Construction Technology Report

This report examines the construction technology involved in designing and developing a five-storey hotel complex. It covers various aspects, including different types of construction, pre-design studies, foundation construction, structural frames, remedial techniques, primary services, and the impact of site information on foundation design. The report also explores sustainable building practices and the importance of integrating design elements for a successful project.

Construction
Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 1
TASK 1....................................................................................................................................... 1
Various different types of construction including Residential, commercial and industrial
building.................................................................................................................................... 1
Describe the ways in which construction business can be sustained for longer time.................2
Terminology used in building construction project..................................................................3
TASK 2....................................................................................................................................... 4
Pre-design studies and collection of information before initialising any construction project...4
Construction of different foundation and their sustainability with use of different structure.....5
Information impacts on foundation design...............................................................................5
TASK 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Functional characteristics and design selection criteria which are proposed by the contractor. .6
Types of information collected from pre-design information collected from from a given
construction.............................................................................................................................. 8
Component part of an element which is used to fulfil its function............................................8
Compare different structural frames used to carry primary and secondary elements.................9
TASK 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Techniques used in remedial site to construction commencing...............................................10
Types of subculture................................................................................................................ 10
Identify subculture ................................................................................................................ 10
TASK 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Supply arrangement of primary service..................................................................................11
Distribution arrangement of primary service..........................................................................11
elements used in primary services.......................................................................................... 12
Impacts of the site information on designing the foundation..................................................12
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 14

INTRODUCTION
Construction can be termed as the process of Building or establishing something such as
Buildings, bridges dams etc. These buildings may be differentiated into various types including
Residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Residential construction can be defined as
development of the building which covers more then the half of the area for the purpose of
Dwelling. In general words it provides sleeping accommodations with cooking, dinning and
bathing facilities. This study has clearly described the establishment of the commercial building
which can be determined as the structure that is mainly designed for the commercial practices
such as offices, warehouses and retail building.
The research will help in identifying the construction of industrial building that are
mainly built with the main intention of regulating the industrial works such as manufacturing,
altering, repairing, cleaning, washing and adopting the operational process which is involved in
production of the goods and services. The study will also help in understanding various ways
that help in sustainable development of the buildings which starts with the perfect designing of
the clear concepts of engineer. It will also create a complete understanding about the use of
different terminology that are mainly used to provide the structure of the building to clients. This
design may helps in estimating the material requirements of construction and 3D print of the
estimated design which depicts the physical view of the industry.
TASK 1
Various different types of construction including Residential, commercial and industrial building
The building industry plays the vital role as it contributes towards the economical
development of the society. Construction sites are found to be one of the major utilisers that uses
energy, material resources and water that mainly contributes towards the polluted environment.
But in spite of this such construction industries are also contributes in growing consensus which
are aimed at targetted environmental performance (Daniel, Louis, Peter, 2015). Construction of
the buildings may be classified on the basis of their different purposes. So such constructions
may be defined into different types of construction which can be categorised as below:·Residential buildings: These building are mainly aimed at development of the buildings that
serve the purpose of living. Such developments are generally designed considered as a basic
concept of developing the apartments which includes the living facilities for people that consists
of dinning, cooking and bathing facilities. Such designs are mainly started with the advice of
1

architect who contributes towards the development of framework or structure that aims at
development of the sketch model evaluating various factors such as size place location, number
of rooms to be developed according to the clients etc. engineers then develops the floor plans
and estimates the material list which is required to carry out the process.·Commercial constructions: These industries are constructed to perform the commercial
practices such as office buildings and this construction are usually aimed at serving the
customers which need to be made very attractive in order to attract large number of customers.
So this Hotel building complex will be considered as a commercial building in which client
needs to build a five storey framed hotel building in order to accommodate the living facilities
for 200 guests (Daniel, Samantha, 2016). So development of the commercial building helps
mainly helps in earning more money after developing such complexed building.
·Industrial sites: This types of construction involves the manufacturing of goods and all the
production related procedures. Such construction mainly deals with big items, structure, lot of
resources, power, loads etc. basically industrial buildings are prepared with the main purpose of
carrying out the manufacturing or production process that contains large space to install the
machineries and tools in order to install produce commodities or goods.
In this report, Engineer is asked to design a conceptual building of establishing a Hotel
complex near the motorways. The main concept of establishing a hotel complex is that the site
need to be developed at the either side of the Airport named Heathrow which is situated in UK.
In middle of this site there is a long flowing river which is about 10 meter broad that lies at the
middle of the landscape between the complex site of the hotel.
Describe the ways in which construction business can be sustained for longer time.
There are various ways to build more sustainable construction sites, some of them are described
below:
a)Start with energy efficient premises because much pollution is emitted from the
construction sites that effects the energy management of developing a five storey hotel. this can
be possible by accommodating the EPC (Energy performance certificate) which supports the
reduction of energy usage (Pyung , Kenneth, 2018).
b)Take care of construction waste as many countries are effected by such wastes produced
from construction industries. Adoption of effective waste management policy will help in
maximising the sustainability and leads to the reduction of the wastes.
2

