Impact of Environmental Changes on UNESCO World Heritage Sites

This report examines the impact of environmental changes on UNESCO World Heritage Sites and discusses intervention and mitigation strategies at different levels. It also references protocols, agreements, and documents related to the protection and conservation of these sites.

CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Cause and effect of environmental changes on UNESCO World heritage sites....................3
Intervention and mitigation at local, national and international level....................................5
Appropriate reference to protocols, International agreements, organisations documents and
relevant legislation and its application to the World Heritage Site under investigation........6
Consider three world heritage sites that may be at risk of losing their status, due to
environmental degradation through inappropriate development, human intervention or
consumption or natural deterioration of fabric and material..................................................9
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................11
Discuss key issues associated with the safety of dams.........................................................11
Discuss the importance of developing on-site and off-site emergency preparedness and
response plan in the case of emergency or a dam failure.....................................................12
Elements of emergency action plan......................................................................................15
Impacts of failure of a dam on safety of the people living downstream, damages to properties
and infrastructure and the environment................................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
This report revolves around impact of environmental issues on world heritage sties and
impact of climate change on these heritage at local, national and international level.
Environmental issues such as Global warming, ozone depletion etc. are factors which have
affected climate across the globe. Climate change become major threat for several cultural sites
and natural world heritage site. This report focuses on impact of climate on world heritage sites
and how climate change can also increase the other effects such as urbanization, natural
resources, pollution etc. There are more than 1000 world heritage sites in 163 countries as some
of them are considered as important tourist destinations across the globe. Tourism have also
affected world heritage site in negative manner, tourism which is considered beneficial for
economic development of economy and help in bringing financial stability to economy but there
are some negative effects of tourism such as tourism development and excessive visitors.
Climate change have affected existing issues which are affecting world heritage sites and factors
such as sea-level rise, higher temperatures, shift in habitat and different weather conditions such
as storms, floods and droughts etc. have affected world heritage site and these factors are
affecting attributes of world heritage sites which is considered as serious issue.
This report focus on identifying and resolving environmental issues which are affecting
world heritage sites which includes cultural heritage site are vulnerable to climate change and
tourism sector also is considered vulnerable to climate change (Ahmed, 2018). Threats to
cultural heritage site includes extreme weather which increases costs related to insurance and
concerns related with safety and damages to premises of heritage site. This report focuses on
issue related with disruption to natural and cultural heritage site in world due to climate change
and it can also affect the tourism sector and reduce the attractiveness of heritage sites.
TASK 1
Cause and effect of environmental changes on UNESCO World heritage sites
Environmental changes have affected heritage sites all across the globe and UNESCO as
a body is focusing on maintaining values within those properties and help in maintaining heritage
properties for future generation. World heritage sites which should be preserved and maintained
in order to promote tourism sector (Burger and Zulch, 2018). Environment changes have made
its impact on world heritage site as impact of change in temperature, rise in sea level, greenhouse

