Civil Engineering Is Discipline In Science

Construction Management 1
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Name of student
Institution
Date
Location

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Introduction
By definition, civil engineering is a discipline in science based on the design and
maintenance of the environment through structures (Allen and Iano, 2019). It is based on the
various activities which aim to achieve the construction of the structures. In this technical report,
the intention is to look at a case study of a construction project scenario and provide a succinct
analysis of the various activities which are undertaken for the given project. Basically, the areas
which are covered include methods and techniques applied for the substructures and earthworks
as well as a safety plan risk assessment.
Project brief
You have been appointed to prepare an initial conceptual design and implementation
report on an Industrial complex (1km by 1km) near a couple of near-parallel expressway
highways 12km apart that both link the megacity of London to an international airport in the
outskirts of London, Heathrow to be specific. The site of this complex is separated from one of
the express highways by a large fast-flowing River that flows parallel to these highways and
finally finds its way into the River Thames.This River which is about 20m wide lies in the middle
(that is midway) of the 4-kilometer land space between the chosen Industrial complex site and
one of the two expressways.
Earthworks, equipment’s and techniques
There are various activities that are conducted during the construction of civil works. One
of those activities is known as earthworks activities. From various literature, the earthwork
activities are based on the processing of the surface of the earth by the utilization of vast amounts
of rock or soil. It begins by a consideration into a suitable land to evacuate the appropriate land,
through guidance of the system based application (Amini et al., 2012). The excavation process is

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related to systematic planning which creates a suitable investigation structure based on the
suitable work formation structure with detailed procedures. The idea behind the earthwork
activities is to make the land into a preferred condition for the construction of buildings and
industrial centers near an express highway (Bahr, 2018).
Excavation and earth moving equipment
To begin the construction process, it is essential to conduct an excavation of the land to
make it suitable or the construction process. The process of excavation, as well as earthmoving,
depends on the various types of equipment that are utilized for the process. Excavation helps in
developing a solid foundation for the construction of the industrial facilities
Below are some of the suitable tools and equipment’s for the execution of the task
 Bulldozer- a bulldozer helps in the fragmentation of the soil into desirable particles as
well as maintenance of a successful tracking. The bulldozer is attached to hydraulic
equipment to help in the process of the breakdown (Code, 2018).
 Dragline- this equipment’s is essential in achieving a bulk excavation process as it have
great control over the process
 Dump truck- the truck is significant in the transfer of materials from different spots while
undertaking the exaction process.
Techniques for the creation of complex foundations, pilling drainage works
The various methods for the creation of foundations, pilling and drainage works are based
on the various construction foundations which are designed. The various procedures undertaken
to achieve the above activities include;
An investigation of the soil under which the construction is to take place
 Location of the various foundation corners (Cooke and Williams, 2013)

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 Installation of footing
 Sealing of the footing to eradicate moisture
 Poring of concrete mixture
 Sealing to help in the treatment of the foundation
Shallow foundations
These are foundations that do not go deep into the soil. They are available on the first
strata hard soil. They are of different types namely; grillage foundations, steeped foundations,
spread footing foundations, raft foundations, and inverted arch foundations. Since the foundation
of the industrial facilities is to be mostly made of steel and RCC, the most suitable foundation is
the steel grillage foundation (Couldry and Hepp, 2018).
Method
I. Excavation of trench 1.50 m deep, after which ramming and leveling done
II. This is followed by a cement concrete being laid about 30 cm thick and then compacted
III. The layers of steel are then laid with beams designed at distances apart.
IV. Another concrete layer is added and then finally the entire region is covered with
concrete.
Techniques for culvert, underpass construction and provision of utilities
There are a number of techniques for achieving the construction of underpass and culvert
as well as the provision of facilities. These methods vary according to the tools and equipment
which are applied in the construction. For the construction of culvert; a half culvert will first be
construction which begins y the process of excavation (Darus, 2014). Based on the original
drawing by the engineer, the bed of the culvert shall be prepared at various levels. This will be

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followed by the placement of a screed concrete along the wall as well as conducting the finishing
works and finally, a diversion of the traffic is made (Fouladgar et al., 2012).
In the case of underpass construction; the three primary techniques include; in situ
concrete- these are concrete which are prepared on-site, Precast concrete units- these are forms
of concrete which are prepared, cast and then cored offsite by the help of a controlled factory
environment. Thrust-bored units- which utilizes lubrication such as bentonite suspension.
In the case of utility provision; it is on the basis of the various services rendered to the
consumers. For instance, the supply utilities which are offered as developers and home builders
(Fulk and Connie, 2017).
Methods for complex earthmoving
There are a number of techniques that are applied for the complex earth moving. These
methods include:
 Loading; this process is meant to transport the pile of earth materials that have been piled.
The various equipment which helps in achieving this include excavator, backhoe loaders,
skid steer loaders, bulldozers, trenches, and wheel loaders.
 Hauling; this refers to the movement of heavy loads as well as fleet from one station to
the other. Some equipment which aids in this are cranes, bulldozers, dump trucks and
forklifts (Halpin and Lucko, 2017).
 Utilization of the deep excavation methods, which also assists in achieving the desired
quality. For instance; full open-cut method, bracing excavation method, as well as
anchored excavation method.
Techniques to deal with ground and slope stability

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One of the most important things to ensure while undertaking any construction process is
to maintain the ground and slope stability. The various methods available for ensuring that the
ground stability is intact include; effective control and maintenance of the seepage forces,
reduction of the various driving forces which are likely to weaken the soil ( for instance through
the installation of anchors, use of electroosmosis, thermal treatment, chemical treatment,
installation of piles, as well as the use of buttress) and creating an imbalance of the ground
surface, there is also conducting drainage which are based on the construction of vertical drains,
deep wells, drainage galleries, sub horizontal drains, relief trenches, and inceptor trench drains.
Some of the steps to be undertaken to achieve this is mentioned below (Jaccard and Jacoby,
2019).
 Variation of the slope geometry
 Control and regulation of the surface water
 Regulation of the internal seepage
 Provision of water retention in order to enhance the resisting forces (Kelly et al., 2014).
Further, it is thus essential to determine the safety factor before undertaking the
construction. The safety factor is defined as the ratio of the resisting moments to the driving
moments about a particular point. For instance; Cullman method, which is a technique for the
determination of the slope stability with regards to the assumption of plane surface failure.