Construction Technology: Building Projects, Sustainability, Terminology

This report discusses construction technology for building projects, including the differences between residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, ways to promote sustainability, and terminology used in construction. It also covers pre-design studies, foundation types, and the impact of site information on foundation design. The report concludes with a discussion on superstructure characteristics and features.

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Describe the differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings..................3
Discuss the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects........................4
Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction
project..........................................................................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
Pre-design studies to be carried out and the type of information to be collated in order to
design the most suitable foundation type for different types of structures.................................6
The construction of different types of foundations and their suitability for use with different
types of structures.......................................................................................................................7
How site information impact on foundation design....................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
Describe pre-design studies & kind of information gather for a given Site of construction.. . .10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
Describe the techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing.......11
Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures...................................................12
Identify superstructure, civil engineering and substructure structures necessary for building of
a construction project................................................................................................................12
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................12
Supply arrangements for various primary services...................................................................12
Arrangements for Distribution of resources and the allocation of work...................................13
Elements of superstructure........................................................................................................13
Impact of distribution of primary services on design of whole building..................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Construction technology can be defined as a group of machinery, innovative tools, software,
modifications, and etc. which are specifically being utilised at the time of construction. Away
with this, a project specifically that allows progression within field of construction methods
where a range of elements have been included like automated construction equipment and semi-
automated as well. Apart from this, concept of construction is considered as an effective strategy
that would help in improving the infrastructures in much effective and in efficient ways. On the
other hand, this particular report is specifically based on construction technology where it is
being used for construction of building of hotels. There is a location as well near motorway and
also it is connected with Heathrow International Airport, where the investors have decided that 5
storey building will be constructed. Also, it has been decided as well that the particular building
will be of approximately 1 kilometre. Including this, different building types may be residential,
industrial and commercial depending over purpose it is being utilised. It is also describing
various techniques that were utilised to construct the different structures that are directly
affecting all functions along with the criteria as well for designs. Lastly, it is discussing supply &
distribution of various service range and its application (Ahn and et. al., 2019).
TASK 1
Describe the differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
During the phase of constructing something or building something that are various things
and there are various factors that are to be kept in mind these things can be the legal requirement
that are needed to be fulfilled and the financial requirement that are to be seen. As there are
various type of building and there is various type of complication that are related to them. There
are various major factors that are describing the difference between residential, commercial and
industrial building. These factors are as follows:
1.Location – it is the most important factor that is making a huge difference between the
residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Not every building can be constructed
everywhere, as there is some limitation that are there in the process of construction of the
building (Brzyski, Grudzińska and Majerek, 2019). The residential building is found mainly in
between the city and they are found in the residential areas, where as the commercial building
are the one that are found mainly away for the residential area as there are various limitation to

where these buildings can be found. The industrial buildings can only be found in the outskirts of
the city.
2.Purpose – the purpose defines the main reason for which a particular building is being
constructed. The main purpose for the construction of the residential building is that people may
come and stay there whereas the main purpose for the construction if the commercial building is
that, the building is to sold or is to be given in lease for commercial purpose or for office
purposes. The main purpose of industrial building is that they are constructed so that the process
of manufacturing can be done in them and these building are all made according to the purpose
that they need to fulfil.
3. Blueprint – blueprint is the whole out structure of the building and according to the blue print
the building needs to be constructed. The blue print of the residential building will be very
simple and it is made according to the need of the customer and in this them there are various
complication whole they are making the blue print of the residential building they have to see
that all safety standards are met or not. The blueprint of the commercial building is slightly
complicated than the blueprint of the residential building as, they have to make sure that they are
utilizing all the space properly. The commercial buildings are also made very huge. The blue of
the industrial building is very complicated as in they have to make sure that all the industrial
equipment can be brought in and out easily (Craveiroa and et. al., 2019).
4.Construction material construction material is use in the construction of the building. The raw
material that are used in the construction of the residential building are basic element as the
residential building are prepared only for as tenure of 10 years. While the raw material that are
used in the construction of the commercial building are slightly upgraded as they are meant to
have all the new equipment and they are meant to stay there for more than 15 years. The
industrial building is the one in which the material that are used are of very high quality, as
industries uses very high quality steel and they are meant to be there for more than 20 years.
Discuss the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects.
At the time of constructing a building it is much needed to look forward to different range of
safety measures as this is considered as a responsibility of each person who has taken a contact
and is viewed as contactor in a specific venture and it is also utilised in different ways (Gaglia
and et. al., 2017). Additionally, it is the obligation of the site auditor like they can utilize

