainability in the ecosystem is one theory and another can be
“Hybrid approach” utilizing the nature and the conventional hard infrastructure used for
protection al-together would be a more prudent approach that can be used in order to develop
appropriate solution for resolving the problem of Environmental Degradation (ED). Therefore,
the researcher, based in the inductive approach will analyse these two alternatives and then use
different tools to justify that which is the more relevant method that will help in improving the
deteriorating ecological condition of south-eastern coastal area of Bangladesh. In addition to
this, rationale behind the adoption of inductive approach is that it helps in evaluating and
analysing qualitative data set effectually.
3.2 Research Philosophy: Research philosophy is used to detail the belief systems on whose
basis the researcher intends to conduct the research and the measures that he will adopt in
order to collect the data, analyse it and then draw relevant conclusions (Cuervo Cazurra, et al.,‐
2017). There are two categories of research philosophy as well i.e. positivism philosophy and
interpretivism philosophy. Under positivism philosophy, the researcher when conducting
quantitative research, takes a large sample for their research and then appropriate
mathematical tools are implemented in order to conduct the research in an appropriate manner
and draw different statistical conclusions (Gear, et al., 2018). However, the interpretivism
philosophy will be used in qualitative research and the research analyses the data that will be
collected by testing of the different theories that may help them to draw appropriate
conclusions (Miah and Genemo, 2016).
Currently, the researcher will use interpretivism approach and under this approach, the
theories that have been formulate earlier will be tested on the basis of the two theories that will
have been formulated in order to conduct the above research and then conclusions will be
drawn accordingly. T The nature based approach will be tested on the basis of the different
interventions that have already been implemented and whether they are resulting enough or not
will be evaluated by collecting the opinion of the experts from different departments through
questionnaire method. he ecosystem based approach will be tested on the basis of the different
interventions that have already been implemented and whether they are resulting enough or
not. Similarly “Conventional hard Infrastructure” will be tested on the basis of or by taking into
account existing theoretical framework. different measures and strategies that have been
adopted and undertaken. The data then would be collected based on the philosophies that the
researcher will formulate and help in ascertaining the measures that can be adopted in order to
improve the ongoing trend of Environmental Degradation (ED) in the coastal area of
Bangladesh, with a special focus on south-eastern coastal zone of Environmental Degradation
(ED). Qualitative research will be conducted using thematic analysis where questionnaire method
will be used for primary data collection and secondary data will be collected through literature
review technique.
3.3 Research Design: The research design helps in determining the methods and techniques
that the researcher will select and the manner or nature of the research that will be conducted
by the researcher. The research designs helps in determining what are the variables that will be
used in order to analyse the specific research problem and then draw adequate conclusions.
There are three major research designs that can be used i.e. (i) exploratory research design, (ii)
descriptive research design and (iii) causal research design. Under exploratory research design,
the researcher focuses on discovering newer ideas and strategies and therefore develops
accurate insight into the research issue that is being addressed (Thompkins, et al., 2016). This is
generally used in qualitative research technique and cannot be properly implemented while
conducting the quantitative research technique. The descriptive research technique is another
technique that can be used to collect and interpret the quantitative data. The descriptive
research helps in analysing the data using statistical tools and techniques (Wiek and Lang, 2016).
The last design is causal research design which is used in experiments where the cause and
effect relationship is analysed between the researcher and interpretation is made accordingly
(Farooq and O'Brien, 2015).
The current research will involve the researcher selecting the exploratory research design
where what the issues are exactly, that are currently arising in the south-eastern coastal areas
of Bangladesh will be analysed and then appropriate techniques will be adopted in order to
address those research issues adequately . This technique will further help in collecting the facts
and figures that are pertaining to the environmental issues that are currently being faced and
then appropriate interpretations are being presented since an in-depth analysis would be made
of the risk factors, degradation and vulnerability that is being associated with the Ecosystem
Service Valuations (ESV) and the relevant data will be collected accordingly so that conclusions
and interpretations can be made accordingly.
3.4 Data Collection: Data collection involves collection of facts and figures relevant to the
proposed research that can be done through primary or secondary data collection sources (Fletcher,
improve the ongoing trend of Environmental Degradation (ED) in the coastal area of
Bangladesh, with a special focus on south-eastern coastal zone of Environmental Degradation
(ED). Qualitative research will be conducted using thematic analysis where questionnaire method
will be used for primary data collection and secondary data will be collected through literature
review technique.
3.3 Research Design: The research design helps in determining the methods and techniques
that the researcher will select and the manner or nature of the research that will be conducted
by the researcher. The research designs helps in determining what are the variables that will be
used in order to analyse the specific research problem and then draw adequate conclusions.
There are three major research designs that can be used i.e. (i) exploratory research design, (ii)
descriptive research design and (iii) causal research design. Under exploratory research design,
the researcher focuses on discovering newer ideas and strategies and therefore develops
accurate insight into the research issue that is being addressed (Thompkins, et al., 2016). This is
generally used in qualitative research technique and cannot be properly implemented while
conducting the quantitative research technique. The descriptive research technique is another
technique that can be used to collect and interpret the quantitative data. The descriptive
research helps in analysing the data using statistical tools and techniques (Wiek and Lang, 2016).