c)Consider moving construction off-site due to the reduction of the emission caused by the
traditional methods of constructing a building.
d)Economise the fleet of transportation Can be possible by reducing the emission of carbon
dioxide which causes harmful affects on the health of the society. Training and telematics
tracking solution can be helpful in performing the effective and efficient construction practices.
e)Build a sustainable supply chain as cutting the carbon footprints imbibed within new
building can be also considered as top priority. Site manager need to take accountability for on-
site emission during the actual constructional process helps in cutting the carbon footprints in
order to sustain the construction building of the Hotel for longer duration.
f)Efficiency in functioning the equipments: This helps in improving the overall performance
of the constructed site as by choosing the correct type of equipments in order top carry out
different operational practices. For example using the right sized generator supports the the
required energy usage and considering smaller generators which demands less energy.
g)Hire the people with expertise knowledge helps in designing the correct structure for the
five-Storey hotel. Expertise knowledge and experience helps to develop a complex hotel
according to the requirements of user.
Terminology used in building construction project
In construction business there are many terms used to make it easy for contractors to
understand the concept of developing a building. Theses words are generally used to develop
the infrastructure of the hotel building Such terms are followed as:
Window trim: This term is used in attracting the customers as it adds value to the interiors of
the rooms, lobbies, etc. in beautifying the overall hotel. It is the functional unit which is
performed after the preparation of the main structure of the building.
door trim: it is related with door cuttings which are applies at the building while preparing the
framework of the complex hotel. This door trim is very important terminology as it helps in
entering of the person. This need to be considered initially bedore planning to develop a
structure.
base board: The construction manager and the contractor need to visit the site in order to gain
some insights that in preparing the bid package for the project.
Model: This is considered as the structure of the main building which provides the
functionalities and this is the prepared after the designing of the main building. This he;ps in
3

considering various different factors such as raw material used, technology used according to the
budget all the things are planned.
TASK 2
Pre-design studies and collection of information before initialising any construction project
The pre design phase includes site analysis, construction, cost analysis, and value
engineering. Before commencing the structure of the hotel various aspects are considered while
designing the structure of the Hotel.
1.Site analysis helps in analysing the requirements of the customers and selecting the location
involved in constructing the building and analysing the existing infrastructure of the place.
Series of investigations are involved in constraints that may imposed upon designing a project.
Frequently multiple sites are analysed to begin the construction of the building and various
suggestions of expertise consultants are been reviewed. Such analysis involves Geotechnical
report, Review of existing place etc.
2.Programming Can be defined as the process that is involved in establishing the relationship
between different functional units in order to deliver comprehensive quality based Hotel
building.
3.Cost analysis helps in identifying the budget involved in developing a complete construction.
Managers generally creates a cost plan which assists in explaining or guiding the cost plan to
project management (SINNOTT, 2015). This helps in programming the main objectives and
which supports the assignment of authorities and distribution of tasks. Manager also matches the
programming which meets the demands of the customer.
4.Value engineering can be termed as the the overall pre-design phase which contains all the
important factors which are considered before designing the site of the construction. It includes
all the planning such as budget, program, site selection and equipments needed.
Construction of different foundation and their sustainability with use of different structure
Foundations are classified as shallow and deep foundations which help in building the
construction site. Formation of foundation is the main component that mainly deals with the
further development of the building. Types of foundations which impacts on the structure opf
the site are described as
·Shallow foundation: This foundation helps in analysing the individual or isolated footing which
justifies the column that mainly used to carry out the loads from te structure After The building
4

