Construction Technology and Safety Measures

The provided text is a compilation of articles and research papers on construction technology, covering topics such as safety protection technologies, eco-landscape forest belts, offsite construction, and thermal insulation composite systems. The document also includes case studies on the construction of large area deep foundation excavations in soft soil, tunnel and artificial island constructions, and energy loss in distribution networks. Additionally, it features a review on building sustainability assessment and piling techniques. This comprehensive collection provides valuable insights into various aspects of construction technology, making it an essential resource for students, researchers, and professionals in the field.

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Difference between residential, commercial and industrial building....................................1
P2 Functional characteristics and design selection criteria.........................................................2
P3 Concept of sustainability in construction and ways to promote sustainability......................3
M1 Terminology used in construction technology.....................................................................5
D1 Impact of functional characteristics and design criteria on eventual design solution...........5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P4 Pre-design studies and types of information collected..........................................................5
P5 key functional characteristics and design criteria for primary and secondary elements........6
M2 Impact of site condition on designing of foundation............................................................7
M3 Construction elements in building projects..........................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P6 Techniques used for remediating site prior to construction commencing.............................7
P7 Types of substructure works carried out by civil engineers..................................................8
M4 Different structural frames....................................................................................................8
D2 Preparation of design report..................................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P8 Supply arrangements for primary services............................................................................9
P9 Distribution arrangements for primary services....................................................................9
M5 Elements of superstructure used to facilitate the primary services......................................9
D3 Impact of primary services on overall designing of the building........................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Construction technology refers with the tools and engineering equipments that are used
by engineers in order to deal with designing, planning of building's construction. Current report
is based on construction of the hotel building complex. It is link with the international airport
Heathrow UK (Skibniewski and Zavadskas, 2013). Complex site is separated from motorway by
large fast flowing stream. Client wants to construct five storey building where approx 200 guests
can live easily. Investor requires that infrastructure roads can be flexible. Present study will
discuss difference between residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Furthermore, it will
explain concept of sustainability in construction. It will describe key functional characteristics
and designing criteria for primary and secondary elements of building structure. Techniques used
for the remediating the site prior to the construction commercing will be discussed in this
assignment. In addition, supply and distribution of range of building services will be illustrated
in this report.
TASK 1
P1 Difference between residential, commercial and industrial building
Residential, commercial and industrial all types of building are constructed for the
different purposes (Baoku and Changfu, 2014). Difference between these buildings are as
following:
Commercial buildings Industrial buildings Residential buildings
Site Planning Commercial buildings
looks at the consumer
access, proper parking
facility and pedestrian
friendly amenities.
Industrial buildings
look at the 24/7
shipping and receiving
facilities, access to
high networks and
near to rail or air
transportation facilities
Residential
construction of the
building is different
from both these
building. In residential
construction engineers
look at the facilities of
near to local market,
easy parking facility.
Building designing Their design turn
around floor plans so
It pays more attention
on coordinating
In this construction,
interior and exterior
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that smooth foot traffic
can be promoted and
proper space needs to
be there so that tenant
satisfaction can be
maximized.
manufacturing, logistic
out weight aesthetic
consideration and
safety standards (Yuan
and et.al, 2017).
are paid more attention
by the constructor.
They look at the
healthy and safety
consideration,
affordability,
environment friendly.
Supporting
infrastructure
It lays out of
plumbing, HVAC
system service.
It lays out of heavy
equipments,
specialized
installations so that
industry working can
be done effectively.
It lays out of steel
architecture designing,
good texture, shape
etc. In addition, added
fire resistance,
earthquake resistance
etc. things are
considered by the
constructor while
constructing the
residential buildings.
Final permitting Commercial sites
needs to take
permission from local
planning and zoning
board. Hotel building
construction is come
under the commercial
building because client
will use this hotel
commercially.
They need to go
through this rigorous
process but they have
to pay attention on
exacting standards and
have to take
permission from local,
state and federal
agencies (Yue, 2013).
Permission requires
from local authorities
and board.
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P2 Functional characteristics and design selection criteria
Building information modelling (BIM), drawing, specification, CAD etc. are several
criteria on the bases of which designing is done in the Hotel construction project. BIM is
considered as 3D modelling process in which architecture, engineering and other insights are
discussed by the engineers (Delin and et.al, 2013.).. It helps in prepare most efficient plan and
construct the building with the standards. CAD modelling is another characteristics that is used
by the constructor in building construction. It is related with the visual intelligence in the
construction project. It helps in identifying scope of the project and designing it in accurate
manner.
