Construction Technology Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of a hotel complex project, covering various aspects of construction technology, including building types, sustainability, pre-design studies, foundation design, superstructure elements, primary services, and their impact on the overall building design.

Construction Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................4
1) Describe the differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings..............4
2) Discuss the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects....................5
3) Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction
project..........................................................................................................................................6
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................6
4) Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for given site
.....................................................................................................................................................6
5) Construction of different types of foundations and its suitability for use with different types
.....................................................................................................................................................7
of structures................................................................................................................................7
6) How site information impact on foundation design................................................................8
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................8
7) Description of the functional characteristics of each of the above elements and the design..8
selection criteria.........................................................................................................................8
8) Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given. .9
10) Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary
elements of the superstructure...................................................................................................10
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................11
11) Describe the techniques used for re mediating the site prior to construction commencing
...................................................................................................................................................11
12) Discuss the types of substructure works required for the infrastructures...........................11
13) Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
building construction project.....................................................................................................12
TASK 5 .........................................................................................................................................12
14) Describe the supply arrangements for primary services.....................................................12
15) Explain the distribution arrangements for primary services...............................................13
16) Demonstrate the elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services....13

17) Appraise how the distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the
building.....................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Constructional technology is considered as an important and crucial aspects to understand
and implementation of technical terminology. Construction work has become more advance and
unique over the different period of time. It has now start including technology as their main and
focal support and purpose. Addition of more and more techniques has led it to their main and
defined purpose to deliver best quality of the customer outcomes and results. This report will be
carried on the scenario in which the hotel complex projects needs to be constructed near to the
Heathrow international airport. There is a motorway in between construction site and
international airport. This whole project is completely based on discussion regarding the
residential, commercial and industrial buildings. It will put light on the sustainability in context
with building projects and terminology for the construction technology and projects. This report
will cover the various aspects of substructure and super-structure and their related pre-design
study and information required to be collected. The brief hotel plan says that a five storey hotel
will be made from the motorway near to the Heathrow airport crossing the river to reach to the
hotel construction site. This is the heavy and complicated projects to be conducted.
In this current time, conceptual design is required for possibilities to enhance
achievements of the construction-based goals and effectiveness and productivity. This report will
consider the making of the hotel which is one kilometre away from the Heathrow international
airport. In order to accomplish such targets and goals, it is necessary to determine and analysis
the file in accordance with proper structure and formulation of the construction products.
TASK 1
1) Describe the differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings
Now a days, there are many examples of differences between the residential, commercial
and industrial buildings which is mentioned as below:
Residential Commercial Industrial
This is the type of building
which is developed and
constructed with the purpose
to provide the residential
This is the type of structure in
which commercial properties
are there to work upon for the
profit generation, welfare and
Industrial building is
considered as such structure
which provides the
manufacturing, production and

services and facility to the
family, peers and other related
people. It has been mainly
initiated with the purpose to
provide living support to
number of people at the
particular point of time. Apart
from the residential house,
these kinds of buildings are
meant for providing shelter
and accommodation facility to
the people by charging
favourable amount of money.
other related services. Such
kind of the structure involves
shops, showroom, offices and
other business units. These
structures are meant for doing
maximum business. Apart
from this purpose, such
structure also contains various
offices, gyms, health related
firm and outlets etc.
Commercial buildings are
mainly aiming at providing the
business for the various firm
operating in the infrastructure
and building.
supply related function etc. In
this kind of building, mainly
production and manufacturing
activities are taken into the
consideration and matter.
Such structure operates on the
24*7 basis. If they shutdown, it
would affect the business and
opportunities to earn maximum
profitability.
Such comparison is very beneficial for understanding the actual concept of residential,
commercial and industrial scenario. Such infrastructure are meant for enhancing the growth
opportunities and profitability for the business.
2) Discuss the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects
In building projects, sustainability plays an important role in construction industry and it
has also provided the employment opportunities, growth development and income generation.
Sustainability will come from the positive response of an industry with almost enhanced growth
and profit generation. There are also the negative impact of consequences, if the sustainability
will loose and results in the downsize of the markets. It was found that, if sustainability will be
promoted effectively, this will provide the advantage in enhance the industry growth and
benefits. There are various ways to promote it:
Starting with the energy premises: It has been analysed that new energy resources will
provide at-most benefits to the construction industry at much greater extent. For effective
sustainability, an organisation needs to obtain EPC certification for an effective approval to use
energy for enhancing the productivity and profitability.