gas emission have made its impact on several world heritage sites. World heritage sites are also
affected by unplanned tourism development and poor management of visitors. Some of the well
known heritage sites in world are Taj Mahal in India, the great Barrier reef in Australia and
Grand Canyon in United States. It has been shown by UNESCO report that many heritage sites
are facing effects of climate change and it have affected the structure of heritage sites. Australia
great barrier reef have faced coral bleaching which occurs due to warmer water which can be
linked with change in temperature at global level. High sea level in Venice have caused damage
to properties in Venice. Heritage sites are considered as important sites due to their uniqueness
and connection to past entities (Callistus and Clinton, 2018).
Heritage help in bringing great amount of revenues for government by encouraging
tourism industry. World heritage sites are considered as one of the valuable tourist destinations
all across the globe and many people livelihood is dependent on their existence as it help in
attracting tourist. UNESCO focuses on developing appropriate plans and strategies which can
help in adopting climate changes and reduce the emission rate in nature. Coral reefs are
considered as example to understand problem of climate change as coral reefs are considered as
world heritage site and most vulnerable to change in environment and other issues related to
climate change. Figures shows that more than half of world reefs are considered at risk of
degradation and it can affect several countries as several countries tourism is associated with
reefs and tourism revenue contributes in GDP of several economies. Reefs in worldwide are
affected by several issue related to environment and climate changes as warm waters and ocean
acidification played vital role in degradation of coral reefs. Coral are important part of marine
environment as its existence is from several million years and temperature change in recent years
have affected adaptability of coral reefs and that's why climate change is considered as threat to
coral reefs (Erdogan, Šaparauskas and Turskis, 2019). Climate change have made its impact on
world heritage sites and it also exacerbate other issues such as lack of management of tourist,
poverty, urbanization etc. Higher temperature helped in influencing changes in environment such
as meting of glaciers, floods and droughts etc.
Protecting world heritage site is considered as priority and it can be possible by
protecting ecosystem. In order to protect world heritage sites focus should be on expanding and
managing buffer zones which help in ensuring connectivity between sites and protected areas.
Monuments, Building and archaeological monuments of cultural world heritage sites and

buildings are affected by climate related changes such as damage from extreme wind and heavy
rainfall events as well as coastal erosion, flooding and damp. Building foundation can be
destabilized by increase or decrease in moisture of soil. Climate change does affect temperature
inside buildings as it can cause infestations. Change in temperature and water interaction are
important for architecture as example in this context can be taken about Djenne Mosque in Mali
which is vulnerable to climate change. UNESCO have focused on understanding the cause and
effects on environment and climate change on world heritage sites and UNESCO is focusing on
developing appropriate plan and strategies to tackle these environmental issues. Degradation of
world heritage sites affected tourism sector as it also contributes in GDP of economy.
Environmental factors have made its major impact on several world heritage site in terms of
structure. Climate change have affected cultural and natural world heritage site and it also
affected their sustainability in future (Galagali, 2017).
Intervention and mitigation at local, national and international level
Intervention and mitigation options can help in addressing climate change and its
effective implementation depends on coordination at high scale and implementation of policies
depends on outcomes with achieving other goals and objectives. Innovation and investment help
in bringing change in environment by reducing greenhouse gas emission and it can help in
enhancing resilience to climate change as innovation and change can help in bringing
effectiveness of intervention and mitigation points. Intervention and mitigation at local, national
and international level can help in reducing greenhouse gas emission and environment issues
which are affecting environment in long-term. New technology and infrastructure can help in
reducing effect on natural ecosystem. Intervention and mitigation focuses on innovation and
changes. Example of this can be considered as investment in low carbon and carbon neutral
technology as it can help in reducing intensity of economic development in terms of energy. In
terms of climate change, greenhouse gas emission and capacity of intervention and mitigation is
influenced by livelihood and behaviour.
Energy intensive lifestyle can affect higher energy contribution and high energy
production and GHG emission have increased mitigation costs. Intervention and mitigation is
considered as capacities to adapt and mitigate to manage the climate change risks. These
capacities are considered in context of place and there is no risk reduction is considered
appropriate for all settings (Giao, 2020). Potential implication for mitigation can be explained as

focus on driving economic growth and demand of energy and its consumption which results in
increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
In terms of deficit of knowledge and human capital there are various implications under
mitigation as reducing individual risk perception and to focus on adapting social and
technological innovations which helps in reducing emissions. Another point in implication of
mitigation is related with challenge in governance and institutional agreements which is related
with policies and related with development and incentives and coordination related to
development of policies and implementing effective and efficient carbon-neutral and renewable
energies (Górecki and Bizon-Górecka, 2017). Government and people are now starting to adapt
with climate changes as there are various components included in approaches related to
adaptation planning and disaster risk management. There are points included in this which are
mentioned below:
 Social and infrastructure development
 Technological process optimization
 Effective management of natural resources
 Financial services which includes risk transfer
There are several range of options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as emission can be
reduced in terms of emission intensity and energy intensity can help in bringing efficiency in
terms of resource availability. There is different approaches to mitigation which can help in
bringing benefits in land use sector. Mitigation and Intervention is are two approaches to
minimize the risk of climate change on ecosystem and on humans. It also focuses on reducing
the greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas emission sinks, several approaches is needed
to avoid negative impacts of such issues. Developing countries are facing heavy challenges of
climate change and GHG emissions (Ha and Tran, 2017).
Appropriate reference to protocols, International agreements, organisations documents and
relevant legislation and its application to the World Heritage Site under investigation.
There are several protocols and agreements made by countries with help of UNESCO
which focuses on conserving cultural and natural world heritage sites by implementing effective
change in ecosystem. Implementation of world heritage convention is also part of this as there
are operational guidelines for implementation of world heritage convention and in order to