The last design is causal research design which is used in experiments where the cause and
effect relationship is analysed between the researcher and interpretation is made accordingly
(Farooq and O'Brien, 2015).
The current research will involve the researcher selecting the exploratory research design
where what the issues are exactly, that are currently arising in the south-eastern coastal areas
of Bangladesh will be analysed and then appropriate techniques will be adopted in order to
address those research issues adequately . This technique will further help in collecting the facts
and figures that are pertaining to the environmental issues that are currently being faced and
then appropriate interpretations are being presented since an in-depth analysis would be made
of the risk factors, degradation and vulnerability that is being associated with the Ecosystem
Service Valuations (ESV) and the relevant data will be collected accordingly so that conclusions
and interpretations can be made accordingly.
3.4 Data Collection: Data collection involves collection of facts and figures relevant to the
proposed research that can be done through primary or secondary data collection sources (Fletcher,
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2017). Data collection involves collection of data that can be done through primary secondary
data collection sources (Fletcher, 2017). The primary data collection technique involves
collection of data on a first hand basis, which researcher will collect data on their own and can
be done in the form of questionnaire, surveys and other tools as well. The secondary data can
be collected in the manner of collecting all the relevant data from the research articles, journals
and others that have already been published and the research work has already been carried
out in the past (Bright et al., 2017). These research papers or articles will be selected on the
basis of how they contribute in a specific manner in the research activity that will be carried out.
In this proposed research, the researcher will select both the primary and secondary data
collection techniques that will help researcher in conducting the research in a relevant manner
and assist her in drawing correct conclusions. The primary data would be collected by the use of
questionnaire method where the researcher will get it filled from the selected sample so that
current and correct information can be collected in the present scenario of the problems that
are actually prevailing in the current scenario of the coastal region of Bangladesh. This data will
then been analysed using thematic analysis which is qualitative data analysis tool The secondary
research data will be collected from the reports published by the governmental department and
organisations. Various NGOs and trusts or committees working toward this objective and the
past research that has been conducted on this issue so that all the relevant literature can be
collected and its findings can be used in a relevant manner in the current research as well.
3.5 Sampling: Sample represents the selection of respondents out of the population or
universe that is relevant in order to conduct the research. The sample can be selected in a
probabilistic manner or in a non-probabilistic manner (Boyd et al., 2019). The probability
sampling involves section of the sample out of the entire universe on a probability basis and can
be done using a variety of techniques such as random sampling etc. and the non-probability
sampling involves selection of sample on the basis of a particular criteria or basis (Antwi and
Hamza, 2015).
In the current research, the researcher will select the sample on the basis of non-probabilistic
method and then use purposive sampling (Van Hees, et al., 2016). The sampling will represent
the population because in order to develop proper strategies for reducing the environmental
degradation, it is necessary to consider opinion or answers of people dealing in that
department. The respondents will be selected amongst the environmental specialists that are
employed in the Department of Environment of Bangladesh and then relevant conclusions will
be drawn. Also, “Department of Forest”, “Department of Fisheries”, Department of Disaster
data collection sources (Fletcher, 2017). The primary data collection technique involves
collection of data on a first hand basis, which researcher will collect data on their own and can
be done in the form of questionnaire, surveys and other tools as well. The secondary data can
be collected in the manner of collecting all the relevant data from the research articles, journals
and others that have already been published and the research work has already been carried
out in the past (Bright et al., 2017). These research papers or articles will be selected on the
basis of how they contribute in a specific manner in the research activity that will be carried out.
In this proposed research, the researcher will select both the primary and secondary data
collection techniques that will help researcher in conducting the research in a relevant manner
and assist her in drawing correct conclusions. The primary data would be collected by the use of
questionnaire method where the researcher will get it filled from the selected sample so that
current and correct information can be collected in the present scenario of the problems that
are actually prevailing in the current scenario of the coastal region of Bangladesh. This data will
then been analysed using thematic analysis which is qualitative data analysis tool The secondary
research data will be collected from the reports published by the governmental department and
organisations. Various NGOs and trusts or committees working toward this objective and the
past research that has been conducted on this issue so that all the relevant literature can be
collected and its findings can be used in a relevant manner in the current research as well.
3.5 Sampling: Sample represents the selection of respondents out of the population or
universe that is relevant in order to conduct the research. The sample can be selected in a
probabilistic manner or in a non-probabilistic manner (Boyd et al., 2019). The probability
sampling involves section of the sample out of the entire universe on a probability basis and can
be done using a variety of techniques such as random sampling etc. and the non-probability
sampling involves selection of sample on the basis of a particular criteria or basis (Antwi and
Hamza, 2015).