Avoiding construction waste: For effective sustainability, it is necessary to avoid and
save constriction waste in order to save maximum cost and enhance an effectively and
efficiency. Cost also can be saved by using quality material and inputs in the production process.
3) Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction
project.
In present scenario, where the hotel is one kilometre away from the Heathrow
international airport, a bridge is also needed to be constructed because hotel will be constructed
on the other side of the airport where a large stream is flowing. The stream will be going parallel
to the motorways. There are various number of materials, tools, equipment’s and technologies
are going to be enhanced for constructing the five-storey based hotel infrastructure. Some of the
equipment’s are as below:
Admixture: This is considered as the chemical which is going to be add in the concrete
while developing the hotel walls and bridge together son that setting process of the bridge could
be easily accelerated.
Aggregate: This is the mixture consists of both sands along with stones which will be
used in creating the substructure and superstructure of the hotel. This could be proper
consideration as this mixture will be needed to develop proper infrastructure.
Construction based software: Every signal infrastructure which is very big requires
proper blueprint or a plan. Here, Civil engineer can use different software such as AutoCAD,
CATIA etc. A proper blueprint is required to be made for building hotel.
TASK 2
4) Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for given site
The pre-design of the substructure required various past and present studies to be
discussed and understand. Such pre-design includes proper site analysis, final cost analysis and
valuation of engineering efforts. For better and effective knowledge of the pre-design phase,
there are various studies which has been carried out and completed with the purpose to enable
better understanding of whole process are as follows:
Geotechnical study: This report or study has been carried out which provides an
information regarding the existing condition of the soil and other geologic condition on and

below the project site. This study has talked about various geotechnical hazards such as fault
zones, earthquake and landslides and mud hazards.
Hydrology study: This study has been performed by environmental consultants and
experts. It conducted with the purpose to review location, maps and records regarding the
suitability of the site. The main purpose of this study is to know water surface and its drainage
pattern, site near to flood occurrence zones and deepness of the ground water and chances of the
soil erosion etc.
Land survey: These studies has been taken to understand and analysing the site features
such as range of land allotted, construction boundaries and government legal boundaries within
the site. For cutting any environmental property, there is a requirement of the local or regional
municipal council. This study has also explained the site configuration and area. Such study is
suitable in context with braced frame structure, in which the support system is used to set up
from ground level to top of the building. Land survey is also required for getting appropriate
information regarding the sufficient space for the car parking.
There are various different information which is required to be available for site
inspection purpose and regarding the selection of the foundation type. It is necessary to do risks
assessment and analysis before arranging and analysing an information required. For proper
formulation of pre-design, given information need to be taken into the consideration such as info
regarding the projects, planning and management, various important aspects such as health and
safety of the labour, any public violation etc.
Also, the pre-design information about the pre-design should be convenient and clear and
such information must be included in the project progression for effective results out of the
construction without any legal issues. In this construction project, a five storey building will be
made with car parking along with bridge which will cross the streamline
5) Construction of different types of foundations and its suitability for use with different types
of structures.
For the purpose of building any property construction, there is a requirement of the
proper and effective base which can handle burden and weight of the building till the tenure of
the structure. That base is known as the foundation which can be in any form whether pillar, flat
structure in the basement of the building or any grounded support. For clear understanding of this
scenario, there are different types of foundation and their suitability:

Shallow foundation: It is also known as spread footing or open footing. In this
foundation, entire structure can be visible for an eye. The major idea is that footing takes the
concentrated loads of various column and spread it across the larger area in order to reduce the
excess weight on the soil. This type of foundation can easily handle and bear the weight load of
maximum 10 tons because of its long and strong base in the ground. This type of foundation is
most suitable with rigid frame structure in which whole construction starts from above level of
the soil. This foundation is suitable and relevant for such structure.
Raft or Mat foundation: It is structured when there is a requirement of basement or any
section below the ground. In the raft, entire foundation is lies on the entire basement of the
building. It is called a raft because it acts as like a vessel or 'any' floats in the layer of soil. Mat
foundation is used when soil is week or not strong for the longer period of time. This foundation
can be surviving for long period of time, say minimum 50 years, as basement provides the
support to the whole structure.
Sources: Raft or mat foundations, 2018
It is suggestible that organisation who is building this hotel complex, they should use raft
or Mat foundation for longevity of the building. The reason behind selecting the raft foundation
for getting the adequate space for the car parking for the this entire 5 storey hotel. Also, the car
parking will cover the area of basement which comes under the sub-structure.
Illustration 1: Raft or mat foundations