P3 Concept of sustainability in construction and ways to promote sustainability
Sustainability is the term that helps in carry out activities without harming resources. It
can be defined as meeting with the needs of present scenario without compromising with the
future. In the construction of commercial building constructor needs to pay attention on the fact
that individual do not harm environment and local people. Apart from this no wastage of
resources need to be done (Wang-dong and et.al, 2013). Most of the building construction occur
in the wrong manner which impacts on the surroundings. Government has prepared
sustainability indicators which needs to be follow by the building constructors.
As in the current hotel building construction, client is required five storey building near
to the international airport. Individual needs bridge across the stream and walkway across the
motorway (Chen and Duan, 2014). There are various ways through which sustainability can be
promoted. These are as following:
Integrated Life-cycle analyses (LCA) of building
It is the most effective way that construct the hotel in a manner so that facilities are
procured, used, maintained and recycled easily.
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Illustration 1: LCA model
Source: (Building Sustainability Assessment, 2010)
It looks at the cost of construction and its environmental impact, after that compare the
solutions. The Best solution is implemented in the construction of hotel building so that
sustainability dimensions can be met (Hashemi and Hadjri, 2014).
Building rating and certification
It is another way through which sustainability can be promoted. It helps in better
integration of societal, functional, environmental criteria. In this respect it is essential for the
builders that to construct the building as per the regulations and standards. All parameters are
predefined and constructor needs to make design according to social, cultural, environmental
parameters (Sulakatko, Lill and Liisma, 2015).
Cradle to cradle model
It is another way to promote sustainability in the construction industry. It is the biometric
approach in which all material which are used in the building construction are being reviewed
from health and safety perspectives (Guofeng and Yuemou, 2013). This model considers current
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and future life from this construction. This model suggests that constructor needs to take care of
enrich ecosystem so that high quality building can be prepared.
M1 Terminology used in construction technology
There are various terminologies used in the construction technologies. In the hotel
building project several terminologies can be used such as structural stability, durability, fire
resistance, scarcity of availability, on-site and off-site construction, buildability health and safety
(Shen and et.al, 2014). In the hotel building project constructor needs to apply load bearing
terminology. It is the wall that support gravity load, it can bear building's weight with its own
weight. Off site construction is the term in which constructor plan, design and assemble building
elements at different location from the final installed location. The main reason of this
construction is to identify efficiency of the construction elements. It helps in minimizing labour
cost and production cost (Xiang, Huo and Shen, 2015). On site building construction is the
terminology in which adjustments and customisation is done on site. It is generally applied when
it is done on urban location where storing of completed building panels is quit impossible. In the
hotel building construction project on site construction terminology will be used.
D1 Impact of functional characteristics and design criteria on eventual design solution
With the help of BIM and CAD modelling techniques, errors and issues can be identified
related with ground, site, soil, environment etc. This helps the civil engineers in finding the best
solution to minimize such problems. For example if soil is not appropriate then they can
implement replacement piling system in which material of soil can be replaced with the quality
material. It helps in giving strength to the site (Bhoir and et.al, 2015).
TASK 2
P4 Pre-design studies and types of information collected
There are various pre-design studies through which information about historical
background, surrounding, soil condition etc. can be collected by the engineers. It supports them
in planning, designing of the hotel building construction (Building Sustainability Assessment,
2010).
 Desk-top: It is the type of study in which builder pays attention on previous researches on
the land or site rather than inspecting the site physically. In the hotel building
construction project, team adopts this method. Individual refer the process to get more
information about the site on the bases of previous studies and accordingly individual
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makes design and plan construction on this site. In this respect builder looks at the
surrounding buildings (Piling Techniques, 2017). Transportation links, geographical
location, natural environment surrounding the building etc.
 Site reconnaissance: It is another type of study in which constructor examine all
information related to the site and its historical properties. The main objective of applying
this method in the construction project is to find out suitability, effects of changes in
particular areas. So that own of hotel can provide luxurious facilities to its guests and
meet with its objectives (Delin and et.al, 2013). Designing can be done accordingly to the
collected information from the site reconnaissance. Through this method the best
alternatives can be find out to the builder.
 Direct soil investigation techniques: It is done for gathering detail about subsurface
conditions. By determining nature of soil at the site engineers collect detail about the
efficiency of the site so that designing can be done accordingly (Skibniewski and
Zavadskas, 2013).