In the current research, the researcher will select the sample on the basis of non-probabilistic
method and then use purposive sampling (Van Hees, et al., 2016). The sampling will represent
the population because in order to develop proper strategies for reducing the environmental
degradation, it is necessary to consider opinion or answers of people dealing in that
department. The respondents will be selected amongst the environmental specialists that are
employed in the Department of Environment of Bangladesh and then relevant conclusions will
be drawn. Also, “Department of Forest”, “Department of Fisheries”, Department of Disaster
Management”, “Engineering Department (LGED)” and other committees. Research
organisations working on Ecosystems and others will be considered for the current research.
The respondents are working in the public department and can easily be accessed either
through the official email id's or through the department's mail.
The researcher will select approximately 150 employees that are working on the coastal area
projects in the department that will be selected on a random basis. These will be key decision
makers, policy makers, practitioners as well as different level of employees because they will help
in interpreting a realistic view of the present scenario in Bangladesh's Coastal Region.
3.6 Research Population: The population will beinvolve 2000 people selected for the research
that will involve all the employees that are working in the department of environment, disaster
management, forestry, agriculture, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) along
with other relevant authorities of Bangladesh and contain the necessary knowledge and
experience that will help in analysing different strategies that can be used and conclude one
specific measure and analyse the effectiveness of such measure that has been adopted. The
research population will involve all those employees that are working in the coastal department
and have knowledge of working for at least one year so that the data will be collected in a
meaningful manner and helps in drawing the relevant conclusions.
3.7 Data Analysis: In research, data analysis is highly significant as it helps in presenting
suitable solution of problem by evaluating gathered responses. In the field of research,
selection of data analysis is highly influenced from investigation type namely qualitative and
quantitative (Baland, Bardhan and Bowles, 2018). There are several tools which helps in analysing
quantitative data set prominently includes SPSS, regressions correlations, Microsoft excel etc. On the
other side, in order to evaluate qualitative data, thematic perception test techniques is usually
undertaken by the researcher. In this, for analysing primary data set thematic perception test
technique has been used by the scholar. Accordingly, referring responses gathered through survey
several themes have been prepared. Further, all the responses have been supported with the
findings presented in literature review section.
In this research, data will be analysed using qualitative research technique Data can be analysed
using different techniques for qualitative and quantitative research type. The quantitative data
is analysed using tools like SPSS software, regressions correlations, Microsoft excel etc. so that
the appropriate interpretation can be done and the qualitative analysis can be done through
thematic analysis technique where different themes are formulated based on which
interpretation and conclusion will be done. In the current research, the primary data will be
analysed using the thematic analysis tools and the secondary data will be analysed using the
literature review technique where a critical analysis will be made on all the collected data.
The following methodological framework is developed for the proposed study:
organisations working on Ecosystems and others will be considered for the current research.
The respondents are working in the public department and can easily be accessed either
through the official email id's or through the department's mail.
The researcher will select approximately 150 employees that are working on the coastal area
projects in the department that will be selected on a random basis. These will be key decision
makers, policy makers, practitioners as well as different level of employees because they will help
in interpreting a realistic view of the present scenario in Bangladesh's Coastal Region.
3.6 Research Population: The population will beinvolve 2000 people selected for the research
that will involve all the employees that are working in the department of environment, disaster
management, forestry, agriculture, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) along
with other relevant authorities of Bangladesh and contain the necessary knowledge and
experience that will help in analysing different strategies that can be used and conclude one
specific measure and analyse the effectiveness of such measure that has been adopted. The
research population will involve all those employees that are working in the coastal department
and have knowledge of working for at least one year so that the data will be collected in a
meaningful manner and helps in drawing the relevant conclusions.
3.7 Data Analysis: In research, data analysis is highly significant as it helps in presenting
suitable solution of problem by evaluating gathered responses. In the field of research,
selection of data analysis is highly influenced from investigation type namely qualitative and
quantitative (Baland, Bardhan and Bowles, 2018). There are several tools which helps in analysing
quantitative data set prominently includes SPSS, regressions correlations, Microsoft excel etc. On the
other side, in order to evaluate qualitative data, thematic perception test techniques is usually
undertaken by the researcher. In this, for analysing primary data set thematic perception test
technique has been used by the scholar. Accordingly, referring responses gathered through survey
several themes have been prepared. Further, all the responses have been supported with the
findings presented in literature review section.
In this research, data will be analysed using qualitative research technique Data can be analysed
using different techniques for qualitative and quantitative research type. The quantitative data
is analysed using tools like SPSS software, regressions correlations, Microsoft excel etc. so that
the appropriate interpretation can be done and the qualitative analysis can be done through
thematic analysis technique where different themes are formulated based on which
interpretation and conclusion will be done. In the current research, the primary data will be
analysed using the thematic analysis tools and the secondary data will be analysed using the
literature review technique where a critical analysis will be made on all the collected data.