protect world cultural and natural heritage site and setting procedures for implementation of it
and it includes points such as:
 List of world heritage which are in danger
 Protecting and conserving World heritage sites
 Funds for international assistance in conserving world heritage sites
 Support from countries to implement world heritage convention
Cultural and heritage sites are considered as assets which are irreplaceable and it is
property of humanity as a whole. Loss of world heritage site is considered a loss to universal
value and loss to humanity and it need protection from threats such as climate change, human
intervention etc. UNESCO have adopted World heritage convention in 1972 as it focuses on
protecting and conserving heritage site from issues related to environment and other issues
related with human intervention (Hargaden and et. al., 2019). Convention focuses on identifying
issues related protection and conservation of cultural and natural heritage sites. Implementation
of convention has focused on concept of sustainable development and protecting world heritage
sites from climate change and environmental issues.
There are several advisory ICCROM (the International Centre for the study of the
preservation and restoration of cultural property), ICOMOS (the International council on
monuments and sites) and IUCN( the International Union conservation for nature). These three
advisory bodies focuses on implementation of World heritage sites in field of their expertise.
ICCROM is an international intra governmental organisation and its headquarters situated in
Rome, Italy. ICCROM was established by UNESCO in 1956 and its functions is to carry out
research, documentation and technical assistance. It focuses on spreading awareness among
public and focuses on conserving cultural heritage sites. Role of ICCROM in context of
convention is to provide information and training to conserve cultural heritage sites and
providing support to assist in building capacity activities. ICOMOS is non-governmental
organisation with its Charenton, France. ICOMOS founded in 1965 and its role is to evaluating
properties related to cultural heritage sites and focus on providing theories and scientific
techniques to support in conserving archaeological and architectural heritage (JuneKarimi and et.
al., 2018). Role of ICOMOS related to evaluating properties which are listed on World heritage
list and properties which need to monitored and it also assist in input and support for building
capacity activities. IUCN was founded in 1948 and focuses on bringing together national

governments. IUCN headquarters are situated in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN focuses on
influencing and encouraging society to conserve and saving nature as it help in sustainability of
natural resources in ecosystem (Kim, Chang and Castro-Lacouture, 2020). Role of IUCN in
context to convention includes assistance in requests submitted by state parties and also assist in
building capacity activities.
There are different conventions and programmes held by UNESCO in order to conserve heritage
sites which are mentioned below:
 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and
Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970)
 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972)
 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001)
 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)
 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
(2005)
 International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGGP)
 International Whaling Commission (IWC) (1946)
 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
(Ramsar) (1971)
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) (1973)
 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) (1979)
 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (New York, 1992)
 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2001)
International assistance Purpose Budget ceilings per request Deadline for submission of
request Authority for approval Emergency Assistance This assistance may be requested to
address ascertained or potential threats facing properties included on the List of World Heritage
in Danger and the World Heritage List which have suffered severe damage or are in imminent
danger of severe damage due to sudden, unexpected phenomena. Such phenomena may include
land subsidence, extensive fires, explosions, flooding or human-made disasters including war
(Levy, 2018). This assistance does not concern cases of damage or deterioration caused by
gradual processes of decay, pollution or erosion. It addresses emergency situations strictly