6) How site information impact on foundation design
For constructing this hotel complex, it is required that site information should be proper
and effective in order to prevent foundation design from any damage. If soil of the ground is
weak, there re chances that structure of the foundation wouldn't last for longer period of time. In
London, most of the land zone built on sea level. There are chances that sea level would be
higher and foundation design would get damaged due to rise of water over the soil. As it is
mentioned that hotel will be built near to the Heathrow airport, in the observation, it was found
that when aircraft run or land it creates pressure in the land. Hence, as a result, Raft or Mat
foundation would be used in order to provide effective and proper structure to the foundation.
From site information perspective, builder and company must provide information in
nearby area regarding not using any kind of hard land digging machine or road roller which
creates hard pressure in the land. Such consequences can create breaking down of the foundation
before they get ready for building superstructure on it.
If there is any hard traffic, it is required to put protection for the foundation structure in
order to avoid any misshapenness in the whole construction process.
TASK 3
7) Description of the functional characteristics of each of the above elements and the design
selection criteria
Walls: It should be well-built, structured and set in such a way that it divides the space
into equal room and portion. Walls must be well set with lower part of the terrace. It must be
well-roofed and shaped. For proper construction of the walls, selection criteria would be on the
basis of what is most liked by the people and customers who will come to the hotel. In this five
storey hotel complex, wall with equal length and height will be constructed along with well-
painted and designs.
Roofs: It should be in proper shape and design. Also, in the straight length and covered
with design and arts, so that it would look attractive and beautiful, when lights will fit in the
roofs. The major characteristics of the roofs is to save rain water and heat comes in the structure.
The selection criteria for roof is that it should be made up of strong concrete, stones and cements.
Roofs will be covered on an every floor of this five storey building along with proper shape and
size.

Floors: Floors should be well-adjust, not like zigzag and also slippery. For creating good
impression, it should be shaped and covered with tiles and stone marbles for the premium and
attractive looks. Also, it must be polished and in effective colour. On this five storey hotel, every
storey will have well-shaped and structured floor with tiles attached and polished.
Windows and doors: Windows are not needing to be larger that inside of the room is
visible and clearly seen. In context with hotel, window and doors are required to be in proper and
effective size, so that it would match with whole structure of the room. On every floor of this
hotel, wooden made windows and doors will be their with equal size and shape. Also, glass made
frame will be their on the window.
Sources: Windows and Doors, 2018
Staircases: Length and breadth of the stairs should be equally sized and shaped. There
should not be any difference between other staircase, else it would result in any damage, injury
to the manpower or people. The selection criteria would depend on height and wide size of the
staircase. It should not be slippery and also very safe. On every floor of this five storey hotel, 20
stairs will be their on each and every floor.
Illustration 2: Windows and Doors

Sources: STYLISH STAIRCASE, 2018
Finishes: Must be done by using finishing equipment’s and tools. Now a days, finishing
has been done by using electronic machine which fits the design in their straight motion and
shape. It involves colouring, white washing etc. In this, selection criteria will be based on what
type of material use such as white cement, plaster of Paris, hard back cement etc. It also depends
on the length and breadth of the wall.
For the purpose to select appropriate design selection, there are some typical criteria for
design selection: price, relevant experience, understanding of requirement, availability of the
resources and proposed methodology for the selection criteria. It will tell how this criterion
would be important for the customer. In context with Hotel, design selection criteria should be
well-managed and structured. All these given factors are enough to select the design criteria.
8) Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site
For carrying the effective superstructure, civil engineer are to be focus on efficient pre-
design studies which is related to the construction work along with planning for superstructure.
Here, there are several points which is related to pre-design which is as follows:
 For super-structure, there is a need of various information and also pre-planned structure
for designing of walls, floors, roofs, staircase etc. and accordingly they will be the
discussion over required of the equipment’s and material for the construction.
Illustration 3: STYLISH STAIRCASE