The following methodological framework is developed for the proposed study:
Figure 2: Methodological framework
Table 1: Research Activities and Objectives
Serial Nos. Activities Objectives
1 Using the secondary data collection
sources such as previous research papers,
literature review, articles and journals
that have been published in this context
so that relevant data regarding the
current and past trends can be collected,
To identify the past and
current trends in the
changing ecosystem of South-
eastern coastal area of
Bangladesh
Strategies to minimise Environmental Degradation
(ED) in coastal areas of Bangladesh
Evaluate strategies Determine outcomes and
measures
Data Collection
Analysing the
strategies suggests
by the environmental
specialists
Analyse past research
that is done and draw
conclusions
Ecosystem based
approaches
Conventional
Hard
Infrastructures
Selection of the best strategy
Recommendation of best strategies to be integrated with
existing initiatives to reduce the degradation in south-eastern
coastal areas of Bangladesh
Table 1: Research Activities and Objectives
Serial Nos. Activities Objectives
1 Using the secondary data collection
sources such as previous research papers,
literature review, articles and journals
that have been published in this context
so that relevant data regarding the
current and past trends can be collected,
To identify the past and
current trends in the
changing ecosystem of South-
eastern coastal area of
Bangladesh
Strategies to minimise Environmental Degradation
(ED) in coastal areas of Bangladesh
Evaluate strategies Determine outcomes and
measures
Data Collection
Analysing the
strategies suggests
by the environmental
specialists
Analyse past research
that is done and draw
conclusions
Ecosystem based
approaches
Conventional
Hard
Infrastructures
Selection of the best strategy
Recommendation of best strategies to be integrated with
existing initiatives to reduce the degradation in south-eastern
coastal areas of Bangladesh
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studied and ascertained.
2 Identification of the strategies that have
been adopted by the study of the reports
published and then devising which
strategy was the best. Questionnaire
method will also be used so that the view
point of the environment specialists
regarding the different strategies can be
ascertained by collecting and analysing
the opinion of the selected sample of
respondents.
To develop appropriate
Interventions and measures
that will assist in solving the
problem of environmental
degradation.
3 The questionnaire method along with
point of view of view point of different
researchers will be used in order to
determine the challenges in a conclusive
manner.
To ascertainidentify the
challenges that will
ariseoccurred in the
implementation of the
selected approach for
improving environmental
condition and Ecosystem
Services (ES).
4 Based on the primary and secondary
data, appropriate conclusions and
recommendations will be made regarding
the most appropriate strategy.
To recommend appropriate
solutions and interventions
for successful
implementation of the
selected interventions.
2 Identification of the strategies that have
been adopted by the study of the reports
published and then devising which
strategy was the best. Questionnaire
method will also be used so that the view
point of the environment specialists
regarding the different strategies can be
ascertained by collecting and analysing
the opinion of the selected sample of
respondents.
To develop appropriate
Interventions and measures
that will assist in solving the
problem of environmental
degradation.
3 The questionnaire method along with
point of view of view point of different
researchers will be used in order to
determine the challenges in a conclusive
manner.
To ascertainidentify the
challenges that will
ariseoccurred in the
implementation of the
selected approach for
improving environmental
condition and Ecosystem
Services (ES).
4 Based on the primary and secondary
data, appropriate conclusions and
recommendations will be made regarding
the most appropriate strategy.
To recommend appropriate
solutions and interventions
for successful
implementation of the
selected interventions.
4
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environmental degradation? Evidence from developing economies. Applied economics. 47(48).
pp.5186-5203.
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management: The ES-in-Planning framework. Ecological Indicators. 61.pp.100-113.
Afroz, T., & Alam, S. (2013). Sustainable shrimp farming in Bangladesh: A quest for an Integrated
Coastal Zone Management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 71, 275–283.
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agriculture in south-central coastal zone. Am J Clim Change 4(3):248–262
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displacement issues of south eastern islands in Bangladesh. International Journal of Climate Change
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managrove afforestation in coastal area of Bangladesh. Ban J Sci Res.10:45-55.
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management: The ES-in-Planning framework. Ecological Indicators. 61.pp.100-113.
Afroz, T., & Alam, S. (2013). Sustainable shrimp farming in Bangladesh: A quest for an Integrated
Coastal Zone Management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 71, 275–283.
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and use change on ecosystem services of southwest coastal Bangladesh”, Journal of Landuse
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research: A philosophical reflection. European Journal of Business and Management. 7(3). pp.217-
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and Community-Based Research in a Research Methodology Course: The Lessons
Learned. International Journal of Instruction. 11(1). pp.47-60.
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agriculture in south-central coastal zone. Am J Clim Change 4(3):248–262
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Bioscience 61,107–116.
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anaesthesia. 60(9). p.646.
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Bangladesh: An approach of an ecological model for sustainable management”. Aquaculture
International, 24(4): pp.1163-1190.
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management: A set of working hypotheses. Policy Studies Journal.45(2). 289-314.
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B. D., (2011). “How ecological engineering can serve in coastal protection”, Ecol. Eng. 37, pp.113–
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methodology. Emerald Group Publishing.
