Construction Automation and Robotics

The provided document contains a list of proceedings, articles, and online resources related to construction automation and robotics. It includes research papers from various journals and conferences, as well as online sources about advanced construction technology. The assignment likely requires students to analyze or discuss the role of automation and robotics in the construction industry, possibly incorporating the ideas presented in the provided sources.

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings.......................................1
Ways through which sustainability could be promoted in building projects..............................2
Terminology used in construction technology............................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
Foundation type for different types of structures........................................................................3
Construction of different types of foundations and their suitability for use with different types
of structures.................................................................................................................................4
Site information impact on foundation design............................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
Functional characteristics and the design selection criteria........................................................5
Pre-design studies and types of information collected................................................................5
Component parts of an element allow it to fulfil its function.....................................................6
Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary elements
of the superstructure....................................................................................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
Techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing............................7
Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures.....................................................7
Superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given building
construction project.....................................................................................................................8
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................8
Supply arrangements for primary services..................................................................................8
Distribution arrangements for primary services..........................................................................8
Elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services.......................................8
Distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the building.....................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
.......................................................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Construction technology is described as a techniques which helps civil engineers in
constructing a structure through different techniques and practices (Advanced construction
technology, 2018). With time, there has been a huge up-gradation in techniques and materials
which has facilitated the individuals in construction industry. This report is going to study about
a case which is consist of a conceptual design for a complex hotel building. The hotel property is
located near motorway which is linked to Heathrow Airport. The customer is looking for a five
storey hotel which needs to be 1km away from motorway. Addition to this, report will also help
in discussing the difference between residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Along with
this, different terminology of construction industry will also be studied along with method of
promoting sustainability of building project (Sih, Carpinteri and Surace, 2013). This report will
also be discussing different foundations and impact of site information on the foundation design.
There are various types of substructures which are required infrastructure which will be
described in the report. The distribution arrangement and supply arrangement of primary services
are also been discussed in the report along with the impact of primary service on overall design
of the building.
TASK 1
Differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
There are various types of constructed building such as residential buildings, commercial
buildings, Industrial buildings, etc. These building are constructed for different purposes and are
made through different techniques in order to fulfil the requirement of the client. Some of these
are mentioned below:
Basis Residential Building Commercial Building Industrial Building
Definition It can be described as a
building which offers more
than half of its area for
dwelling purpose in order
to provide accommodation
for the customers (Wong
and et. al., 2013).
These are the buildings
which are used for
commercial purpose such
as shopping malls, office,
food outlets, etc.
These are the buildings
which are specially
designed to assist
industrial operations and
help in operating
industrial equipments.

Description Residential building are
consist of kitchen,
bedrooms, bathrooms, etc.
These are constructed
according to the
requirement of client such
as storage space, retail
space, loading docks,
office, etc. (Moteki,
Fujino and Nishiyama,
2013)
These are big sized
building which size range
from few hundreds to
more than 45,000 square
metres. Addition to this,
other facilities like break
rooms, supervisor room,
bathrooms, etc. are also
required.
As the respective building is a hotel construction. Thus it falls under commercial building
category which is consist of offering accommodation, food and other hotel services. Addition to
this, the hotel needs to have a lobby, reception area, parking area, rooms, restaurant and other
relaxing facilities like swimming pool, spa room, etc.
Ways through which sustainability could be promoted in building projects.
Sustainability is one of the important requirement of every field in today's time.
Similarly, it is required in building projects as there is a lot of carbon and waste emission during
construction of the building. Hence, some of the methods that promotes sustainability are
mentioned below:
 Promoting energy efficient premises: While constructing a building, a heavy amount of
pollution is created due to tools and materials that are been used to construct the building.
This, it is the responsibility of civil engineer to opt tools which comes under the category
of energy performance certificate also known as EPC. Similarly, the engineer should opt
for materials and tools which falls under A rating is it signifies that the level of pollution
emission is very low which helps in promoting energy efficiency of hotel and helps in
enhancing the life of building.
 Recycling the construction waste: It is one of the most efficient way to promote
sustainability of the building. Thus, responsible waste management, scrap recycling and
material recovery helps in serving benefits to community, environment well as the
company (Marks and Teizer, 2013). Some of the materials which can be recycled are
woods, concrete, steel, etc.

