Design Requirements for Typical On-Shore Pre-Cast Yard

This paper highlights the design requirements for the Typical on-shore pre-cast yard, including considerations for structural design, floor panels, walls, connections, wind loads, design philosophy, design loads, installation, waterproofing, electrical and mechanical fittings, fire rating, finishes, and measures for a 100-year design life.

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Introduction
The design aspect of any engineering structure is dependent on the requirements of safety as well
as measures that satisfy its functionality (Al-Chaar et al. 2016). It is important to note that
aesthetic value is just but the quality improvement mechanism that should only be considered
last in the requirement list of the design. This particular paper highlights the design requirements
for the Typical on-shore pre-cast yard(Coombes 2013).
Requirements and considerations for the design
Structural design approach
The structure of precast behavior hinges on the behavior of the connection and should offer;
- Considerations of feasible productions
- Resistivity to the forces of the design
- Resistivity to the changes in volumes and other forces related to the structure
- Sufficient durability
- Considerations of feasible construction
- Resistivity to fire
- The ductile property when deformation is in excess.
Floor panels
Concrete of grade M 30 and above is required for the concrete reinforced floors. The desired
strength of the floor is obtained by the units of pre-stressed concrete floors in the design. The
floor panel should be constructed in a way that the thickness should take into account the service
activities. The recommended thickness of the concrete slab should not be less than 50 mm.

Designing the panels should be as per the document endorsements for reinforcement and
retailing management.
Walls
Designing of the walls (structural load bearing) should be done as recommended by the
documentation in the relevant materials(Allen 2016). Designing of internal nonload bearing
walls should in the form of plain concrete walls reinforced nominally purposely for stress
similarity and control. Different partitions of the wall system can also be applied in the design of
such walls. The grade for the concrete walls should be M 10 and above.
Connections
The idea of emulative detailing is used in designing a system of PLCP to ensure the same
ductility and strength of the structure on completion. The emulative behavior is usually attained
by wet connections in the system of PLCP.
Structural system
A superstructure is compost of columns, beams, slabs and precast construction of RCC wall as
its structural system. Floor-slab represents the stiff diaphragm that transmits longitudinal forces
to the walls. Cast-in-situ which is a conventional method of construction is applied for the
ground floors. Precast technology including a system of solid floor slab and the precast wall is
applied for the construction of the town and higher floors.
Wind loads
Calculations of the pressure of wind should be done as per the document recommendations.
Design Philosophy

The joints of the precast structure which is considered massive should be designed in a manner
that caters for the forces of the corresponding discrete. Moment and shear resisting joints should
be properly allocated to provide resistance to the vertical loading. Designing of individual
components at different construction stages should ensure suitable end conditions as well as
loads.
Design Loads
Dead loads – this consists of the total self-weight of the frames, self-weight of the slabs and total
self-weight of shell element modeling of the structure (Harris 2013).
Imposed loads – these are loads predicted to act for the rest of the periods and include:
- Waterproofing: determines the properties of waterproofing materials such as material
type, slope, and thickness.
- Internal partitions: calculations of false ceiling or internal partitions are done from the
unit weights extracted from relevant materials on the basis of thickness and material type.
The installation
Coordination of the pump operation to realize output of 400m3 per hour
The structure of the intake of the water should be approximately 50m wide and be temporarily
have length of 85metres of concrete. In order to realize output of 400m3 per hour, the depth will
be about 15.5 meters with respect to the level of the ground. The total intake of the water
channels which are located after baffle walls. Considering that this particular structure of the
intake is constructed as deep foundation on the line of the shore, the system of shoring is