Bright, O. J. M. and et.al., 2017. Research Priorities for Studies Linking Intake of Low-Calorie
Sweeteners and Potentially Related Health Outcomes: Research Methodology and Study
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global strategy research. Global Strategy Journal, 7(3). 233-240.
Dan, T. T., Chen, C. F., Chiang, S. H., and Ogawa, S., (2016). “Mapping and Change Analysis in
Mangrove Forest By Using Landsat Imagery,” ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.,
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Bangladesh. Water Econ Policy 2(1):1650003
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future coastal flooding in Bangladesh. Journal of HydroenvironmentResearch.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2016.11.005. Available online 1 December 2016, ISSN 1570–6443.
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Adaptive Management and Stakeholder Engagement in California Fisheries. In American Geophysical
Union, Ocean Sciences Meeting 2016, abstract# P54B-1757.
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damage. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 14, 143–151.
Faivre, N., Sgobbi, A., Happaerts, S., Raynal, J., Schimdte, L., (2018). “Translating the Sendai
Framework into action: The EU approach to ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction”. International
Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 32, 4–10.
Farooq, S. and O'Brien, C., 2015. An action research methodology for manufacturing technology
selection: a supply chain perspective. Production Planning & Control. 26(6). pp.467-488.
Faneca Sanchez M, Bashar K, Janssen GMCM, Vogels M, Snel J, Zhou Y, Stuurman R, Oude Essink GHP
(2015) SWIBANGLA: managing salt water intrusion impacts in coastal groundwater systems of
Bangladesh. https ://publi cwiki .delta res.nl/displ ay/FRESH SALT/SWIBA NGLA+Manag ing+saltw
ater+intru sion+impacts+in+Bangl adesh ?previ ew=/90430 572/10993 6736/1207671-000-BGS-
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societal challenges. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 97.Erickson, A and et.al., 2016, February. Integrating
Ecosystem-Based Management Principles of Adaptive Management and Stakeholder Engagement in
California Fisheries. In American Geophysical Union, Ocean Sciences Meeting 2016, abstract# P54B-
1757.
Jacob, J., Bouchard, J., Lamari, M. and Anstett, É., (2015). Pricing Innovation in Climate Change
Adaptation (CCA): Hedonic Valuation of R&D That Can Favor CCA. Handbook of Climate Change
Adaptation, pp.1201-1216.
Gear, C., Eppel, E. and Koziol-Mclain, J., 2018. Advancing complexity theory as a qualitative research
methodology. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 17(1). p.1609406918782557.
Grunewald, K. and Bastian, O. eds., 2015. Ecosystem services–concept, methods and case studies.
Springer.
Guthrie, G., 2015. Culturally grounded pedagogy and research methodology. Compare: A Journal of
Comparative and International Education. 45(1). pp.163-168.
Haider MZ, Hossain MZ (2013) Impact of salinity on livelihood strategies of farmers. J Soil Sci Plant
Nutri 13(2):417–431
Hickson, H. (2016). Becoming a critical narrativist: Using critical reflection and narrative inquiry as
research methodology. Qualitative social work, 15(3). 380-391.
Hossain, M.S., Lin, C.K., Demaine, H., Hussain, Z., (2001a). “Integrated GIS and remote Sensing
approaches for suitable shrimp farming area selection in the coastal zone of Bangladesh”. Asian Pac.
Remote Sens. GIS J. 14, 33–39.
Hossain, M.A.R.; and Hasan, M.R., (2017). “An assessment of impacts from shrimp aquaculture in
Bangladesh and prospects for improvement”. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No.
618. Rome, FAO. 96 pp.
Howard, P. H. (2017). Handbook of environmental degradation rates. CRC Press.
Islam, M. M., Borgqvist, H., Kumar, L., (2018). “Monitoring Mangrove forest landcover changes in the
coastline of Bangladesh from 1976 to 2015”, Geocarto International, DOI:
10.1080/10106049.2018.1489423. Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2018.1489423
Islam, M.M. and Shamsuddoha, M., (2018). Coastal and marine conservation strategy for Bangladesh
in the context of achieving blue growth and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Environmental
science & policy, 87, pp.45-54.
Islam, N. (2014) An Introduction to Research Methodology, 3rd ed., p.162, University Press Limited,
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Ilman, M., Dargusch, P., Dart, P., & Onrizal (2016). A historical analysis of the drivers of loss and
degradation of Indonesia’s mangroves. Land Use Policy, 54, 448–459
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Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
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1.5 °C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the
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prone areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Sci Res 28(2):91–101
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Ocean Coast Manag 130:205–212
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Better Restoration of Coastal Environments, Resources and Livelihoods from big earthquake and
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https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1266 5-016-5381-3
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disaster risk reduction: Lessons from European applications of ecosystem-based adaptation
measures”. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 32, pp. 42–54.