Terminology used in construction technology.
There are numerous terminology which is used in construction technology. There are various
tools and materials which are used in constructing the 5 storey hotel that have technical names.
These are discussed below:
 Admixture: It is a chemicals which is used in setting process. This, admixture is added
in concrete in order to enhance the capabilities of concrete which further helps in building
the walls and other structure of hotel and bridge.
 I- beam: These are the beams which have a resemblance of I in its cross section. These
structures are used in making basement beams and wall opening areas such as double
garage door, basement double doors, etc. (Cheng, Wu and Lou, 2012) Thus, I beams will
be used in building basement of the hotel which will be used for hotel parking. Addition
to this, I beams are one of the key material to build base of the bridge near hotel.
TASK 2
Foundation type for different types of structures.
Pre design is a stage which lies in between design process and final funding. These stages
are consist of various steps such as space requirements, proposed time for construction and cost.
Thus, some of the studies which are crucial for this process are mentioned below:
Hydrology Study- This study is carried out by experts of environment in order to assist
in perfect location for the building by undertaking elements such as maps, locations, etc. The key
purpose of conducting this study is to understand the water level and drainage pattern of the
location. Thus, it is important to conduct this survey as the hotel property is near a water stream
which means that water level of the land is high and hotel have a risk of facing issue such as
flood, dampness, etc.
Geotechnical Study- This study helps in understanding the characteristic and quality of
soil. Addition to this, geotechnical study also helps in undertaking other risk elements such as
landslides,earthquake, etc. (Eastman, 2018) As the hotel is constructed near the international
airport, it has a high scope of facing vibrations due to check in and check out process. Thus, this
study is important for the hotel project.

Construction of different types of foundations and their suitability for use with different types of
structures.
In order to attain a strong and long life structure of a building, it is important to have a
strong bas or foundation. The foundation is made of concrete, beams, columns, etc. However,
there are different type of foundations which are discussed below:
Raft or Mat Foundation- These are the type of foundations which are structured where
a basement is required. Thus, the weight of complete building lies on the basement of the
structure. These building are strong enough to handle weight are capable of surviving for near by
50 years. This style can be practised in building the hotel as there is a requirement of building a
basement for car parking.
Shallow Foundation- This style of foundation is also known as spread footing and open
footing. Similar to its name, the foundation style is visible to everyone. This style of foundation
is mainly constructed to assist the building in spreading its weight through columns to the land or
soil. Such foundations are capable of managing near by 10 tons of weight (Guo, Yu and
Skitmore, 2017). Addition to this, Shallow foundation is a successful style in building big
buildings. The life span of these construction are also more.
Site information impact on foundation design.
Site information is very crucial for building the foundation design of the hotel . The
details of the site can help in avoiding any future damage and helps in improvising other
concerns of the construction.
The construction of buildings in London are mostly done on sea levels. Similar to this,
the hotel construction is been done near the water body due to this, the water level of land is also
high due to which there is a high chance of causing damage to the foundation and weaken the
strength of the whole building. Thus, hydrology studies can help in analysing the risk factors by
which the civil engineers can take certain actions to safeguard the foundation design.
Similarly, duet to vibrations caused in the land by airport activities, there is a high rick of
causing damage to the foundation of building (Zhao and et. al., 2015). Thus, geotechnical studies
can help by examining the risk factors for the foundation and help in preventing further loss to
the building.

TASK 3
Functional characteristics and the design selection criteria.
In order to fulfil the design and functional criteria, different elements are used in the hotel
construction which are mentioned below:
Walls: It is a structure which helps in shaping the area and helps in load bearing of the
structure. Thus, walls of the hotel building will help in dividing the area for required divisions
such as rooms, restaurant, lobby, etc. along with load bearing of the hotel property. Addition to
this, the walls would be of standard width which is 0'-4” for internal walls and 0'-6” for external
load bearing walls. Each room of the hotel will have one accented wall with wall paper and three
walls would be painted. Similarly, the lobby and reception area will have textured paint of
neutral colours in order to create a strong impression on guests while entering the hotel.
Roofs: It is a structure which helps in safeguarding the hotel building from external
elements such as rain, heat, air, etc. The roof of the hotel should be operational in order to assist
rooftop bar or other recreational areas. The roof would be design in modern theme with the help
of modern style furniture and grey paint.
Floors: The flooring should be designed in an attractive manner. Thus, materials like
wooden flooring, tiles and other designer materials can be used which complements in interior
and provides safety for the users ( Sargent, Hyland and Sawang, 2012).
Windows and doors: There are various option available for window and door designs.
However, the best option for window would be fixed glass windows which will help in
restricting the external elements and help the customers to enjoy the view. Doors should be of
hard wood.
Staircases: The stair case can be designed in spiral using materials such as wood.
However, the railing can be of metal. Addition to this, the size of stairs riser should be standard
stair size which can help in easy access and safety to use.
Finishes: A mixture of different materials can be used in order to add up style in the
building. Thus, different colour and texture of paint, dropped ceiling, curtains, etc. can be used.
Pre-design studies and types of information collected.
There are various elements which needs to be studies and analysed by the engineers for
the process of pre design studies. Thus, some of the key factors are site analysis, programming,
value engineering and cost analysis. These are mentioned below:

Site Analysis- It is a study which is consist of site selection, examining the geotechnical
report, taking note of existing structure. Thus, site analyses can help in measuring site details for
hotel.
Programming- This study focuses on the needs of customers. Addition to this,
programming also helps in selecting equipments and functional relationship. Thus, the
programming of hotel would be making a plan of hotel which is consisted of desires areas and
structure.
Cost Analysis- This element helps in measuring the budget of construction activities and
planning cost which helps in guiding the cost description and project management. Hence, cost
analysis can help the engineers in measuring the cost involved in construction process of hotel.
Value Engineering- It is one of the most important step of pre-design studies as it is
consist of scrutinizing the site selection, project budget and program which help in monitoring
the whole process for the construction of hotel.
Component parts of an element allow it to fulfil its function.
There are various components which are used in constructing the hotel in order to assist
other materials to improve the durability, reliability and completion of the process. These are
mentioned below:
Drywall- It is one of the technique which is used in making the walls water resistant.
Thus, it is done through a solution of calcium sulfate dehydrate which helps in building a panel
on the wall. (Ghoddousi and Hosseini, 2012)
Concrete- It is one of the most basic and commonly used component in building
structures like hotels. It works as a binding agent between brick and helps in bonding the bricks
and other materials together. Addition to this, concrete have higher resistant quality.
Plaster- It is an external layer which is placed on the walls in order to improve its
textures and provide a straight and smooth wall. Addition to this, plaster have a moister resistant
quality which helps in keeping the water from entering the internal layer of wall.
Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary elements of
the superstructure.
There are ample of structural frames which are used to carry out primary and secondary
factor of superstructure. Some of these are braces frame structure and rigid frame structure which
are mentioned below:

Rigid Frame structure- These are one of the strong frame structures as they as fix ended
and pin ended. In these structures, the beams and columns are made from one single piece of
metal which helps in minimising the moment that is caused due to applied load. Hence, rigid
frames have the quality of anti deformation which is very useful for constricting a building.
Braced Frame Structure- It is consist of beam, columns and braces. In this style of
frame, the vertical load of structure is being managed by beams and columns. Addition to this,
the lateral load is been carried out by the braces of the structural frame. However, these braces
can create a problem in planning design of the facade of the building.
Thus, it an be concluded that rigid frame structure is the best solution for constructing the
hotel building which will assist in load bearing and help in absorbing the shocks and vibrations
of the surrounding elements.
TASK 4
Techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing.
Remediation is a process or an action which is been taken to overcome issues of self
biodegradation process in order to assure a strong base before starting the construction process.
As the hotel is building near heavy water stream, there are various soil treatments which needs to
be done in order to enhance the holding capacity of soil. These are mentioned below:
Chemical Treatments- There are various chemical based treatments such as oxidation,
chemical Immobilization, etc. ( Tamošaitienė, Zavadskas and Turskis, 2013) which can be used
by the engineers of the hotel in order to work on issues like binding of actinide ions of soil, anti-
oxidants, etc.
Biological Treatments- It is a less pricey method of treating soil which helps in breaking
down the compounds with the help of living organisms. Addition to this, biological treatment
helps in restricting hydro-carbonated compounds.
Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures.
There are various substructure work required for infrastructure such as groundwork,
propping, Underpinning, etc. These are discussed below:
Propping- It is a technique which helps in holding up the structure of the hotel and
bridge on a temporary basis. This helps in facilitating changes and gives time for the material to
settle up.