need to be constructed considering various attractive innovated implementations that are based
on the basis of footings that are developed while preparing foundations . It help in applying
attractive innovations in developing a hotel which attracts the large number of consumers and
hence this will also help in generating more profitability. Types of shallow foundation are
individual, combined, strip and raft shallow foundations.
·Deep foundation: This is mainly used to transfer heavy loads from structure to strata that that
deigs it deep below the ground level (Zubair Ahmed, Muhd Zaimi .Majid, Mushairry, 2007). So
engineers obtains the structured plan and gets it approved from the government which is very
necessary to construct a building. Construction practices will be then starts with the establishing
the main load-bearing structure that can be supported by the thick wall footings. There are two
types of deep foundations such as pilled foundation and drilled foundation.
Information impacts on foundation design1.Pre-project planning
This can be termed as t he collection of all the resources and requirements which are
involved in preparing the main structure of the building. This is very difficult task as it is related
with establishing the main base of the Hotel which need to be string enough to support all the
above floors which can be developed further in order to introduce Five Storey framed structure
of hotel.1.Cost estimation of comprehensive site construction
This is the estimated cost which is communicated to client in order to develop a complex
hotel. Engineers engage in their workers in taking the proper size and space of the hotel which
need to be constructed so after analysing all the requirements architect communicate all the
structure of the foundation to the site manager in order to start the process of the construction.
After the preparation of the design of the hotel, site managers identify the additional
requirements and change the estimated cost of such changes. Activities and thus estimates the
total amount of cost involved in constructing multi-storey complex building (Samad and et.al.,
2015). In order to change the designs of the foundation cost estimation is needed to be
reasonable that will impact upon the foundations of the building.
1.Lean manufacturing to reduce energy
5

This function helps in carrying out the quality based construction and managers also
considers various energy saving components that helps in reducing unwanted expanses involved
in Hotel construction. Site managers supervise and monitors all the activities and constructional
practices in order to deliver the effective productivity which mainly justifies the appropriate
quality. If the plinth of the building is not strong enough to handle the loads of the structure then
it will ultimately impact on the main foundations of the design so quality material need to be
considered while preparing the plinth of the hotel.
TASK 3
Functional characteristics and design selection criteria which are proposed by the contractor
In order to develop a constructive site various persons takes part in making the affective
building for the proposed contract. An evolution of Five storey building have to pass through
lots of procedures as correct estimation of the material and energy is one of the most important
thing which is involved in developing a building (GEORGE, 2015). So public health approach
makes sense in both the clinical setting and environmental and public health hazards.
For contractors, a strategies for saving time and material can leads to higher profitability.
All the functions which contributes towards the functional characteristics of selection
appropriate design for a specific Hotel complex can be described below:
Integrated design
Contractor have to firstly create the individual designs of all the sections which need to
be constructed inside the hotel. And after proper designing of rooms available at every floor, one
have to integrate all such outcomes in order to create a final structure for a hotel (Rodney
Stewart, Tanut, 2017). Integrated design of the engineers help in analysing the overall structure
of the building.
Computer Aided engineering
This is the first and foremost thing which helps in converting all the assumptions into the
discovered 3D sketch or a design which depicts that how the building will looks like after the
complete development of the hotel. This is the prior step which is involved in providing the
conceptual and virtual view of designing a hotel complex.
After the engineers get a contract of a multi-storey building they firstly observes all the
requirements of the clients and after that engineers focuses in meeting the requirements of clients
6

which are mentioned in the report. Then engineers creates a virtual or a 3D design of whole
construction site.
Water and energy
This is the major component which strengthens the plinth of the building. During the
development of the construction, contractor mainly focuses towards the requirement of
appropriate amount of water and energy supply needed to develop a complete construction site.
Unavailability of the water and electrical energy leads to weak base of the building and thus the
constructed site cannot sustain for the longer run as cement and stones used in the construction
need proper water and energy leads to hydrated building and it never causes the ling cracks in
the walls of the buildings.
Environment quality
This functional characteristic is usually considered while preparing for the constructions
practices (Paul, Malcolm, 2016). It is important for the design professionals and construction
managers to visit the site of the Hotel complex in order to monitor all the construction practices.
This is one of the important factor which need to be strictly followed as per the rules and
regulations of the government act related to environment of the society. When the constructor
manager or the contractor need to focus towards the environmental factors such as drainage,
ground water and the possibility of floods. The presence of waste deposits on a potential
construction site can have the
Selection of the appropriate Material and products
At the time of agreement, proper budget of the client need to be identified in order to
choose the material which help in estimated cost of the construction. Site manager properly
identifies all the resources used to construct the hotel building that is complexed building. Proper
plan need to be prepared that helps in selecting the material used such as cement, concrete ,
water and bricks that are used to start the site of the constriction along with the rods of the steel
and pilers which supports the structure of roof.
Roofs
This is the major selection criteria which need to be considered while preparing the
structure of the building. As the expansion of the hotel is very high and so various floor need to
be developed according to the requirements of customer. In order to make the attractive and
7

