Construction Techniques and BIM Applications

The provided assignment is a collection of research papers on building information modeling (BIM) and construction techniques. The documents cover various topics such as the social and cultural construction of risk, BIM database construction based on IFC standard, automatic safety checking of construction models and schedules, and applications in metro construction. Additionally, it includes case studies on bridge construction techniques, low-carbon construction processes, and Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters by the Mannich Reaction of Silyl Ketene Imine with Isatin-Derived Ketimines.

Construction
Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
Differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings.......................................4
Ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects...........................................5
Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction
project..........................................................................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site..........................................................................................................................7
Construction of various foundations and their suitability for use...............................................7
How site information impact on foundation design ...................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
Functional characteristics of elements of superstructure and the design selection criteria for
their use.......................................................................................................................................9
Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given....10
construction site........................................................................................................................10
Component parts of an element allow it to fulfil its function...................................................10
Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary elements
of the superstructure..................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
Techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing..........................11
Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures...................................................11
Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
building construction project.....................................................................................................12

TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................13
Supply arrangements for primary services................................................................................13
Distribution arrangements for primary services........................................................................14
Elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services.....................................14
Distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the building...................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17
Books and Journals...................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Construction is mainly considered as the part of civil engineering which is directly or
indirectly related to human being who seeks for comfortable and attractive buildings. Concept of
construction was initially started with purpose of only creating a protective shelter for the user.
But, this concept has now modified with involvement of technology in it. Involvement of
technology in construction contributes in developing strong and long lasting buildings (Chew,
2017). This project report is completely based on construction technology which used for
constructing a Hotel building complex. Location of this construction site situated near by
motorway that is connecting to Heathrow international airport. It has been decided by investor to
build up a 5 storey hotel building complex whose approximate distance from motorway is 1 km
away. This report is going to describe about different types buildings that is residential, industrial
and commercial along with their differences. Further it describes about different techniques that
are used in constructing structures of building including their overall their functions and
designing criteria. It also elaborates about different types of civil engineering infrastructure
technology that is used in support of buildings. At last, it discusses about supply and distribution
of a range of building services along with their application.
TASK 1
Differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings
Construction technology is a helpful concept which contributes in constructing building
by using various kind of materials such as concrete, stone, glass, metals, timber etc. It involves
various kind of projects that completely depends on the requirements of customers. It has
identified that there are various types of construction building which are constructed for different
purpose like commercial, residential and industrial. It can be said that every type of construction
building requires some different technology that can support in its creation (Zavadskas and et.

al., 2012). Some of the major differences of these types of construction technologies are
described below in tabular format for understanding its efficiency effectively.
Commercial building Industrial building Residential building
 Commercial building
refers to place which is
used for business
purpose like
restaurants, retail
stores, shopping
centres, entertainment
places or hubs etc.
 In this main concern of
of civil engineer is
availing best
infrastructure in order
to increase life of
overall project for this
uses latest technology
that can help in
enhancing
sustainability of
building for longer
duration of time.
 This type of building
are basically used for
the purpose of
manufacturing of
goods and services
 In this, main concern of
constructor is on
developing a safe
building with lots of
safety measures as
these building are used
for extensive levels.
 Residential building are
developed for the
purpose of individual
where stays with their
family members.
 This type of
construction building is
created by using simple
technology as it is not
used for long duration
of time.
Ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects
Constructing a safe and secure building is the responsibility of the contractor as their
constructed building will going to be adopted by many people. In relation to hotel it is the
responsibility of its site inspector to use different ways or strategies for enhancing sustainability
of their hotel building (Yuguang, 2012). Some of the effective ways which are best suitable for
hotel is described as below:

Material selection: In this, main concern of site inspector is to choose fine quality of
material as it is going to be used for constructing whole building of hotel. Here, site inspector is
required to firstly analyse overall need of raw material then it should be selected according to the
use of commercial buildings. This will help in improving sustainability of the constructed
building.
Develop energy efficient premises: Including excessive efficient energy equipment are
most important for buildings as it helps in increasing sustainability of premises. It can be said
that if site inspector is using high efficient energy material then it will be enhance capacity of
commercial building to allow its use excess level of energy. It also influences to commercial
dealer to use these building for their work as they are capable of handling high power uses. As a
result, it enhances sustainability of company.
Construction waste management: Management of waste material is very important at
construction site as it helps in using available resources in effective manner. It is the
responsibility of site manager to those products which can be recycled during constructing same
building only (Xianwei, Honggang and Xusheng, 2012). For example: Project leader of hotel
could use remaining concrete by crushing it and using in the lower parking area. This practice
will help in enhancing sustainability of building projects as their resources are used in effective
manner with negligible waste.
Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction project
Construction technology is consist of huge range of terminology that has influence over
construction project. In relation to the case scenario of constructing five storey building, it is
required by the project manager of this project to use appropriate terminology which helps in
constructing an appropriate building for commercial use. Some of the main terminology used by
project manager of constructing building are described as below:
Basement: It is room or number of rooms which is made under ground level. Site
inspector of Hotel construction project is planning to build an large basement in order to use that
area as a parking or warehouse after its completion.
Cranes: It is considered as the device which is used for the purpose of lifting heavy
building components during construction (Sepasgozar, Razkenari and Barati, 2015). It is very
useful tool for construction as it simplifies its work.

Plaster: It is a material of mortar which is used for ceiling and covering walls that is
prepared with mixture of water and sand. In relation to hotel construction, it is important for the
site inspector to choose fine quality of plaster in order to provide smooth base for hotel
construction.
TASK 2
Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site
Constructing a building requires huge work which requires deep study on the gathered
information as if collected information goes wrong then there are probable chances that building
will not sustain for longer duration. In relation to the case scenario, it is required by site inspector
to gather essential information about construction site in order build up perfect building for hotel.
For this, some of main factors which are considered by site inspector of this hotel are described
as below:
Local soil condition: In this, site inspector of hotel construction project gathers
information on soil as it will help in understanding quality of soil that it is comfortable for
inserting pipe or not (Guichun, Wujuan and Xingxin, 2012). It information also includes that it
belongs to which category that is clay, clayey silts, sandy silts and sandy clays. Along with this,
it also includes ability of the soil to support required loads or not. This gathered information will
be beneficial in analysing that whether it is suitable for hotel construction or not.
Building weight: Another information which is required to be collected by site inspector
is that to analyse capacity of foundation that whether it is able to bear weight of building or not.
As this pre studies material will help site inspector to formulate an effective foundation so that it
can bear heavy weight of building in future after completion of its construction.
Construction of various foundations and their suitability for use.
Foundation basically refers to lower portion of a building structure on which any an y
building stands firm. It helps in transferring loads from structure to soil safely and directly.
Generally, there are two types of foundations such as shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Shallow foundations: These foundations are generally found near finished ground
surface where founding depth is less than width of footing and also less than 3m. These

foundations are used when surface soils are strong and stiff to support loads imposed on them
(Johnson and Covello, 2012).
Shallow foundations are further classified as pad foundations, strip foundations and raft
foundations. They are also known as spread footings many a times.
(Source: Shallow Foundation, 2018)
Deep foundations: These foundations are found or situated too deep below finished
ground surface as their load bearing capacity is usually affected by surface conditions and
situated less than 3m below finished ground level. These can be used for transfer of load to
deeper and more competent strata at depth if unsuitable type of soils are present at the surface.
Different types of deep foundations include piles, piers caissons and compensated foundations.
These foundations usually are able to stand for a longer time period and suitable for construction
of hotel.
How site information impact on foundation design .
Foundation design and performance basically depends upon two factors namely, nature of
ground on which they are situated and load and site visit being second. But, when we start
studying in detail, site visit comes first for eg. When contractors visit sites and see cracks on
neighbouring houses it may be an indication of subsidence caused due to movement of ground.
Before doing any kind of excavation at site, it is very important to analyse and locate all services
Illustrat
ion 1: Shallow Foundation. 2018

that are required at site (Li and DENG, 2013). Many a times neighbours also help in providing
services that are required while construction. Also, it should be taken care that open trenches are
protected with danger sign boards and machinery is kept properly locked when it is not being
used.
Proper information and study of site is very important for efficient and timely
construction practices to take place. It allows to recognise suitability of site for construction of a
hotel so that new safe economic and cost effective ways can be generated as per requirements of
project and area they are being constructed in. They also help in reducing risk of natural and man
made casualties that can occur in future. It has been analysed that site information mainly impacts
on foundation design as site inspector have to analyse site location along with its type of soil.
This analysis helps in deciding an effective foundation so that it could be constructed with more
strengthen component as location of the site is located near near by Thames valley. This
enhances chances of excessive wet soil so it is important for site inspector to gather appropriate
information of site in order to build up an effective foundation design which owns capability of
dealing with type of soil type at location.
TASK 3
Functional characteristics of elements of superstructure and the design selection criteria for their
use
Superstructure refers to above extension of existing framework or structure that exist
above ground level. In simple words, it can be said superstructure is the actual area which is
constructed for using purpose. In relation to construction of hotel building, its superstructure area
will be located above ground level of building. It has been identified that there are certain
essential elements of superstructure which are described as below:
Walls: Main functional requirement for wall is to own strength which can be build up
by using high quality of raw material. It is required by site inspector to analyse that used raw
material that is cement or concrete is of good quality or not (.Zhang and et. al., 2013). This
checking of raw material will help building perfect strengthen wall.
Roofs: Main characteristic of roof is own ability to resist heat passage. In relation to the
hotel, this characteristic is more important in order to maintain room temperature in hotel area
after completion of construction.