Mehvar, S., Filatova, T., Sarker, M. H., Dastgheib, A., Ranasinghe, R., (2019). “Climate change-driven
losses in ecosystem services of coastal wetlands: A case study in the West coast of Bangladesh”.
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Development. Australasian Journal of Information Systems. 20.
Mimura, N and et.al., 2015. Adaptation planning and implementation. In Climate Change 2014
Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (pp. 869-898). Cambridge
University Press.
1.5 °C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the
Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable
Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty”.
Jabed, M.A., Paul, A. and Nath, T.K., (2018). Peoples’ Perception of the Water Salinity Impacts on
Human Health: A Case Study in South-Eastern Coastal Region of Bangladesh. Exposure and Health,
pp.1-10.
Jacob, J., Bouchard, J., Lamari, M. and Anstett, É., 2015. Pricing Innovation in Climate Change
Adaptation (CCA): Hedonic Valuation of R&D That Can Favor CCA. Handbook of Climate Change
Adaptation, pp.1201-1216.
Kazi M B A, Molla M H, Hossain N et al. (2015), “Climate Change Induced Disasters in the South-
Eastern Coastal Belt of Bangladesh”, Asian Journal of Water Environment, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
Kelman, I., Mercer, J., & Gaillard, J. C. (2017). Editorial introduction to this handbook: why act on
disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation?. In The Routledge Handbook of Disaster
Risk Reduction Including Climate Change Adaptation (pp. 3-8). Routledge.
Khan TF, Ullah MW, Huq SMI (2015) Assessment of vulnerability in agricultural sector in disaster
prone areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Sci Res 28(2):91–101
Khanom T (2016) Effect of salinity on food security in the context of interior coast of Bangladesh.
Ocean Coast Manag 130:205–212
Kitazato, H and et.al., 2018, April. Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR): Toward
Better Restoration of Coastal Environments, Resources and Livelihoods from big earthquake and
tsunamis. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts(Vol. 20, p. 2873).
Kron, W., (2013). “Coasts: the high-risk areas of the world”, Nat. Hazards 66 (3), pp. 1363–1382.
Kutz, M., 2018. Handbook of environmental degradation of materials. William Andrew.
Li P, Wu J, Qian H (2016) Regulation of secondary soil salinization in semi-arid regions: a simulation
research in the Nanshantaizi area along the Silk Road, Northwest China. Environ Earth Sci 75(8):698.
https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1266 5-016-5381-3
McVittie, A., Cole, L., Wreford, A., Sgobbi, A., Yordi, B., (2018). “Ecosystem-based solutions for
disaster risk reduction: Lessons from European applications of ecosystem-based adaptation
measures”. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 32, pp. 42–54.
Mehvar, S., Filatova, T., Sarker, M. H., Dastgheib, A., Ranasinghe, R., (2019). “Climate change-driven
losses in ecosystem services of coastal wetlands: A case study in the West coast of Bangladesh”.
International Journal of Ocean and Coastal Management 1698 (2019) 273-283.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), (2005). “Ecosystems and Human Well-being: current state
and trends”. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment series. Island press. xxi, pp.917.
Miah, S. J. and Genemo, H., 2016. A Design Science Research Methodology for Expert Systems
Development. Australasian Journal of Information Systems. 20.
Mimura, N and et.al., 2015. Adaptation planning and implementation. In Climate Change 2014
Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (pp. 869-898). Cambridge
University Press.
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risk reduction in mountains. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2018, 177, 497–513. A Framework for the Integration of
Nature-Based Solutions into Environmental Risk Management Strategies Cristian Accastello * ,
Simone Blanc and Filippo Brun Sustainability 2019, 11, 489; doi:10.3390/su11020489
www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
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Bangladesh. Asian J Soc Sci Hum 3(1):12–18
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(2015-2030) through Ecosystem Solutions. Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction.
PEDRR (2010). “Demonstrating the Role of Ecosystem-based Management for Disaster Risk
Reduction”. Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction.
Prince, H. M., Idrees, M. O., Shafri, H. Z. M., Iqbal, M., Iqbal, Z. M., and Aziz, T., (2018). “Effect of
competing landuse practices on Chakaria Sundarbans mangrove in Bangladesh using Landsat
imagery”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 169, conference 1, p1-2
and 5.
Rahman, M. M., and Mahmud, M. A., (2018). “Economic feasibility of mangrove restoration in the
Southeastern Coast of Bangladesh”, Ocean and Coastal Management, volume 161, pp.211-221,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.05.009
Rahman, M. R., and Hossain, M. B., (2015). “Changes in land use pattern at Chakaria Sundarbans
mangrove forest in Bangladesh”. Bangladesh Res Pub J. 11(1):13–20. ISSN: 1998-2003.
Rahman MTU, Rasheduzzaman M, Habib MA, Ahmed A, Tareq SM, Muniruzzaman SM (2017)
Assessment of fresh water security in coastal Bangladesh: an insight from salinity, community
perception and adaptation. Ocean Coast Manag 137:68–81
Rasel HM, Hasan MR, Ahmed B, Miah MSU (2013) Investigation of soil and water salinity, its effect
on crop production and adaptation strategy. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 5(8):475–481
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under storm surge conditions”, Nat. Geosci. Lett. 7, pp. 727–731.