efficient ceilings of the hotel, contractor need to focus towards the quality of material which
support the further floors.
Floors ground and intermediate
Floor and ground mainly states the quality if preparing the hotel. So this need to be richly
considered as it is the major point of attraction when customer enters Five-storey hotel. Best
quality of marbles are considered which always seems clean in viewing.
Windows and doors
while preparing the structure of the building, contractors firstly identifies the spaces for
door and windows in order to prepare with functional improvement as technology is the major
point of concentration so digital doors will be conveniently fitted into it.
Staircases
These are the major connectors which connects all the five floors with each other so
major functionality involved in selecting the staircase is: dual facilities are constructed with
providing the accelerator facilities in floors.
Finishes
This is the final design selection criteria which is involved in analysing the overall
finishes of the building. Contractor also need to consider the physical appearance of the building.
Types of information collected from pre-design information collected from from a given
construction
The first and foremost thing which needs to be decided by engineers before planning for
designing the structure is identifying the main purpose of construction (Khoury and Kamat,
2017). The collection of the material and resources to develop the complex building can be
considered as the components which are included in designing the framework or structure of the
building after identifying the functional requirements of meeting the final objectives.
. So various information need to be considered before commencing the structure of the
site (Graham Treloar, Ceridwen , Roger Fay, 2014). These information helps in designing the
main objectives within a total project context in order to deliver the high quality five-storey
building.
Site analysis: This will help in analysing all the construction requirements. Here, the Functional
and physical requirement of the project if essential to ensure the success of the constructed site.
8

Here the client is intended to develop a project which aims at establishing a complex structure of
constructing a Five-Storey hotel
Programming: This is helped in supporting all the design of the building which is supported by
all the functionalities of constructing a site. It is also referred as cataloging the spaces and
equipments needed to carry out the constructional practices.
Cost analysis: This is used to estimate the total cost of the project involved in constructing the
five storey complex hotel.
Value engineering: This is helps to plan the overall budget of the resources involved in
developing a building. This is also used to examine the available resources in proper manner so
that the final cost will be reduced.
Component part of an element which is used to fulfil its function
The basic requirements of building need to satisfy the functions of the construction are as
follows:
·The base of the building need to be strong in order to handle all the weights of the further floors
which are constructed above the basement.
·It needs to be deflected against the loads in order to withstand the loads coming on it including
the self weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load.
·The building need to provide the comfort and convenience to those who are inhabitant in the
buildings.
·A construction of the building mainly consists of three parts which need to be coordinated
among each other in order to sustain for the longer durability. Such categories are foundation,
plinth and superstructure. All the functionalities of the components are interrelated with each as
foundation and superstructure is build on the basis of a strong plinth.
Compare different structural frames used to carry primary and secondary elements
Various different types of structural frames are been prepared by site construction
manager and such structural frames are build according to the demand and complexity of the
building a hotel. The layout of the floor beams in Five storey complex hotel are largely
depends on spacing of the column. Such structural frames are as follows:
Cellular beams
These beams are mainly helpful in achieving the benefits of greater structural efficiency
in order to increase the section of depth for using the given steel. These provides the multiple
9

routes for services. Such beams have greater architectural appeal because of its distinctive
appearance and little lightness. In this structure the web of a rolled section is cut from to form a
circular or elongated openings.
Beams with large web openings
In this types of structural frames, large openings may be formed through the web for the
passage of services in debt. These are generally between 50 to 70% of the beam depth. It is the
primary structural technique to form the structure of Five-Storey hotel.
shallow flow construction
Space frame is the form of construction that is designed in order to cover assembly areas which
contains the small structural components. Such three dimensional assemblies are generally
consists of tension and compression elements (Trupp and et.al., 2004). In order to obtain the
constant outside diameter to support the unstable broadness of the walls.
TASK 4
Techniques used in remedial site to construction commencing
There are different types of remediation techniques used for site before construction of hotel:
·First and the foremost technique used is soil and water remediation: Soil remediation and
ground water remediation is important as physical, biological conditions and techniques used for
construction is important to be studied before construction. As this five floor hotel is to be build
near a river front it is import to consider all the ground, soil and water remediation techniques
(Henderson, Ruikar, 2010). For all the ground water issues pump and treat solution can be used.
For soil remediation thermal desorption technique can be used to separate all the contaminations
from the soil.
·Excavation or dredging: Excavation process is simply pulling or segregating contaminated soil
for regulated land fill.
·Pump and treat: it is used to pump out ground water using vacuum pump and absorbed from
ground. As the hotel is to be build near a river front it is important to use pump and treat
technique.
·Sediment remediation: it is a mix of soil and water remediation. This is used because when soil
and water are mixed new major problems arises which can create problems in construction of the
building.
10