Floors- ground and intermediate: Durability is the main characteristic which is
required to have in floor and ground of the building which is going to be constructed. It is
necessary for site inspector to adopt high quality of concrete as well as other raw materials which
contributes in enhancement of durability of floor of building that is going to be constructed.
Windows and doors: It is important for windows and doors to own characteristic of
sound resistance as it will avail privacy staff members and guest. Along with this, soundproof
doors and windows also helps in minimising impact of external sound which might disturb
visitor of building.
Staircases: A main characteristic of staircase in hotel is required to have capability of
ground moisture resistance. This helps in enhancing stability of the user and also protects them
while using staircase (Baoxing, 2015). It can be said that it is important for site inspector to use
high quality of raw material in order to make it moisture resistant.
As per above stated functional characteristics of elements of superstructure, it can be said
project operator of Hotel building and bridge will consider these characteristic for their selection
criteria in order to construct an strong building commercial for business purpose.
Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site.
Pre- design studies is considered as an essential part of construction site as it helps in
analysing overall situation of site. In relation to construction of Hotel building, it is important for
site inspector to gather information about site in order to understand availability of resources.
Here, it can be said collection of information will be based on checking that electricity is
available to site location or not for finishing up construction work with usage of electricity
effectively (.JIANG and LIU, 2012). Apart from this, pre studies also includes information on
availability of labour as for constructing five storey hotel building it is considered as basic need
which required to be fulfilled in appropriate manner. In addition to this, site inspector should also
gather information on transportation. It can be said that, construction work requires bulk of raw
material which can only be brought to site with transportation. So, it is important to check
availability of raw material.

Component parts of an element allow it to fulfil its function
It is required by every project manager to develop an effective structure according to the
requirement of client. Therefore, it is important for them to finalise their elements according to
those one which are used by in substructures. On the basis of this, it has been evaluated that main
components of floor requires durability, water resistant and some other which are described as
below:
Concrete: Concrete is the mixture of various raw material which are used in construction
work. It has been analysed that while building up strong floor for hotel, concrete is basic
component without which it can not be completed.
Floor sheet: It is considered as another but most important component which is used by
constructor (Costin, Pradhananga and Teizer, 2012). In relation to build up an water resistant
floor for Hotel, it is required by site inspector to use hig quality and durable floor sheet sheet.
Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary elements of
the superstructure
Most of civil engineers in present time uses different types of frame structures. Rigid, flexible
and braced are some of structural frames that are mainly being utilised by individuals. In this
context, a detailed discussion is being made underneath:
Rigid Frame Structure- Rigid means fixed that cannot be flexible at all. This is being
considered as one of the strongest from all. It's structure is majorly being made up of beams
along with the columns considering a single piece that could aid civil engineer in building hotel
much stronger.
Braced Frame Structure- This structure can help a building in emitting effects of
earthquake or wind forces (Zhou, Ding and Chen, 2013). Here, it is being found that the beam
along with column holds vertical load of a structure.