Groundwork- It is a process which includes various activities such as fitting ground
slab, removal of foundation, etc. Similarly, pile probing and heading can also be practised on
constructing hotel property.
Superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given building
construction project.
Superstructure-Superstructure can be residential and commercial. There are the
structures which are consist of walls, staircases, floors and other elements of the hotel building.
Substructure- The best substructure according to the requirement of the hotel is spread
footing. This style of substructure can assist in load bearing of 5 storey hotel building along with
the stability of the structure.
Civil engineering Structure- These are mainly focused on engineering design and
structural analysis. Addition to this, civil engineers should be specialised in building bridges and
hotel structures.
TASK 5
Supply arrangements for primary services.
There are various primary services which needs to be arranged such as HVAC, Heating,
etc. Addition to this, other systems which needs to be focused on by engineers are security,
comfort, and many more. There are other arrangements as well which needs to be made such as
lift facilities and escalators in order to assist the customers for moving inside the hotel
(Skibniewski, 2014). Apart from all this, it is important to ensure that supply of energy is well
managed to assure the sustainability of the hotel building.
Distribution arrangements for primary services.
One of the primary service is electricity. The best method of distribution system helps to
supply adequate energy or electric service on existing as well as the future loads. Addition to
this, it helps in lowering down the cost of electricity. Radial system can be practised in hotel
building to supply electricity which will help in minimising the cost and is one of the most
reliable distribution arrangement.
Elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services.
There are various elements of superstructure which are used to facilitate primary services
of the hotel. These are partitions, walls and ceiling which is used to install lifts and plan the

electricity wiring of the building. Similarly, the facade of the hotel is a primary service which is
also a part of superstructure that helps in managing the load of building and designing the
structure.
Distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the building.
The primary services are important part for operating the building. However, the
engineers have to alter their design according to the electrical and lift plans of the building.
Similar to this, the fire and safety requirement is very important for the hotel. Hence, certain
alteration have to be made in selecting the finishing material of the building which impacts on
design of the structure. Similarly, energy supply are important for the hotel to operate its
functions such as cooking, managing the internal temperature, etc. (Kozlovská, Kaleja and
Struková, 2014) Thus, the engineers need to alter their designs which assist in managing the
room temperature of the building along with enhancing the safety of hotel property.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it can be analysed that construction technology is a very
complex subject. The sustainability of building is dependant on the method of constructing
substructure and superstructure. It can also be examined that raft foundation is the best solution
for hotel construction. Apart from this, pre design study is very important in order to analyse the
nature of location and helps in planning the budget and other alternatives for the structure.
Similarly, primary services are very important element of hotel which is consist of electricity
distribution, escalator, facade of building, etc.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Sih, G. C., Carpinteri, A. and Surace, G. eds., 2013.Advanced Technology for Design and
Fabrication of Composite Materials and Structures: Applications to the Automotive,
Marine, Aerospace and Construction Industry (Vol. 14). Springer Science & Business
Media.
Moteki, M., Fujino, K. and Nishiyama, A., 2013. Research on operator's mastery of unmanned
construction. In ISARC. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation
and Robotics in Construction (Vol. 30, p. 1).
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Department of Construction Economics &
Property.Sardroud, J. M., 2012. Influence of RFID technology on automated
management of construction materials and components.Scientia Iranica. 19(3). pp.381-
392.
Marks, E. D. and Teizer, J., 2013. Method for testing proximity detection and alert technology
for safe construction equipment operation. Construction Management and Economics.
31(6). pp.636-646.
Cheng, S. T., Wu, C. M. and Lou, H. R., 2012. A self-evolutionary model for automated
innovation of construction technologies. Automation in Construction. 27. pp.78-88.
Guo, H., Yu, Y. and Skitmore, M., 2017. Visualization technology-based construction safety
management: A review. Automation in Construction. 73. pp.135-144.
Sargent, K., Hyland, P. and Sawang, S., 2012. Factors influencing the adoption of information
technology in a construction business. Australasian Journal of Construction Economics
and Building, The. 12(2). p.72.
Ghoddousi, P. and Hosseini, M. R., 2012. A survey of the factors affecting the productivity of
construction projects in Iran. Technological and economic development of economy.
18(1). pp.99-116.
Tamošaitienė, J., Zavadskas, E. K. and Turskis, Z., 2013. Multi-criteria risk assessment of a
construction project. Procedia Computer Science. 17. pp.129-133.
Skibniewski, M. J., 2014. Information technology applications in construction safety assurance.
Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 20(6). pp.778-794.
Kozlovská, M., Kaleja, P. and Struková, Z., 2014. Sustainable construction technology based on
building modules. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 1041, pp. 231-234). Trans
Tech Publications.
Wong, J. K. and et. al., 2013. Toward low-carbon construction processes: the visualisation of
predicted emission via virtual prototyping technology. Automation in Construction. 33.
pp.72-78.
Eastman, C. M., 2018. Building product models: computer environments, supporting design and
construction. CRC press.
Zhao, J. and et. al., 2015. Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters
by the Mannich Reaction of Silyl Ketene Imines with Isatin‐Derived Ketimines.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54(1). pp.241-244.

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