different systems with the goal that general supportability can be upgraded of this particular
hotel. Some of reasonable ways for this hotel are presented beneath:
Selection of Material: In this significant concern it is the responsibility of site investigator
that he or she should pick a best nature of material for development of a building, site examiner
has a prerequisite that they need to break down the different range of materials which must be
utilized in development of these business structures. This will help in manageability and long
term durability of such buildings (Hou, Liu and Liu, 2018).
Development of premises with energy efficiency: This is identified with utilization of
productive energy which is vital for each building and that is also being developed so
manageability of premises can be improved and expanded at the same time. It is said that in the
event that high energy material is utilized, at that point it will prompt upgrade of entire business
building which will prompt ideal usage of accessible of energy. It is additionally impacting the
business vendor so they are utilizing building so that powerful utilization can be taken care of in
a successful way.
Construction waste management: Overseeing waste is an extremely fundamental element
in development work which helps in upgrading utilization of accessible assets. It is an obligation
of the supervisor that they are utilizing those items which can additionally be reused and
afterward utilized in the development a comparative structure. Undertaking management and
leadership as well of the hotels they can utilize the cement in different zones so that there is a
viable use of assets (Kasprowicz, 2017).
Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction project
There is various terminology that are being used during the process of construction of the
building. There is various common terminology that are being used during the process of
constructing the building. Some of the terminology that are used in the construction technology
are as follows:
1.Aggregate – these are the material that are used for laying the foundation of the building and
these are made up with the combination of crushed sand and stones. During the construction of
the hotel, laying foundation is very important as it will be providing the base for the hotel.
2.Concrete – it is the mixture of sand cement and water and it is responsible for holding the
building together as they are the hardened mixture of cement which are used in slabs and other

types of columns. In the construction of hotel there are various places and there are various areas
in which Concrete is being used.
TASK 2
Pre-design studies to be carried out and the type of information to be collated in order to design
the most suitable foundation type for different types of structures.
Pre-design is explained as stage before the design and this stage starts when funding is
available for construction. Pre-design phase helps in analysing space required for construction
and help in analysing any issues related with available space. Pre-design phase helps in analysing
constraints and opportunities for the construction site and help in determining budget which is
needed to overcome barriers identified during pre-design phase. It helps in determining need of
fund to determine issues such as scope, budget etc. Pre-design phase includes site analysis, cost
analysis, programming etc.
Site analysis includes various components such as selection of construction site, geotechnical
report and understanding existing structure.
Managers of hotel can use pre-design phase as path to determine need of site and can understand
several facts and figures about construction site as it can help in understanding need of space and
equipment needed for functioning. Pre-design phase helps in evaluating conditions of
construction site which includes geotechnical reports hydrology studies, land survey etc. It helps
hotel in identifying need of analysis of reports related to construction site. Geotechnical reports
are related with information about soils and geologic conditions on and below the surface and it
help in analysing about existing conditions of construction site. It helps in identifying
geotechnical hazard such as landslides, mudflow hazard etc. Hydrology studies are related to
drainage patterns and depth to ground water, coastal flooding etc. Land survey help in analysing
boundaries of construction in terms of legal and easements. Above surveys are included in pre-
design phase which assist civil engineers in understanding about construction site and help in
understanding nature of land. Pre-design phase helps in understanding nature of land and civil
engineer use this phase as pre-testing of space before starting any type of construction on land.
This phase helps in exploring any deficit land help in overcoming barrier before construction
(Lee and et. al., 2019).