Moos, C.; Bebi, P.; Schwarz, M.; Stoffel, M.; Sudmeier-Rieux, K.; Dorren, L. Ecosystem-based disaster
risk reduction in mountains. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2018, 177, 497–513. A Framework for the Integration of
Nature-Based Solutions into Environmental Risk Management Strategies Cristian Accastello * ,
Simone Blanc and Filippo Brun Sustainability 2019, 11, 489; doi:10.3390/su11020489
www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Mustari S, Karim AHMZ (2014) Impact of salinity on the socio-environmental life of coastal people of
Bangladesh. Asian J Soc Sci Hum 3(1):12–18
Nandy, P., and Islam, M. A., (2010). Climate Resilient Coastal Zone development in Bangladesh;
Participatory Governance for Common Resource Management.
Nehren, U., Thai, H. H. D., Marfai, M. A., Readig, C., Alfonso, S., Sartohadi, J., Castro, C., (2016).
“Ecosystem Services of Coastal Dune Systems for Hazard Mitigation: Case Studies from Vietnam,
Indonesia, and Chile”. F.G. Renaud et al. (eds.), “Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and
Adaptation in Practice, Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research”. 42, DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-43633-3_18. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
PEDRR (2016). “Advancing implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
(2015-2030) through Ecosystem Solutions. Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction.
PEDRR (2010). “Demonstrating the Role of Ecosystem-based Management for Disaster Risk
Reduction”. Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction.
Prince, H. M., Idrees, M. O., Shafri, H. Z. M., Iqbal, M., Iqbal, Z. M., and Aziz, T., (2018). “Effect of
competing landuse practices on Chakaria Sundarbans mangrove in Bangladesh using Landsat
imagery”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 169, conference 1, p1-2
and 5.
Rahman, M. M., and Mahmud, M. A., (2018). “Economic feasibility of mangrove restoration in the
Southeastern Coast of Bangladesh”, Ocean and Coastal Management, volume 161, pp.211-221,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.05.009
Rahman, M. R., and Hossain, M. B., (2015). “Changes in land use pattern at Chakaria Sundarbans
mangrove forest in Bangladesh”. Bangladesh Res Pub J. 11(1):13–20. ISSN: 1998-2003.
Rahman MTU, Rasheduzzaman M, Habib MA, Ahmed A, Tareq SM, Muniruzzaman SM (2017)
Assessment of fresh water security in coastal Bangladesh: an insight from salinity, community
perception and adaptation. Ocean Coast Manag 137:68–81
Rasel HM, Hasan MR, Ahmed B, Miah MSU (2013) Investigation of soil and water salinity, its effect
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natural resource management. Climate and development, 8(1), 4-9.
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risk reduction and adaptation in practice (Vol. 42). Switzerland: Springer.
Renaud, F., Sudmeier, K., Estrella, M. (eds) (2013). “The role of ecosystems in disaster risk
reduction”.
Rimböck, A.; Höhne, R.; Rudolf-Miklau, F.; Pichler, A.; Suda, J.; Mazzorana, B.; Papež, J. Persistence of
Alpine Natural Hazard Protection. Meeting Multiple Demands by Applying Systems Engine Ering and
Life Cycle Management Principles in Natural Hazard Protection Systems in the Perimeter of the
Alpine Convention; PLANALP Brochure; Platform on Natural Hazards of the Alpine Convention:
Vienna, Austria, 2014.
Ritter, J. K. and et.al., 2018. Teaching, Learning, and Enacting of Self-Study Methodology. Springer.
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Bangladesh. Space Cult 5(1):12–24
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Adaptation: Opportunities and Challenges in Coastal Bangladesh”. Springer Nature Switzerland AG
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Economics—Society—Science 28, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05237-9_5
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protect threatened mangroves in the Sundarbans world heritage ecosystem? Scientific Reports, 6.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21234 21234.
Salvaterra, T & et.al (2016, May). Exploring the potential of ecosystem-based approaches–
Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction. In Policy brief with
proceedings from a PLACARD session convened as part of the 4th Adaptation Futures Conference(pp.
10-13).
Shuford, R., 2018. Frameworks for Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM): NOAA’s
Integrated Ecosystem Assessment and the Global Large Marine Ecosystem Programs.
Sovacool, B. K., 2018. Bamboo beating bandits: Conflict, inequality, and vulnerability in the political
ecology of climate change adaptation in Bangladesh. World Development. 102. pp.183-194.
Sovacool, B. K., Linner, B. O., & Klein, R. J. L. (2017). Climate change adaptation and the Least
Developed Countries Fund (LDCF): Qualitative insights from policy implementation in the Asia-
Pacific. Climatic Change, 140(2), 209–226.