P5 key functional characteristics and design criteria for primary and secondary elements
There are various components of a hotel building. Key functional characteristics of these
elements are as following: Sub-structure: Footing and plinth is considered as one of the essential part of sub
structure in the current hotel building construction. It is essential to examine this structure
because if footing is not having strength then building will not be able to carry load. It is
essential that width and depth of footing needs to be designed in such manner so that load
can be bearable as per the bearing capacity of soil (Piling Techniques, 2017). Super structure: It is next level of the building construction which is above the plinth
level. Floor, roof, sun shade, lintel, doors and windows are the main parts of super
structure. Client is planning to build five story building so that 200 guests can stay here
easily. Roof is made with the purpose to cover upper space. As it is near to the main road
so flat roofs will be used (Building Sustainability Assessment, 2010). Parapet is being
used to retain water from the entrance into walls. It helps in maintaining safety for people
those who stay on the roof of the building. Sun shades helps in protecting door and
windows from sun rays.
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 Associated infrastructure: Timber, concrete, metal staircases are required to be used in
accurate manner. Finishing of walls and floors need to be done in appropriate way so that
building can not get damaged from natural problems (Sulakatko, Lill and Liisma, 2015).
M2 Impact of site condition on designing of foundation
Site condition impacts on the designing foundation to great extent. If soil condition is not
good that shows that the site is unable to bear weight of such heavy building. It can cause
earthquake and other natural issues at particular place (Skibniewski and Zavadskas, 2013). If
history shows that there have been many issues created then engineers have to make their
planning and designing accordingly. If engineers select wrong site then it may cause problems of
damage, poor holding etc. As hotel building project is planning to construct this commercial
building near to international airport. In If there is lack of trees and poor water and chemical
situation then customers will not like to stay in this hotel. For that investors are required to make
changes in there designing and have to make it more comfortable so that building does not get
damage if earthquake or any critical condition arise (Wang-dong and et.al, 2013). Near to
international airport can not be safe for the commercial purpose but changes in designing and use
of quality material can support in constructing building as per the safety standards.
M3 Construction elements in building projects
Preliminaries, substructure, super structure, finishing, fitting, services, centralised energy
system, alteration, external services are major elements that will be used in the hotel building
project. Superstructure will involve upper floors, SC staircases, internal doors, WF wall finishes,
alteration and renovation are main elements (Bhoir and et.al, 2015). Superstructure and
substructure support in fulfilling the real objective of the hotel project. By involving these
component's constructor will be able to construct five story building near to the international
airport.
TASK 3
P6 Techniques used for remediating site prior to construction commencing
There are various remediating site techniques which are used before starting the
construction of the Hotel. These are as following: Piling technique: It is another major technique which is used by the civil engineers, it is
divided into two categories: displacement and replacement. Displacement piling
technique in which piles are being derived into the ground and it is pushed out of the
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way. It is generally applied in contaminated sites in order to take the soil away. On other
hand replacement piling method is another method in which muck is dug out and it is
being replaced with other pile (Piling Techniques, 2017).
 Stone piling techniques: It is for the soil remediation, It is considered as most cost
effective tool for ground improvement. In these methods vertical columns of stones are
being added in to the ground. After that a layer of compacted gravel is put over this
column. After that new construction is being done over it. It is the great technique
through which ground condition can be improved soon (Bhoir and et.al, 2015).
P7 Types of substructure works carried out by civil engineers
Substructure work carried out by the civil engineer in the hotel building construction
project are as below maintained:
Steel sheet piling
It is the long structural section which has vertical interlocking system. It is used to create
continuous wall. This wall is generally used to retain soil or water. Hot rolled sheet piles are
being produced by the civil engineers from steel at high temperatures (Xiang, Huo and Shen,
2015).
Construction of diaphragm walls
It is the wall which is construction by using narrow trench excavated in the ground. In
this construction engineers use fluid till the period of replacing the mud with the material. It is
made from reinforce concrete (Hashemi and Hadjri, 2014).
Culvert
It is the work carried out by engineers that helps in easy water flow under the road. It is
made from pipe, reinforced concrete. It is of many sizes and shape and as per the selected site it
is constructed by the civil engineers (Building Sustainability Assessment, 2010).
M4 Different structural frames
Form-work, reinforcement, fabrication, concrete steel are various structural framework.
These are different from each other. Reinforcing steel is used to give strength to the masonry
structural elements. It is generally used with the concrete. On other hand fabrication is generally
applied for heat resistance, strong corrosion resistance (Hashemi and Hadjri, 2014).
D2 Preparation of design report
To,
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Investor of Hotel Building construction project
United kingdom
Subject: regarding superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structure
Respected sir,
This is to inform that superstructure work is important for the hotel building construction.