 Inner infrastructure survey and report: This study talks about the inside structure and
requirement inside the hotel building and infrastructure such as ventilation and natural air
passing and other aspects.
Pre-design can aid civil engineer in developing proper construction along with effective structure
to report the status and position of construction to the clients or their key person.
10) Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary
elements of the superstructure
In context with hotel, there are different type of the structural frame namely rigid frame
structure and Braced frame structured. For the better understanding of structural frame, a detailed
discussion is required for setting up effective superstructure. For effective implementation and
formulation of the frame, there is a requirement of comparison between rigid frame and braced
frame.
Rigid frame structure: It is classified into two parts: fixed and pin ended. Rigid implies
the ability to stand the deformation. It is a kind of structure which has columns & beans and
made and implemented for facing heavy and rigid situations and loads. In this scenario, it would
be beneficial if this structure would be followed and acknowledged. These kinds of structure can
easily bear the moments of shear and torsion efficiently as compared to other types of frame
structure. Such kind of frame system has been used in Burj Khalifa.
Braced frame structure: With this system of frame, bracing are commonly provided in
between columns & beams to surge their resistance besides the side away forces and lateral
forces, as a reason of the applied loads. Bracing is generally done by positioning diagonal
members of the columns & beams.
For the construction of hotel, it is required that rigid frame structure should be followed
and developed in order to make effective structure of the building in order to provide results
from the opportunities. Rigid frame structure would be much beneficial and appropriate for
constructing the building and its structure.

TASK 4
11) Describe the techniques used for re mediating the site prior to construction commencing
In construction sector, remediation can be defined as type of action which is mainly taken
by the engineer to keep a stronger base for change to start constructing the infrastructure at the
site. This would help building from curing itself from any biodegradable process and so on. For
building up the hotel, it is necessary for the site inspector and civil engineer to focus on the soil
treatment. For remedial action, there are two treatments are currently present an these are as
follow:
Biological treatments; Biodegradation mainly refers to the breakdown of compounds by
living organism that results in formation of carbon dioxide and water or methane. In order to
realize, hotel should also start the fast stream services. For this, civil engineer can use
bioremediation technique. This technique removes hydro-carbonated elements from soil.
Chemical treatments: Chemical conversion, usage of more natural resources and
oxidation are some basic treatments which would use for developing right treatment. This can
easily be treating the soil in most positive and appropriate ways.
12) Discuss the types of substructure works required for the infrastructures
Substructure works are those work which is related to basements, underground activities
etc. For construction of the hotel, it requires various activities underpinning, propping,
groundwork etc. For establishing proper and affective substructure, the brief discussion is
required to know the types of substructure for making and development of an infrastructures are
as follow:
Underpinning: It involve the installation of underpins which can be ranging from 1
meter to 7 meters on the sites of the construction. For this type of substructure work, highly and
well-equipped services is required and necessary for continuous working. Such can be possible
with the help of machinery and lifting equipment’s.
Propping: It is regarded as temporary support to retaining the existing structure or
adjacent properties which is in under development. Most of the large projects requires such
methods of propping technique to provide the balance and support to the set-up infrastructure.
Groundwork: In groundwork, there are different activities and task to be performed such
as fitting ground slab and foundation removal, bulk excavation, sequenced excavations to pile

trimming, pile probing, shafts and headings. In the hotel, it is required to have extensive use of
fleets and machinery to provide an effective service on the sites of constructions. Ground work
requires effective manpower with intensive and extensive quality of skills and techniques.
13) Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
building construction project
Superstructure: Components of the superstructure are floor, roof, staircase, finishes and
windows and doors etc. All these components of superstructure are coming under the category of
inside of the construction building. It is necessary to provide superstructure because it provides
actual shape of the construction from the inside of the building. It is mandatory to provide
development and modification of inside of the given building construction projects.
Sub-structure: in context with constructing hotel, spreading footing would be best
suitable type of substructure for the hotel construction projects. Civil engineer can use this
substructure in deciding the area required for such construction of the building and infrastructure.
Civil-structure: It involves the construction of infrastructure other than building. It also
includes making bridges, climbings, shaft, roads and other pathway for passing from one
distance to another. In this five storey hotel, bridge will be made from 10m wide space which
will cross the river from the motorway and reach near to the Heathrow airport.
TASK 5
14) Describe the supply arrangements for primary services
Supply Arrangements
Supply arrangement is a method of supply used to obtain goods and services. Primary
services are those which are the system which are installed in a construction project for comfort,
efficient and safety purpose. It includes energy distribution, installation of fire safety
equipment’s, lighting, water, security, plumbing, ventilation, communication technology and
many more. These things are used in building construction.
Building services are those which make a building come to life. It includes electricity, air
conditioning, plumbing, escalators and lifts, heating, drainage, artificial lighting etc. everything