The construction of different types of foundations and their suitability for use with different
types of structures.
Foundation can be viewed as lower segment of surface which can help in building a
design. It is useful in moving of burden from design to the dirt in a protected way. There are two
sorts of design of establishment which are referenced underneath:
Shallow foundations: This is a foundation structure which is founded near a finished
surface of a ground where depth and width is less than 3m. These foundations have to be used
when surface soils may be stiff & strong. Shallow foundations can be classified as practicalities
and raft foundations; they are also named as spread footings sometimes.
Deep foundations: These are those establishments which are available in beneath
completed surface of ground with the goal that they can bear limit which is getting influenced by
states of surface and are having presence 3m subterranean level (Lin, 2018). Diverse arranges of
profound establishments incorporates different elements like heaps, caissons and a range of
foundations as well. These kind of establishments can represent significant stretch of time and
are entirely appropriate for development of a building as well.
How site information impact on foundation design
Foundation design is depended in two components which are kind of ground on which it is
fabricate and second is site visit. At the point when it must be concentrates in detail the site visit
comes at first, for example, contactors visit different locales and afterward in the event that there
are breaks which are being noticed, at that point it might demonstrate a subsiding which is
caused due to ground development (Liu, 2018).
Before any disclosing is done at site it is important to examine and find different
administrations which are important to be led at site. Numerous aspects are additionally offering
a few types of assistance which are fundamental at season of development is finished. It must be
taken consideration that open channels can be ensured with sheets of peril sign and furthermore
hardware must be kept in appropriate spot with satisfactory arrangement of wellbeing. Different
site is fundamental for convenient just as effective acts of development. It is important to
perceive in general appropriateness of site development as per necessity of undertaking and are
in which it is being built. This additionally helping in decrease of danger and causalities which
are made by individuals which can happen in coming future as well (Lou, Xu and Wang, 2017).

TASK 3
Characteristics & features of superstructure as well as their design selection or choice criteria
Superstructure is defined as area high or above than the ground level. It is also called
carpet area and it is the actual area that is used. In relation to construction of Hotel building, it is
area that is located above the ground level. Various elements are essential to build a
superstructure and that are mentioned below:
Walls: walls are important part of a building as they provide strength. It is important to use high
quality raw material for construction of walls. It is responsibility of site inspector to check the
check the quality of raw material that are used in the construction of wall. Raw material bricks,
cement are vital for construction and should be inspected. As this will ensure strength of wall.
Roofs: Roof is at the top of building and it covers the upper part of building. It is essential to
maintain heat passage. In case of construction of Hotel, Roof helps to maintain room temperature
(Martin and Perry, 2019).
Floors- ground: Durability is an important point that is considered while construction. Ground
floor construction is vital as it provides support the building. The site inspector always checks
the quality of raw material. While construction of Hotel it is essential to use quality raw material
that supports durability of building.
Doors & Windows: To maintain privacy it is important prefer sound resistance doors.
As in today’s time customers prefer quality and respect privacy. These kind of doors help to
decrease sound pollution and helps to maintain privacy. They also minimise the disturbance level
and that has positive impact on guests and visitors.
Staircases: While construction of Hotel, staircase is an important part that should be constructed
in an effective way. It is vital to construct the stairs in a safe manner as it helps to increase the
stability of customers. Another role of staircase is they have capability to resist ground moisture.
So the inspector takes care of quality of materials used for stairs while constructing the staircase
(Mukhametzyanov, 2018).
From the above discussion it can be analysed that it is the duty of inspector to analyse all
the characteristics of construction of building and bridges. Along with that they should take care
of the raw material that are being used for construction. As it is important to use quality materials
for construction of the building as it is used for long term. Durability of construction depend on
the materials used.