(Source: Braced Frame Structure. 2018)
In present hotel building project plan, rigid frame structure is being utilised by civil
engineer as it is strongest and can help hotel to hold itself strongly at the site because nearby
there is a heavy stream is flowing that may impact upon the structure if any other load structure
is used by the civil engineer to develop hotel.
TASK 4
Techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing
Remediation is the way which is used to correct something. In relation to construction
industry, remediating here means methodology which is used by civil engineers before starting
construction at site. In context to construction of Hotel building, it is required by its civil
engineer to adopt various remediation which help them in enhancing sustainability of the
company for long duration of time. As per evaluation, it has been analysed that mainly civil
engineer should concentrate on providing treatment soil at the time of developing substructure.
Most important remediating technique is described as below:
 Chemical Treatment: Site location of hotel comes in periphery area of Thames valley.
This enhances chances of soil problem like extra wet, flexible, clayey etc. So, it can be
said while constructing 5 five storey building in this reduces sustainability of building
due to ineffective soil. In order to remediate soil, it is suggested to civil engineer to use
Illustration 2: Braced Frame Structure. 2018

some main chemical treatments in order to strengthen soil that is Oxidation, chemical
Immobilization etc. By using these chemical treatments soil can be strengthen according
to the requirement of construction work.
Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures
Substructure in construction belongs to the place below ground level. Work of
substructure generally includes area of foundation and basement that is being constructed at the
site. As per the given case scenario of hotel building, site operator of this construction site
focuses on developing strong substructure which includes various kind of work. Some of them
are described as below: Groundwork: Groundwork in substructure mainly emphasis on workers and their
methods which are adopted by them to construct an effective substructure. It also
includes work of setting foundation according to requirement of construction plan in
order to make it strong and stable.
 Propping: In construction industry propping refers to structure which supports
construction by stabling their weight (LIU and JIANG, 2012). In relation to construction
of Hotel building, it works as a supporter to infrastructure which gives additional strength
to substructure during its construction.
Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
building construction project
Superstructure: It is basically considered as the upper part of the construction site that
means above ground level. This area of building includes upper floors, doors, roof, walls etc. In
relation to the construction of five storey hotel building its project manager is finalising these
basic elements of according to the requirement of their hotel.
Substructure: In relation to construction of Hotel building, raft foundation will be best
suitable type for substructure. This substructure type consist of concrete which is spread across
all over ground (What is Raft Foundation2018). It also includes some pillars at corners which
supports overall building weight. It can be said that, this is best form of substructure that helps in
constructing five storey hotel building as it will also give space for parking.

(Source: Raft foundation. 2018)
Civil Engineer Structure: This structure falls in the category of civil engineering in
which designing and constructing environment is built. It is also described as an art in which
dams, bridges, canals and buildings structures are designed according to the areas where they
have to be build.
TASK 5
Supply arrangements for primary services
In order to build a hotel, site inspector is required to arrange different types of primary
services which provide support to initiate construction programs in proper manner. It is
necessary to utilise effective raw material with better quality which facilitate to build an
appropriate hotel properly. However, it involves different primary services such as energy supply
including gas, electricity & renewable sources, fire safety, water, drainage, plumbing, escalators,
bricks, cement, labour and many more (Eastman, 2018). These resources are required primarily
which helps to start the work of constructing an appropriate hotel as per selected design.
Moreover, it is necessary for site inspector to manage supply of required resources in sufficient
amount of so that every activity of overall construction can be done in proper manner.
In addition to this, supply of primary services include understanding of actual
requirements of constructing hotel, logistics, people, activities and raw material. It is necessary
to build and appropriate plan of action which facilitate to allocate primary services to workers in
appropriate way. However, it also involves supply order to government agencies and
departments for purchasing needed goods for specific requirements as well as improving quality
Illustration 3: Raft foundation. 2018

of construction methods. Moreover, deal with suppliers should be confirmed by site inspector for
avoiding delayed supply of required raw material of other primary sources.
Distribution arrangements for primary services
The distribution arrangements can be described as to allocate different tasks and
resources to workers as per their field of expertise to gain better outcomes appropriately. It is
necessary to apply more effective as well as efficient strategies or techniques to conduct proper
distribution of primary services at constructionsite. However, it requires construction planning
including two factors like cost oriented with direct & indirect cost and schedule oriented with
time as well as resources. The site inspector should conduct better utilisation of labour, raw
material and equipment to conduct various activities of constructing hotel in proper way.
Moreover, it is necessary to use several effective strategies for correct distribution of
arrangements of primary services in order to build an attractive hotel.
In addition to this, site inspector can use several strategies such as identify scope, track
time, think holistically, be realistic, get accurate information about available resources and know
efficiencies of workers (Zhao and et. al., 2015). Meanwhile, overall these polices are helpful to
distribute different tasks with resources to labour which facilitate to build an attractive hotel
which can effectively attract visitors successfully. Moreover, it involves to make an appropriate
planning for distributing primary services to initiate construction which helps to continue overall
project in appropriate manner because of strong as well as accurate generation of base in order to
build a hotel.
Elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services
The superstructure involves various kinds of elements such as walls, roofs, floors,
windows & doors, staircase and finishes. There are different types of primary services including
escalators, fire safety, energy supply and building control systems which easily used due to
favourable super structure of hotel like walls, window, doors, floors etc. However, in context of
facilitating primary services, it involves to get fire safety in proper manner through exit doors or
windows in appropriate way (Sih, Carpinteri and Surace, 2013). Workers are capable to saved
themselves through suitable elements of hotel including walls and floors. In addition to this,
there are different types of other activities which can conducted easily due to favourable
superstructure elements. For example, if fire emergency will created then workers can easily exit
from doors or windows in respect to save themselves while working at site.