relating to the conservation of a World Heritage property It may be made available, if necessary,
to more than one World Heritage property in a single State Party . The budget ceilings relate to a
single World Heritage property. The assistance may be requested to : (i) undertake emergency
measures for the safeguarding of the property; (ii) draw up an emergency plan for the property.
Up to US$ 5.000 Between US$ 5.001 and 75.000 At any time At any time Director of the World
Heritage Centre Chairperson of the Committee Preparatory assistance This assistance may be
requested to (in order of priority): (i) prepare or update national Tentative Lists of properties
suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List; a commitment will be required from the State
Party to nominate in priority on these lists sites recognized in approved thematic advice, such as
the thematic studies prepared by the Advisory Bodies, as corresponding to gaps on the List; (ii)
organize meetings for the harmonization of national Tentative Lists within the same geo-cultural
area (Luo and et. al., 2017).
Consider three world heritage sites that may be at risk of losing their status, due to environmental
degradation through inappropriate development, human intervention or consumption or
natural deterioration of fabric and material.
There are several world heritage sites which is on the edge of extinction due to climate
change and other issues related to environment as rise in sea-level, deforestation, soil erosion etc.
Aside from environmental issues there are several issues related with urbanization an
development of buildings etc. This part of report focuses on heritage sites which are facing issues
due to climate change, inappropriate development, human intervention etc. Climate change and
inappropriate development has increased the risk of losing value of heritage sites. Three heritage
sites which are at risk of losing their status are mentioned below:
Taj Mahal
Taj mahal is one of the most admired heritage sites across the globe and it attracts
millions of tourists every year to India. Taj mahal plays vital role in attracting millions of tourist
which help in boosting revenues for tourism sector of India. White marble in Taj mahal gives
iconic look but there are some issues related to its colour and its credibility. Its colour is now
started to turn into brown-yellow colour and it is altering feature of monument and climate
change is considered as reason behind this alteration in its colour (Nazarko, 2018). Studies
showed that air pollution is the cause of this alteration and pollution from fuels, residues from
open stoves etc. This is not a new problem as concern regarding discolouration of Taj mahal was

raised in 1970s as emission of pollutant near oil refinery. Air pollution has relationship with
climate change as it increases by greenhouse gas emission and it is considered as major issue in
context of discolouration of Taj mahal mausoleum. Change in climate and increasing
environment issues have raised this issue and government of India is focusing on taking
necessary steps to reduce air pollution which can help in retaining the status of Taj Mahal
(Nguyen, 2019).
Venice
Venice which is known as City of Canals and The floating city is Italy's one of most
picturesque cities and it is considered as beautiful and attractive destination for travelling. This
city attributes are also affected by climate change as rise in sea levels has affected Venice city.
Rise in water level have damaged building of Venice city and it also caused highest tide in 50
years. Studies showed that storms to Italian coast and strong winds are caused due to cyclonic
circulation over continental Europe. These storms and winds are reason behind heavy rainfall
which caused floods in many regions of Italy. Global warming is also considered as reason
behind storms and rise in sea level as it caused sinking of Venice city and construction activities
and coastal erosion have increased the probability of such events. Government is focusing on
implementing necessary measures to reduce the issues which can help in saving Venice city
status as world heritage site.
Sundarbans
Sundar bans national park situated in West Bengal is listed as famous world heritage site
in the world by UNECO. But in current scenario, it has adversely affected due to climate changes
and results in decline in their beauty. Global warming has majorly affected the environment as it
leads to poor climatic condition and this result in gradually affecting the mangrove forest of
Sundarbans National Park. Due to frequent occurrence of cyclones, flood and increasing sea
levels it affects the fertility of soil leads to imbalances. It become challenging to do fishing and
farming in such soil. Due to deforestation there are many species which are dying as it is not a
suitable environment for them to survive. Erosion due to intense storms damages the mangrove
forest (Ogunde and et. al., 2017). Disrupted weather condition, increasing temperature affects the
life of tiger. There is a huge decline in the population of tiger as the temperature was hot it is
impossible for them to survive in that weather. Seawater and fresh water get mixed up because of