Types of subculture
There are different types of substructure which can be used in construction which can be
used to receive main building load and transfer it safely towards the ground load bearing layer.
Itas main part is building's foundation. Foundation is the main thing on the basis of which
building is building. There are four types of foundation used like : Narrow strip foundation, wide
strip foundation, raft foundation, pad foundation.
Narrow Strip Foundation: Most common foundation used for low rise structure and domestic
dwelling.
Wide strip Foundation: used where weak soil is found and for heavier structures.
Raft foundation: used basically for concretes and slabs that have thicker edges and where poor
soil is found.
Pad foundation: pads placed at strategic points with beams of concretes are placed across the
pad to spread the load.
One substructure are done then building is constructed at the top of it.
Identify subculture
Substructure, superstructure and civil engineering structures necessary for the given
construction project are:
Superstructure: External walls, internal walls, Ground floor, upper floors, stairs and their design
and measurements, roofs and many more.
Substructure: Foundation of the building based on the load of the building, plinth, pier or
abutment, bed blocks, bearing etc.
Civil engineering structures: roads, lights, road signs, construction signs, digging machines,
inserting supports, filling and pouring concert finishing.
TASK 5
Supply arrangement of primary service
Building services can simply be defined as the system installed in a building so that it can be
made comfortable, safe, efficient and functional. Supply arrangement for all the building
services might include.
·Proper distribution and supply of energy like electricity, gas etc.
·Lifts and escalators are one of them most important things to be considered for supply
arrangements for primary services.
11

·Energy distribution throughout the building is important.
·Control system to manage all the controls of the building
·nowadays carbon emission control has also become important to be considered in any
construction of buildings.
·Plumbing throughout the building is also important
·Drainage system of water waste throughout the building is important to be installed.
·Automation throughout the building is important to be considered and installed.
·sAlarm or security systems should also important.
·Proper communication and information technology
·Fire detection, safety and protection services
·HVAC factors should be considered like heating, ventilation and air conditioning
·Facade engineering like shading requirements of a building etc.
Distribution arrangement of primary service
Distribution agreement is simply a legal agreement between goods distributor and supplier
distributor. Supplier can either be manufacturers or distributors reselling another goods. It can
either be non-exclusive or exclusive (Miettinen and Paavola 2014). In exclusive distribution
distributor is given exclusivity of particular product or territory or sales channel. While in non-
exclusive distribution supplier can freely appoint other distributors within the territory.
In distribution agreement following things should be kept in mind like:
·Territorial and other agreement scope should be considered.
·Exclusivity or non-exclusive should be considered according to the type of contract.
·Trade mark licensing
·marketing rights
·applicable sales conditions or terms
·Termination clauses should be included.
elements used in primary services
Superstructure consist of everything that is above substructure from roof to walls to floors. Main
purpose of superstructure is to divide and enclose and spread load safety into the substructure.
Elements of superstructure is divided into three parts like.
·Primary elements : these are the main elements which are used to enclose and protect elements
of substructure. It mainly includes elements like stairs, walls, roof, floors.
12

1Walls are further dived into internal and external. External walls are like cavity walling and
internal walls can either be solid brick wall or timber stud walling and many more.
2Floors are further divided into ground floor and upper floor. Ground floor can further be of
many types like solid concrete floor, floating floor, suspended timer floor and many more (Song,
2005). And further upper floors type completely depend upon the type of ground floor.
·Secondary elements: these are the elements which are used to for opening and completion in
primary elements. Secondary elements include doors, door frames, hatches, windows and many
more things.
·Finished elements: these are the final surface which can be self finished by using items such as
floor tiles and many more.
All these elements will help in improving strength and security of the building, control systems
of building can also be managed. If secondary elements like windows are used properly and at
accurate place then natural lightening can easily pass through the building.
Impacts of the site information on designing the foundation
If the distribution of primary services are not done properly then it can impact the overall design
of the building in many different ways like:
·It can lead to improper interaction between the components and building design can get
affected
·poor prediction tools can also affect the design of the building(Teizer, Lao and Sofer, 2017).
·Proper detailing of all the elements is important for proper design of the building.
·Poor quality of these elements can also affect the hotel design.
·Overall cost of the building can also get affected by these factor which can at last lead to
changes in the design of the hotel.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been concluded that construction of building might differ in
various types such as it may be the development of the residential building, commercial or
industrial work. This report has created a clear understanding about Sustainable building. It has
also provided the significance of sustainable buildings which balances the economic,
environmental and social factors of the business. This study has provided various strategies
which mainly deals with the development of the constructional design that is related with the
establishment of Hotel building complex. This study has justified the main purpose of
13