Describe pre-design studies & kind of information gather for a given Site of construction.
Pre -design studies play a prominent role in construction of a building as it studies the
overall condition of the site. In relation to construction of Hotel, it is duty of site operator to
conduct a proper research about the site. It is important to collect the proper information and then
assemble to draw a conclusion. The study facilitates construction process. Along with that it
helps to identify the requirement of resources and assembles them. The site inspector checks the
availability of labour that are required to work. It saves the time. As labour are important to
complete the construction process. It is also important to check the availability of electricity at
the location. Various factors are considered in pre-design study like transportation facility
available as there is requirement of transporting the raw materials at the place. Also the
requirement and availability of raw material is also checked by site inspector. It is important to
monitor all these aspects to make the construction successful (Na and Chonghua, 2020,).
Parts of an element which allow fulfilment of function.
First of all, the task is to make a structure as per the requirement and instruction of
customers. Also it is important to decide and finalise the elements that are going to be used in
substructure. This can be further explained as all details like durability of floor, water resistant,
sound resistant etc., should be finalised. There are various other elements that are required and
are mentioned below:
Concrete: There are various raw materials that are important for construction of a building. It is
most important element that is used to make the floor strong. As without concrete construction is
not possible.
Floor sheet: This is another important element that is required while construction of building.
Floor sheet help to make the floor water restaurant and it is the duty of site operator to check the
quality of floor sheet.
To make the building durable it is essential to see quality materials and check them
before use. That is duty of Site operator to check the quality of materials that are used while
construction of building (Radziszewska-Zielina, Kania and Śladowski, 2018).
Compare and contrast different form of structural frame which is used to carry elements that is
primary & secondary of superstructure.

There are various forms of structures that are used by civil engineers. They include rigid, flexible
& braced structures. The majorly used structures are described below:
Rigid Frame Structure- As the name suggest it is rigid structure that cannot be changed. It is
strongest structure as compared to other structures. It is made up of columns and blames and is
considered as a single piece. It is important as it helps civil engineers to construct strong hotel.
Braced Frame Structure- This is another structure that is followed and used by civil engineers.
This structure helps to construct in such a manner that it protects the building from earthquake
and wind forces.
In this case the rigid framework is used for construction of building. Additionally, this
helps to save hotel from heavy wind as it makes the building strong. And it assists to hold the
hotel strongly in every situation (Safa, Baeza and Weeks, 2019).
TASK 4
Describe the techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing.
Techniques being used for remediation of site prior to commencement of work of
construction
Remediation is a way that is used to correct something. It is a methodology that is used by civil
engineers in the initial phase of construction and is related with overall industry. It is a vital task
that should be taken care by civil engineers to adopt strategies to follow sustainability. Along
with that it helps the construction to survive for long time period.
Some of the techniques of remediation that can be used as mentioned below:
Chemical Treatment: Location of site is periphery area of the Thames valley. Chemical
treatment is useful in relation to soil problem such as extra wet, flexible clay etc. Soil is
important to taken care of as when a 5 storey building is created sustainability of building is
affected because of ineffectiveness of soil. So as to remediate the soil various chemical treatment
are done to strengthen the soil such as oxidation, chemical immobilization, etc. These chemical
treatments are helpful as they strengthen the soil as that is required for construction work (Sartipi
and et. al., 2020).

Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures
Substructure is related to construction of a place that is belonging below ground level. In
relation to this scenario, site operator of the building is developing a substructure that includes
different type of work. Some of them are discussed below:
Groundwork: This is part of substructure which emphasise on workers and the methods
that are adopted to carry out construction in an effective manner. It also sets foundation of
building as per requirement of overall construction plan and helps to make building stable as
well as strong.
Propping: It is a structure that supports the construction of building. It provides support to
whole infrastructure and provides strength in construction of building. It is support that is
provided that helps to increase the strength (Sepasgozar and Davis, 2019.).
Identify superstructure, civil engineering and substructure structures necessary for building of a
construction project
Superstructure: This is construction of upper part of ground level. This includes the upper floor,
walls and roof of building. The project manager has to finalise basic elements that are in
accordance with the hotel requirements.
Substructure: It is analysed that raft foundation is most suitable structure for construction. It has
substances that are spread across the ground. The pillars support the corners of building. It is the
best structure that helps to construct five storey building that has space for parking.
Civil Engineer Structure: This structure is used in designing of environment, this includes dams,
bridges, building and canals that are designed according to areas where they are built
TASK 5
Supply arrangements for various primary services
In order to establish and construct a hotel, the assigned site inspector is responsible for
making numerous arrangements so as to facilitate the construction process of the same. The
inspector is responsible for providing the adequate assistance in facilitating the construction
services management further. In order to carry out effective optimisation of the available raw
material in the construction of the hotel, it is necessary that prior study in relation to the same is
conducted will full accuracy (Sepasgozar and et. al., 2018). The primary and most initial