high rise of ocean water this lead to increase the percent of salty water which infects the body of
animals of forest and even damage the forest.
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and level of knowledge required. Acta Structilia. 25(1). pp.98-125.
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construction project management. In International Conference on Intelligent Human
Systems Integration (pp. 571-582). Springer, Cham.
Erdogan, S. A., Šaparauskas, J. and Turskis, Z., 2019. A multi-criteria decision-making model to
choose the best option for sustainable construction management. Sustainability. 11(8).
p.2239.
Galagali, A. A., 2017. Time-Cost-Quality Trade-off in Construction Project Management.
International Journal Of Civil Engineering. 4(8). pp.24-31.
Giao, H. N. K., 2020. Developing dimensions to measure the quality of construction project
management service.
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taking fairness into account. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering
(Vol. 245, No. 7, p. 072024). IOP Publishing.
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engineering project management. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Engineering,
Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
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TASK 2
Discuss key issues associated with the safety of dams
Dams are considered as one of the effective and efficient way of water fu and it is
considered as effective aspect of modern infrastructure. Dams have played vital role in growth
and expansion of civilization as it help in funnelling water to various areas. Dams are used to
control amount of water flow and to store water for future use. Floodwater provides nutrients to
soil and it increases water supplies but overflow of water sometimes creates disaster which can
destroy property and homes. Dams are these days used as tool to generate power which is
explained as hydroelectric power and dam is considered as potential tool for hydroelectric power.
Process of creating hydroelectric power is that it is created when water passes through turbine.
Hydroelectric plants are considered as reliable and efficient in term of cost. Dam also help in
controlling waterways as flooding can be disastrous for the communities. Dams help in keeping
communities safe from flood and it also focuses on storing water which can be used for several
purposes. Dam these days used as source of irrigation for crops and plants. Dam is a great source
of water to complete farm and industrial activities. Dams also help in protecting environment as
it traps hazardous materials in water and focuses on capturing sand and contain harmful and
toxic substance of water. It help in reducing risk of water-borne accidents. Dams are considered
as tool for benefits as it help in providing water for livestock, irrigation, flood control etc. There
are some risk which are associated with dams and to reduce the chances of risk and failure
regular maintenance is required (Raj and Wadsamudrakar, 2018).
There are several issues related to safety of dams such as inadequate vegetation and
erosion which includes overgrazing and wave erosion which is the cause for poor vegetation and
soil erosion on a dam. Vegetative cover and soil erosion are some major factors related to
inadequate vegetation and erosion. This issue includes several other factors such as heavy
rainfall, high winds and events which can cause damage and it leads to costly repairing of dams.
In spillways, lack of grass cover, obstructions and runoff can lead to soil erosion. Inadequate
vegetation and erosion can cause the unprotected slopes which can affect the structure of dam
(Sarkar, Jha and Patel, 2021). This issue can cause the leak in dams which can result in leakage
of water and damaging structure of dam. These issues can be addressed through by utilising dam
break modelling which help in analysing issues related to dam. This report help in adopting
appropriate design to face any type of hazard and focuses on structure of dam which can face any