expected to be a challenge as well as dewatering. The 800mm diameter will be most appropriate
for coordinated pump operation.
The higher quality installation required proper planning as well as work preparation before the
precast concrete element actual installation. These items need advance planning.
 the installation and the assembly sequence method: these include precast element
identification depending on the number of the elements of location as well as tagged.
 The method that can be applied in the provision of temporary support. These means that
temporary support to be provided until the element achieves stability. Therefore, a
general member of the end adjustable to be applied in securing the panel. The adjustment
of the panels to be done using shims thus ensuring Ta correct dimensions(Liu et al.
2017).
 The need for an installation tolerance. The installation tolerance must depend on the
provision coal as well as the consideration of the design to be indicated clearly.
 The requirement rigging and handling. The clear check must be done on whether the
element can handle stresses prior before lifting is done as well as if the crane has the
capacity that is sufficiently required in handling the precast panel. The impact needed
should not be less than 10% during the crane capacity lifting calculation.
In the locations site, the panels are unloaded first then stacked or can be lifted by a crane
directly. After then the element is installed at the site as well as supported using a temporary
jack. At this point, the crane is carefully released to the immediate lift when the temporary
support has been confirmed to be in a correct place. The element alignment is carefully done
using the shims before grouting. The grouting of panels is done after the final adjustment
(Thompson 2015).

f

Figure 1: Layout(Allen 2016)
Waterproofing

The external joint to be sealed using a rod of a baker as well as by use of sealants
immediately after the joints have been filled with grout to encourage leakage avoidance.
Apart from that additional treatment of waterproofing should be put in place especially at the
joint externals as well as in the wet area to amination water tightness(Thompson 2015)
Electrical, mechanical as well as the fitting of plumbing
These should be kept open or be concealed according to the requirement. while there should be a
need to provide grooves and blackouts that are made in casting mound during the fittings
The electrical boxes, as well as the conduits, must be embedded or be fixed prior to casting but
can be fixed immediately after erection at the site when dealing with the open fittings.
The law of the firefighting system that is provided by the National Building Code must be
complied with.

Figure 4: electrical fixing(Allen 2016).
Figure 5: Plumb work(Allen 2016).
The rating of fire

The design of the precast concrete should in such that the rating of fire to be done in a duration
of one to two hours depending on the requirement of the coal(Pan, Chen and Zhan 2018).
The smallest precast concrete wall of 120mm thickness to be given the fire rating of an hour as in
456:2000
The finishes
Various types of colors, shapes, textures, as well as the finishes, can be achieved by the precast
concrete. The treatment surface must be achieved through rebating, coating of the surface,
grooving, and coloring of oxides as well as cement based renders(Dan 2014). The facades of
precast concrete various colors, shapes as well as textures can be molded and installed.
Measures are taken to ensure 100-year design life.
This can be achieved by the use of the avoidance application mechanism. The practice of
avoidance includes:
 AAR
 DEF
 Attack by the sulfate
 Carbonation –Induced Corrosion
 Degradation of freeze-thaw

Casting
Production of the element of precast concrete will be done on the vertical/horizontal flat steel
surfaces of the tables in the tilt position
Before casting is done, the conduits of electricity, as well as other requirements, shall be fixed in
proper positions and the treatment of mold achieved by the use of the mold release agent.
Spacers will be used to keep the steel reinforcement in position
Fixing of side shatters will follow (Allen 2016).
Concrete will then be carried to molds by the use of the gantry crane that uses concrete buckets

Best compaction during casting will be achieved by the use of the table vibrators.
Monitoring
After casting all the surfaces that are will be properly covered with tarpaulin. As part of the
monitoring process, casting elements will be de-molded after proper evaluation to ensure that
substructures are secured.
Design Mixing
The mixing of the concrete should be done by the use of the concrete mixer in order to ensure
homogenous product as opposed to the manual means.
Curing
The curing of the element which is pre-fabricated will be done by the use of the normal methods
of curing which involves water sprinkling as well as ensuring that the element is kept wept
(Harris 2013). This can also be done in the case of the smaller elements which will just be
immersed in water within the tanks. Curing should be properly done for a period of 5 days.
Pier Foundation
This component will be necessary to support the structure and its bearing load. This pier footing
will effectively distribute the load on the surface of the bearing hence reducing the settling effect.
The design of the pier foundation will be guided with the soil load-bearing characteristics as
illustrated in the table below:

Table 1: Recommended loads versus soil type(Allen 2016).

Figure 5: Pier layout(Allen 2016)
Conclusion
The paper has been effectively described the design requirement and crucial stages of the Typical
on-shore pre-cast yard. The need for an installation tolerance(Allen 2016). The installation
tolerance must depend on the provision coal as well as the consideration of the design to be
indicated clear

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