Sudmeier-Rieux, K., Sandholz, S., Nehren, U., Rharade, L, Bayani, N. and M. Ford (2017) Disasters and
Ecosystems: Resilience in a Changing Climate, The Book. Geneva, Cologne: United Nations
Environment and TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences.
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In Sustainability science (pp. 31-41). Springer, Dordrecht.
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41.
Werner AD, Bakker M, Post VE, Vandenbohede A, Lu C, Ataie-AshtianiB, Simmons CT, Barry DA
(2013) Seawater intrusion processes, investigation and management: recent advances and future
challenges. Adv. Water Res 51:3–26
Woodruff, J. D., Irish, J, L., Camargo, S, J., (2013). “Coastal flooding by tropical cyclones and sea-level
rise”, Nature, 504, pp. 44-52.
on blood pressure in young adults of coastal Bangladesh. Environ Pollut 214:248–254
TEEB (2014). “The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity”. Ecosystem Services.
http://www.teebweb.org/resources/ecosystem-services. Accessed 21 March 2019.
Temmerman, S., Meire, P., Bouma, T.J., and Herman, P.M.J., (2013). “Ecosystem-based coastal
defence in the face of global change”, p29. Nature 504:79–83. doi:10.1038/nature12859.
Thompkins, A. M. and et.al., 2016. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the domestic dog:
Research, methodology, and conceptual issues. Comparative cognition & behavior reviews. 11. p.63.
Torikul, M. H., and Farjana, S., (2014); “Climate Change, Natural Disaster and Vulnerability to land
Displacement in coastal region of Bangladesh”, International Journal of Innovation and Applied
Studies, ISSN 2028-9324 Vol. 5 No. 2 Feb. 2014, pp. 150-159, Innovative Space of Scientific Research
Journals, http://www.issr-journals.org/ijias/
Touhiduzzaman, M. and Rahman, S., 2017. Integrated coastal resources management of Saint
Martin’s Island, Bangladesh. Journal of coastal conservation. 21(6). pp.929-938.
UNISDR (2015), “, Making development sustainable: the future of disaster risk management”, global
assessment report on disaster risk reduction. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Van Hees, V. T. and et.al., 2016. Challenges and opportunities for harmonizing research
methodology: raw accelerometry. Methods of information in medicine. 55(06). pp.525-532.
Vo, Q.T., Kuenzer, C., Vo, Q.M., Moder, F., Oppelt, N., (2012). “Review of valuation methods for
mangrove ecosystem services”. Ecol. Indic. 23, pp. 431–446.
VanKooten, C., 2019. A Research Methodology of Interdependence through Video as
Method. Computers and Composition. 54. p.102514.
Vignola, R & et.al. (2015). Ecosystem-based adaptation for smallholder farmers: Definitions,
opportunities and constraints. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 211, 126-132.
Wendling, L. A. and et.al., 2018. Benchmarking nature-based solution and Smart City assessment
schemes against the Sustainable Development Goal indicator framework. Frontiers in Environmental
Science. 6. p.69.
Wiek, A. and Lang, D.J., (2016). Transformational sustainability research methodology.
In Sustainability science (pp. 31-41). Springer, Dordrecht.
WEF, The Global Risk Report, (2016). 11th Edition, World Economic Forum
〈http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GRR/WEF_GRR16.pdf〉 (Accessed 31 Mar 2019).
Whelchel, W, A., Reguero, G, B., Wesenbeeck, B., and Renaud, G. F., (2018). “Advancing disaster risk
reduction through the integration of science, design, and policy into eco-engineering and several
global resource management processes”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 32, pp. 29–
41.
Werner AD, Bakker M, Post VE, Vandenbohede A, Lu C, Ataie-AshtianiB, Simmons CT, Barry DA
(2013) Seawater intrusion processes, investigation and management: recent advances and future
challenges. Adv. Water Res 51:3–26
Woodruff, J. D., Irish, J, L., Camargo, S, J., (2013). “Coastal flooding by tropical cyclones and sea-level
rise”, Nature, 504, pp. 44-52.
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DC.
World Wild Fund (WWF), (2017). “Guide focusing on advancing the development and application of
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Management: A Green Guide”, WWF and U.S. Agency for International Development Office of U.S.
Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA), 222 pp. Available at: https://goo.gl/2T6cqq
guidance”. Report 120735.
World Bank, (2016). “Managing Coasts with Natural Solutions: Guidelines for Measuring and Valuing
Coastal Protection Services of Mangroves and Coral Reefs”. MW Beck and G-M Lange, (Eds). Wealth
Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services Partnership (WAVES). World Bank, Washington,
DC.
World Wild Fund (WWF), (2017). “Guide focusing on advancing the development and application of
natural and nature-based approaches for managing flood risk. Natural and Nature-based Flood
Management: A Green Guide”, WWF and U.S. Agency for International Development Office of U.S.
Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID/OFDA), 222 pp. Available at: https://goo.gl/2T6cqq
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