type of hazard. Changes in dam should be made after careful analysis of issues and it should be
done by experienced contractors. Contractor should implement appropriate safety principles
during construction and contractor have to make sure that it should be effective and efficient
during any type of hazard. These are some issues which are mentioned above and it should need
a proper planning for ensuring safety standards of dam (Schaufelberger and Holm, 2017).
Discuss the importance of developing on-site and off-site emergency preparedness and response
plan in the case of emergency or a dam failure.
Emergency plan help in resolving the issues raised during failure of dam and emergency
which can damage structure of dam and its efficiency. There are two type of emergency plan
such as on-site and off-site emergency plan. On-site emergency plan is explained as the measures
which is taken prevent and control emergencies within dam sites and it focused on preventing the
damage to property outside the dam. Off-site emergency plan is explained measures to prevent
and control emergencies which can affect public and environment outside the premises of dam.
Emergency plan help in taking suitable action to resolve the issues related with safety of dams.
There are several objectives of emergency plan which is mentioned below:
 To analyse and assess emergencies or risk which includes risk related to environment.
 Emergency plan are implemented to avoid any kind of mis-happening and incident.
 To minimize damage to structure of dam and to avoid damage to property and
environment.
 Emergency plan are utilised to inform employees and it help in doing risk assessment.
 Emergency plan helps in planning effective rescue operations and to treat the casualties
during the time of incident.
 Emergency plan also help in smooth and effective working and operations.
 It help in ensuring safety standards inside the dam and help in bringing smoothness in
operations.
There are response and emergency plan which is prepared by the engineers to resolve any type of
issues (Schrapers, 2018). Detection and evaluation of conditions is important as it help in
formulating effective response plan to resolve issues effectively. There are several steps included
in response plan which is mentioned below:
Event Detection

All the unusual conditions and incidents should be considered in by each dam and its effects
should be determined in terms of damage (Sun, Ren and Anumba, 2019). There are several
points which can be considered under this part which is mentioned below:
 Detecting potential failures in structure of dam
 Understanding information about level of data
 Use of monitoring equipment such as water-level sensors and early warning system.
 It includes monitoring and instrumentation plans
 Procedures related to inspection Understanding and analysing recorded data
Emergency level determination
When an unusual condition or incident is detected, the dam operator and have to classify the
incident into emergency levels which are established and it is classified on the basis of its
severity or triggered events. Dam owner and the authorities have to understand established
emergency levels which can help in determining expected responses according to established
criteria. The response plan applies during the time of emergencies and the dam operator have to
make sure that response plan should be initiated according to situation. Dam emergency safety
level are divided into three parts which are Blue, Orange and Red (Sertyesilisik, 2017).
Blue emergency level is considered as threat which poses no threat to structural stability
of dam and does not affect the structure of the dam but it should be monitored carefully to make
sure that condition does not worsen. There are examples of conditions that would fall in category
of blue emergency level which is mentioned below:
 Meteorological conditions
 Detection of anomalies in dam structure, operation and observation system
 Problem in foundation]
Orange emergency level is considered as situation when it can cause the damage to
structure of dam and which can produce a flood which can damage to property and life of
human, animals. Examples of orange emergency level situation are mentioned below:
 Rise in reservoir level which are approaching top of non-overflow section of dam.
 Cracking of an embankment
Response plan help in reducing effects of failure and help in moderating failure.

Red emergency level is triggered when dam failure is going to occur or it is already in
progress. If the management made the decision about the failure that there is no possibility of
preventing failure then order for evacuating people in potential inundation areas (Vasista, 2017).
There are examples of situations which falls in red emergency level which are mentioned below:
 Dam failure Dam failure because of floods etc.
Notification and Communication
After the emergency level has been determined the notification are proposed according to
emergency response plan. When procedures of communication and notification is in progress
then dam operator and owners have to communicate effectively with disaster management
authorities. Dam owners and disaster management authorities have to understand that it is
difficult to declare public emergency. Notification and communication procedure should be
effective as it should explain situation at dam and dam operator should provide information that
will assist in making decision. In this part situation of dam should be cleared and issue at dam
should be addressed in this part of response plan. After initial notification, dam operator should
prepare periodic reports which help in understanding the issue at dam site.
Steps to be taken
After the stage of notification and communication operator have to take necessary steps to
minimize effects of failure and operator have to focus on saving the dam. In this step, there is
continuous process of action which includes assessment of risk, analysing status of situation etc.
and other people are informed through notification and communication which is established
during initial stage. Dam operator should take specific actions which can help in minimizing
effects of incident. Safety and security measures should be taken at time of incident to minimize
its effects (Vladimirova, Zemskov and Tsygankova, 2018).
Termination and Follow-up
This stage is explained as process to follow and to determine that incident at should be resolved.
Dam Emergency termination log is developed to document conditions and decisions made by
dam operator and disaster management authorities. Dam operator is responsible for notifying
authorities about condition of dam. Dam operator have to discuss and evaluate action which
includes:
 Events or conditions which leads during the incident