It involves external walls, roofs, floors, staircases and floor finishing construction. By this way
engineers can build a five storey building easily. Substructure work involves ground level work,
it has direct contact with the ground and it gives strength to the base. By this way building can be
able to bear load. Civil engineering structure will help in construction of diaphragm walls,
culvert, steel sheet piling. By this way base can be made more strong as per the requirement of
the building.
TASK 4
P8 Supply arrangements for primary services
There are various primary services which are necessary to be supplied on time. Energy
supply, heating and ventilation, fire detection are considered as most essential aspects in the
supply arrangement for primary services. For completing the primary activities in the hotel
building project civil engineers are required to pay attention on adequate supply of cold water,
hot water, gas and electricity. By this way piling etc. work can be done in effective manner.
P9 Distribution arrangements for primary services
After arranging the supply material, it is required to distribute the primary services in
accurate manner so that overall design can be executed as it is expected. Electricity needs to be
distributed in three phases (Yuan and et.al, 2017). Some energy will be used in the air
conditioning so that hot water and other machines temperature can be controlled. Apart from
this, for duck-work water will be appropriately used so that digging, piling can be done easily.
This arrangement of the material helps in completing the hotel construction project on time with
effective utilization of resources.
M5 Elements of superstructure used to facilitate the primary services
Reinforced concrete work, form work, fabrication, concrete steel are included in the
superstructure work (Hashemi and Hadjri, 2014). By using these elements primary services such
as piling etc. can be done easily. It gives more strength to the initial activities so that five storey
hotel can be constructed easily.
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D3 Impact of primary services on overall designing of the building
Distribution of primary services impact on the overall designing to great extent. If civil
engineering do not distribute it is proper manner then it can create issues related to shortage of
water, energy etc. By this way overall designing can be made effectively (Guofeng and Yuemou,
2013).
CONCLUSION
From the above study it can be concluded that construction technologies play significant
role in the construction of the buildings. Civil engineers are required to make equilibrium
between supply and distribution of the resources. This can help in minimizing errors. Cradle to
Cradle model is the biometric approach in which all material which are used in the building
construction are being reviewed from health and safety perspectives. Displacement piling and
replacement piling are great techniques in which piles are being derived into the ground and it is
pushed out of the way and muck is dug out and it is being replaced with other pile. It gives
strength to ground that helps in constructing the many story buildings.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Baoku, Q. and Changfu, L., 2014. Research on the Whole Lifecycle of Prefabricat-ed
Construction Management Based on BIM Technology. Construction Technology. 15.
pp.25-29.
Bhoir, S. A. and et.al., 2015. Measuring construction workers attention using eye-tracking
technology.
Chen, W. F. and Duan, L., 2014. Bridge engineering handbook: construction and maintenance.
CRC press.
Delin, X. and et.al., 2013. Safety Protection Technology for Flexible Steel Structures
Construction of Beijing Olympic Park Lookout Tower [J]. Construction Technology. 2.
pp.002.
Guofeng, S. J. D. A. I. Z. H. U. and Yuemou, S. H. I., 2013. Construction Technology of
Demonstration Section of Eco-landscape Forest Belt in Taishan [J]. Guangdong Forestry
Science and Technology. 2. pp.015.
Hashemi, A. and Hadjri, K., 2014. Offsite construction, a potential answer to the Iranian housing
shortages.
Shen, Z. and et.al., 2014. Object-based 3D intelligent model for construction planning/simulation
in a highway construction. In Construction Research Congress 2014: Construction in a
Global Network(pp. 259-268).
Skibniewski, M. J. and Zavadskas, E.K., 2013. Technology development in construction: a
continuum from distant past into the future. Journal of Civil Engineering and
Management. 19(1). pp.136-147.
Sulakatko, V., Lill, I. and Liisma, E., 2015. Analysis of on-site construction processes for
effective external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) installation. Procedia
Economics and Finance. 21. pp.297-305.
Wang-dong, R. E. N. and et.al., 2013. Rapid construction method of large area deep foundation
excavation in soft soil.Construction Technology. 42(1). pp.35-39.
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Xiang, P., Huo, X. and Shen, L., 2015. Research on the phenomenon of asymmetric information
in construction projects—The case of China. International journal of project
management. 33(3). pp.589-598.
Yuan, Z. and et.al., 2017. Case Library Construction Technology of Energy Loss in Distribution
Networks Considering Regional Differentiation Theory. Energies. 10(11). pp.1861.
Yue, C. H. E. N., 2013. Review on construction technology of tunnel and artificial islands for
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. Construction Technology. 42(9). pp.1-5.
Online
Building Sustainability Assessment, 2010. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.google.co.uk/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjL-
Yut7ZLYAhVGRY8KHa7BAbgQFgg3MAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com
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