activities in order to carry on the construction can be stated as the adequate supply of electricity,
plumbing, water, bricks, cement, drainage system etc.
The actual requirement for the construction of a hotel can be characterised as the proper and
systematic arrangement of the logistics, human resource, raw material etc. The incorporation of
action plan is necessary to determine the overall course of action to be followed in order to
regulate the construction process of the hotel. Then acquisition of the supplies can be termed as
one of the most crucial functions as the entire process of construction is dependent on the
availability of the supply. So, it is advisable that the respective organisation things of starting
their construction process should try to follow the government obligation regarding the
construction of the hotel property and meet the criteria which are crucial to be suited to in order
to start the construction of the hotel (Shi, Cao and Lei, 2017).
Arrangements for Distribution of resources and the allocation of work
The distribution process allows the division of various resources to the individuals involves in
the functioning of the construction process. It focuses on assigning the tasks and allotting the
respective work assignments to the individuals so as to provide them with the line of work they
need to perform in order to contribute their services in the construction process for the
establishment of the hotel. It is also required for the individuals to apply productive strategies
that can assist in generating better and advanced outcomes in respect with the construction. The
major components that needs to be taken into consideration while facilitating this distribution of
the arrangement is to involve the direst as well as indirect expenditure or cost and time that will
be required to complete the entire construction work.
The site inspector is the one who needs to take care of the same i.e. allocation of the resources
and the allotment of work. The concerned person has to ensure that the distribution has been
done appropriately so that the desired results are high and the day to day assigned work is
completed on time.
Elements of superstructure
The superstructure can be characterised as an amalgamation of various components such
as windows, ceilings, stairs, ground floors, roof etc. These elements are utilised to provide
assistance to numerous primary activities. Fire alarms and an effective control mechanism must
be developed in order to make it easy for the individuals living in the building so as to identify
and map in advance the various hazardous incidents that may occur in the building. This is

essential in order to maintain and promote the safety of the individuals residing in the building
(Shim and Choi, 2019). If the people living in the building will get an alert regarding any
uncertainty that may take place due to an accident or a fire outbreak, the exit from the area will
be much easier for them.
Lifts and escalators are also an essential part in the construction process as the help the
workers and labours to move flexibly and to perform their daily work efficiently. The supply of
raw material will also take less time, if the construction site will provide lifts and escalators to
the labours or the individuals providing their services in the construction of the hotel building.
Impact of distribution of primary services on design of whole building
In order to develop a good and attractive design of a particular building, it is very
essential to distribute the primary services effectively and consistently. This is because the
adequate resources are required so as to build and develop a productive structure of designs. A
sustainable and productive action plan can also be formulated which can further assist in
providing the sequence that needs to be taken into consideration so as to do the work on time and
within the available resources. The final design outcome will be relevant and ravishing if the
distribution of the primary resources will be done systematically and without any potential errors
or misinterpretations (Sinenko and Poznakhirko, 2018).
Primary services play a very important part in the initial stages of the construction
process and their value gets enhanced over the upcoming stages of the construction as well.
These services are the base of starting a construction work and without the inclusion and
planning of primary services; it will become next to impossible to lead the construction forward.
These services are responsible for building the potential for the growth and development of the
construction plan. The primary services are the basic requirements that need to be facilitated and
fulfilled with effectiveness. The site inspector is always suggested to look into the primary
services matters in order to gain insights and perspective in respect of what needs to be done and
how will it be done and within what limit of time. It can be stated that the arrangement of
supplies and the distribution of resources are a prominent element of the construction stage and
the individuals responsible of performing the functions related to the same needs to be very
careful and focused so as to generate the higher outcomes and results in relation with the
fulfilment of the goals set for the construction process (Wang and et. al., 2017).

CONCLUSION
This report concludes about use of construction technology in building effective structure
and use of different type of machinery and equipment for construction of building. This report
consists information about different type of building and what is difference between these
buildings. This report focuses on ways in building a project and how engineers can make project
effective and efficient by developing appropriate plan and strategies. This report includes
information about pre-design phase and how pre-design phase assist engineers in understanding
about construction site and help in understanding that it should be favourable for construction.
Engineer focus on analysing different points which can affect construction of building. This
report includes information about substructure and help in understanding distribution network
during construction.

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