 Actions which are taken to improve for future emergencies
 Overcoming deficits in process, equipment etc.
Elements of emergency action plan
There are several elements which are included in the emergency action plan and it is mentioned
below:
Title Page
Title page must include various information which is mentioned below:
 Official name of dam
 Project Identification Code
 Name of dam operator Date on which EAP is published and which organisation published it
Introduction
Introduction must included purpose of EAP and should consist information about dam and
focusing on areas which can affect structure of dam (Zhong, Qin and Li, 2018).
Purpose
There are several purposes which is included to carry out various activities such as:
 Identifying conditions threatening dam
 Formulate effective responses to prevent dam failure. Prevent and reduce loss of life and property damage due to failure in structure of dam.
Inundation Maps
Inundation Maps is explained map used to mark the areas which can face flood due to failure iof
dam. Inundation map also shows the time to flood the area and the time of peak flow. Details of
inundation mapping help in determining impact of dam failure flood on downstream and on the
people which are living in inundation areas (Zhong and et. al., 2018).
Emergency Detection, Evaluation and Classification
Action plan help in developing list and procedures to measure timely and reliable detection,
evaluation of existing or potential emergency. It includes assessment of dam according to its
vulnerability towards emergency conditions.

Impacts of failure of a dam on safety of the people living downstream, damages to properties and
infrastructure and the environment
Dam failure is explained as the uncontrolled release of water from reservoir due to deficit
in structure of dam and other deficits. Dam failure can lead to damage to property downstream
and it can result in harming human life. Dam failure can cause immense damage to property and
life. Ecosystem and habitat also faces damage due to water flooding. There are four major causes
behind dam failure which are mentioned below:
Overtopping
This failure occurs due to poor spillway design as it leads to reservoir which is filled too high
with water and causes of this type of failure is crest of dam and spillway blockage (Zuo and et.
al., 2018).
Foundation defects
This failure is caused due to ineffective foundation of dam and instability of slopes surrounding
the dam, uplifting pressures and seepage around foundation.
Piping and seepage failures
These failures occurs as a result of internal erosion caused by seepage and erosion along
hydraulic structures such as the spillways.
These type of failure causes distress in life of people which are living at downstream as overflow
of water causes damage to properties and it affect lives of human and animals. People living in
Inundation area face major problem as inundation map shows area which is majorly affected by
failure of dam. Failures also occurs due to ineffective operations related with dam and ineffective
structure leads to damage of life and property. Dam failure affects lives of people and property as
people have to move from one place to another when failure of dam occurs. Dam failure also
have negative impact on the life of creatures which lives in river or sea (Hewavitharana,
Nanayakkara and Perera, 2019).

CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been concluded that dams are often consider as the
environmental friendly source. They are consider as the renewable source of energy but still
there are various factors which has impact on the people and environment. Dams has impact on
the environment that is it act as the barrier to fish effecting habitat. Dams and river create a
reservoir upstream from dam which is leading to floods and destruction of surrounding habitat.
Due to excessive flow there are high chances of floods which lead to loss of trees and loss of life.
Furthermore dams are build with the motive to control the flood hazards, to store water for
irrigation as with the increase in population and more wastage of water, the lack of water
availability has become major problem. Moreover one of the most significant effect of dams on
environment has lead to displacement of human populations. Dams and rivers are consider as the
source of power as it has positive effect in offsetting environmental costs. The government is
taking measures to protect the dams and rivers by formulating rules and regulations. On the other
hand the activities are performed with the motive to make people aware about the need for dams
and rivers so that they also take effective measures to protect them.

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