inside the building which make it comfortable and safe are comes under building services. When
there is a proper arrangement installed in building then people can live and work.
Electrical system in building built them better and make productive environment.
Building should design with great features and provide humidity, better lighting, comfortable
space, air quality, communication capability and the most important protection of life and
property.
Supply arrangement is used to buy products and services on regular basis. Basic terms
and conditions are followed by buyers and suppliers and exchange goods and money. It helps to
save time and money. Primary services includes mechanical services, electrical services,
plumbing system, data base system etc. Here, mechanical services includes fire lighting,
elevators, gas supply system and air system. Electrical services includes diesel generators, power
supply, emergency power etc. Plumbing system involves drainage of wastage, harvesting, water
supply, storm water etc. Data based system includes fire alarm, cable TV, security system, voice
and data network etc. Supply arrangement of these primary services are used for construction of
building.
15) Explain the distribution arrangements for primary services
For constricting the hotel, it is required and necessary that all kind of raw materials
should reach at the place of construction on time and at the right place. In response to this, all
raw material regarding the making of primary services should be well managed and stores in
order to protect it from any kind of the theft and damage. For staring electrical primary services,
it is mandatory to enable the electrical connection and power supply. Proper wires and other
technical equipment’s are required for in this context. For proper and effective distribution
arrangements, it is required to know and be informed that from which sources and contractors,
the various equipment’s and materials should be transported and distributed effectively and
efficiently. Primary services should be arranging and set as per the decided module.
16) Demonstrate the elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services
With the purpose to facilitate various primary services in this scenario, floors and walls
are two major elements of super-structure that is used and would facilitate primary services in
much more effective and efficient manner. Various primary services such as lifts, energy up-
dation, fire and safety are some major elements of primary services in context with construction

of the projects. All these services can also be part of hotel construction projects. From the
information of Civil engineer, hotel will be completed by 1.5 years along with bridge for stream.
Before installing such primary services, it is required to take care of various damages and any
misshapenness.
17) Appraise how the distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the
building
Distribution of primary services make impact on overall design of building it can be
understood by following points: -
Heating, air conditioning and Ventilation- Distribution of these equipment’s make
positive impact on design of building because it helps to maintain internal humidity, air quality
and temperatures. It also connected with wider district of cooling and heating network.
Communication and information technology- These primary services and equipment’s
are used to make proper communication and manipulation and transmission of data. Distribution
of these services make positive impact on design of building construction.
Lighting and lighting protection- These are the equipment’s which produce light.
Distribution of lighting is very essential for construction of building. Building should be
constructed with a design by which natural light can also enter in it. Lighting protection
equipment’s are those primary services which provide the protection from damage. It include air
terminals, cables etc.
Security and Alarm system- Distribution of security and alarm system is important for
building to providing protection from any hazardous situation, visitors, theft etc. it includes
different equipment’s such as CCTV, fire detection system, access control etc. these equipment
helps to provide protection and make positive impact on construction design of building.
Water, plumbing and drainage- Distribution of water is necessary in constructions of
building. There should be distribution of proper drainage system for removal of surface water.
Plumbing includes the equipment’s which includes pipes, fixtures, valves etc. it is used for
removal of wastage, water recovery, cooling and heating etc. these are helps to make a positive
impact on design of building construction.

CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is concluded that technology in the construction is crucial and
important element now a days. Concept of industrial, residential and commercial has put
emphasis on the earning knowledge about these theories. Sustainability has played an important
role in building construction projects. Various pre-design and gathering information have
resulted in the collection of the relevant knowledge and information. Construction of any
building projects are crucial and important task as it deals with various legal proceedings and
regulation etc. While construction, it is required to understanding the problem and issues
regarding substructure, superstructure and civil engineering. Construction has put main
emphasized on the growing aspects of the infrastructure scenario.

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