implementing a very useful design that considered various aspects of building a complex near
the motorway. It has also designed a very good infrastructure that links an international airport
that is situated from the largest flowing river which finally finds its ways into the river Thames.
14

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Daniel O'Neill, Louis Gunnigan, Peter Clarke, 2015 "Evolution of the construction of Dublin
City Council’s housing, with emphasis on wall construction". Vol. 33 Issue: 2, pp.109-132.
Daniel O'Neill, Samantha Organ, 2016 "A literature review of the evolution of British
prefabricated low-rise housing", , Vol. 34 Issue: 2, pp.191-214.
Ki Pyung Kim, Kenneth Sungho Park, 2018 "Delivering value for money with BIM-
embedded housing refurbishment". Vol. 36 Issue: 13/14, pp.657-675.
GEORGE OFORI, 2015 "Construction technology development: role of an appropriate
policy".Vol. 1 Issue: 2, pp.147-168,
Graham J. Treloar, Ceridwen Owen, Roger Fay, 2014 "Environmental assessment of rammed
earth construction systems".Vol. 19 Issue: 2, pp.99-106
J.R. Henderson, K. Ruikar, 2010 "Technology implementation strategies for construction
organisations". Vol. 17 Issue: 3, pp.309-327,
James Douglas, (1997) "The development of ground floor constructions: part 1". Vol. 15 Issue:
3, pp.109-112,
Khoury, H.M. and Kamat, V.R. 2007, “Automated georeferenced user position tracking for
contextual information retrieval on construction sites”, Proceedings of the 24th
International Symposium of Automation & Robotic in Construction (ISARC 2007),
Construction Automation Group, I.I.T. Madras, Ann Arbor, MI.
Ki Pyung Kim, Kenneth Sungho Park, 2018 "Housing information modelling for BIM-
embedded housing refurbishment", , Vol. 16 Issue: 3, pp.299-314
Malak Al Hattab, Emile Zankoul, Mohammad Barakat, Farook Hamzeh, (2018) "Crane
overlap and operational flexibility: balancing utilization, duration, and safety". Vol. 18
Issue: 1, pp.43-63
Miettinen, R. and Paavola, S. 2014, “Beyond the BIM utopia: approaches to the development
and implementation of building information modeling”, Automation in Construction. Vol.
43, July, pp. 84-91.
15

Paul Sandford, Malcolm Dunkeld, 2016 "Enhancing a building construction technology course
using digital images".Vol. 32 Issue: 3, pp.44-50.
Rodney A. Stewart, Tanut Waroonkun, 2007 "Benchmarking construction technology transfer
in Thailand".Vol. 7 Issue: 3, pp.218-239,
Samad M. E. and et.al., ualising information and equipment technology adoption in
construction: A critical review of existing research".Vol. 23 Issue: 2, pp.158-176
Song, J. 2005 “Tracking the location of materials on construction projects”, PhD thesis, The
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Teizer, J., Lao, D. and Sofer, M. 2017, “Rapid automated monitoring of construction site
activities using ultra-wideband”, Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on
Automation and Robotics in Construction, Kochi, pp. 19-21.
Trupp, T. and et.al., 2004, “Novel technologies for construction field data
collection”, International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering,
ICCCBE, Vol. 10, Weimar, 2 June.
W.R. SINNOTT A.I.O.B., 2015 "Problems of construction block release",.Vol. 8 Issue: 1,
pp.20-36
Zubair Ahmed Memon, Muhd Zaimi Abd.Majid, Mushairry Mustaffar, (2007) "A systematic
procedure for developing the 3D model to evaluate the construction project progress". Vol.
7 Issue: 2, pp.187-199
16

17

18