At the other hand, availability of escalators or lifts provide support to conduct labour
work of supplying raw material to required place so that it can used in proper manner while
constructing hotel. It involves other components which are also helpful for workers and facilitate
to complete different construction activities properly. At the other hand, workers can easily move
large equipments from one place another in order to conduct specific finishing activity at various
places of site.
Distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the building
The distribution of primary services are helpful in overall design of building because
sufficient amount of resources facilitate to establish more effective as well as efficient designing
of plan. It involves the criteria of organising appropriate plan of action which provide support to
follow proper sequence of actions in order to gain better outcomes. However, it includes the
criteria of conduct distribution of primary services to people as per organised design which are
helpful to make hotel in appropriate way (Zhou, Ding and Chen, 2013). Site inspector is required
to design correctly according to amount of available resources because sufficient primary
services facilitate to complete project of construction properly. It is analysed that lack of
resources will results into threats in designing which impacts negatively on construction of hotel.
At the other hand, sufficient primary services are helpful to initiate building hotel in
proper manner which facilitate to gain strong as well as effective base of the same. It includes the
better designing of plan which helps to perform different activities to build an appropriate hotel
as it is required for attracting more number of visitors successfully in future. Furthermore, better
design also support to distribute available resources as well as desired tasks to people in terms of
constructing visionary hotel with required features, infrastructure and facilities.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is concluded that Construction of hotel required proper
planning, sufficient amount of resources and application of accurate methods. It involves
various kinds of elements of superstructure such as walls, roofs, floors, windows & doors,
staircase and finishes which are used to facilitate primary services. However, better design is
helpful to allocate various kinds of resources and activities to workers as per their field of
expertise in terms of achieving desired outcomes. It will provide support to build more attractive
hotel in correct way which facilitate to attract more visitors in future.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Yuguang, Z., 2012. Informatization Framework and Model Research on Project Management
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BIM in Construction Field [J]. Construction Technology. 22. p.027.
Sepasgozar, S. M., Razkenari, M. A. and Barati, K., 2015. The importance of new technology for
delay mitigation in construction projects. American Journal of Civil Engineering and
Architecture. 3(1). pp.15-20
Guichun, Z., Wujuan, H. and Xingxin, L., 2012. Discussion on Reasonable Distance of Small
Interval Tunnel Based on Intensity Discount Method [J]. Construction Technology, 1, p.027.
Johnson, B. B. and Covello, V.T. eds., 2012. The social and cultural construction of risk: Essays
on risk selection and perception (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media.
Li, L. and DENG, X., 2013. Construction and application of the BIM database based on IFC
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Costin, A., Pradhananga, N. and Teizer, J., 2012. Leveraging passive RFID technology for
construction resource field mobility and status monitoring in a high-rise renovation
project. Automation in Construction. 24. pp.1-15.
Zhou, Y., Ding, L.Y. and Chen, L. J., 2013. Application of 4D visualization technology for
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LIU, S. Q. and JIANG, B. J., 2012. Construction Techniques for Closure of Midspan Steel
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Wong, J. K. and et. al., 2013. Toward low-carbon construction processes: the visualisation of
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Eastman, C. M., 2018. Building product models: computer environments, supporting design and
construction. CRC press.
Zhao, J. and et. al., 2015. Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters
by the Mannich Reaction of Silyl Ketene Imines with Isatin‐Derived
Ketimines. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54(1). pp.241-244.
Sih, G. C., Carpinteri, A. and Surace, G. eds., 2013. Advanced Technology for Design and
Fabrication of Composite Materials and Structures: Applications to the Automotive,
Marine, Aerospace and Construction Industry (Vol. 14). Springer Science & Business
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Online
What is Raft Foundation. 2018. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.iamcivilengineer.com/what-is-raft-foundation/>

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