Construction Technology Report

This report examines the construction technology involved in designing and implementing a hotel building complex near a motorway. It covers various aspects, including building types, sustainability, foundation design, superstructure and substructure elements, civil engineering structures, and the impact of primary services on the overall design.

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Difference between residential, commercial and industrial buildings.............................4
1.2 Different ways to promote sustainability in building projects.........................................5
1.3 Terminology used in construction technology to the building construction project........6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Carried out pre-design studies and type of information collected in order to design the
most suitable foundation type for different types of structures..............................................7
2.2 Construction of different types of foundations and their sustainability for use with
different types of structures....................................................................................................7
2.3 Impact of site information on foundation design.............................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Functional characteristics of various elements and design of their selection criteria for
their use..................................................................................................................................8
3.2 Type of pre-design studies carried out for a given construction site................................9
3.3 Ways component parts of an element allows it to fulfil its functions............................10
3.4 Different types of Structural frames used to carry the primary and secondary elements of
the superstructure..................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Techniques used for re-mediating the site prior to construction commencing..............11
4.2 Types of sub structure work required for the infrastructures.........................................12
4.3 Superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a building
construction project..............................................................................................................13
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................13
5.1 Supply arrangements for primary services.....................................................................13
5.2 Distribution arrangements for primary services.............................................................15
5.3 Elements of the superstructures used to facilitate the primary services.........................15
5.4 Ways distribution of primary services impact on the overall design of the building.....16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Construction technology is one of the main part in civil engineering. It involves study of
various construction methods, materials etc. it affects the overall design, maintainability,
construction and overall plan of the building (Ahvenniem and et.al, 2017). This assignment will
lay emphasis on the report of implementation and design of a Hotel building complex near a
motorway. It will also explain the following questions in brief such as: difference between
residential, commercial and industrial building, different ways' sustainability can be promoted in
the building projects. Further different types of foundations with their suitability with different
types of structures, impact of site information on foundation design will be discussed. Then types
of information collected on the construction site, different types of structural frames used to
carry out primary and secondary elements of the superstructures, will be included.
Furthermore, techniques that are used for re-mediating the site prior to construction
commencing, types of substructure works that are required for the infrastructures will be done.
Then identification of superstructures, substructures and civil engineering structures necessary
for the hotel building construction project, discussed. Then about various types of supply
arrangements for all the primary services, distribution arrangements for all primary services,
elements of superstructures used to facilitate primary services and distribution of the primary
services impact on the overall design of the building. With the help of all the above points their
report will clearly explain and identify different types of structures used in construction of a
hotel building with different ways to achieve sustainability of the hotel building project
construction near motorway, so that all the basic requirements of the hotel building are fulfilled.
The main objective of this report is to provide all the required information for the construction of
a Hotel building near a motorway.
TASK 1
1.1 Difference between residential, commercial and industrial buildings
Residential Building:
 These type of buildings are either duplexes, single family houses, condominiums, or
apartments which are used by people to live in.
 Basic requirements of residential buildings are: bedrooms, kitchens, bathrooms etc. for
simple houses or multifamily structures.

 Main requirement of such type of building is easy accessibility to local area, hospitals,
transportation etc.
Commercial Building:
 These type of buildings are either stores, stores, workplace, or other distinctive structures
used for commerce or businesses.
 These type of buildings are designed according to their use and requirements such as:
meeting rooms, offices, display floors, storage spaces, retail space, etc. For this there are
various kinds of building codes for commercial space such as: fire escape plans, fire
extinguishers, fire alarm systems, maximum occupancy limit, lightening requirements
etc. These requirements are totally different from residential buildings.
 Factors such as attractive design, easy maintainability, good location, consumer access,
parking facility also affects the design of the commercial buildings.
Industrial Building:
 It generally includes warehouse buildings, factories where stuffs are either stored or made
for industrial use.
 Industrial buildings are often large with warehouses and open spaces with factory floors
for office space for supervisory, machinery work, bathrooms and break rooms and large
storage area. Along with these requirements it also requires fire protection and life safety
requirements.
 Main requirement of these type of buildings is that it should be a accident prone area
located on outskirts of a town and should have easy access to road and transportations.
1.2 Different ways to promote sustainability in building projects
Ways in which sustainable buildings can be built are:
 Energy efficient premises: Generally building construction sites emits much more
pollution than any other transportation vehicles. So, energy efficient management is
important to be considered on construction sites either by combined heat and power
systems for more energy efficient and renewable alternatives (McMullan, 2017).
 By implementing effective sustainable waste management policy in order to reduce large
amount of construction waste by using linear approach to sustainable waste by reusing,
making or disposing waste generated at construction sites.

 By moving construction off-site impact of on-side activities and waste can be reduced
through which emission caused through construction process can be decreased. This
process can increase the sustainability of building construction.
 In order to promote sustainability in constructing building projects transportation fleet
can be reduced. As transportation at construction sites is also one of the cause of
pollution at construction sites. It can be done by switching to efficient vehicles, sourcing
materials used in construction locally etc.
 By reducing carbon footprint at construction sites by adopting a sustainable design
approach to material sourcing can also promote sustainability in construction of building
projects. By using recycled and secondary materials, considering life-cycle of the
material or disposing other waste through proper technique.
 By implementing lean manufacturing to reduce energy consumption by using lean
construction techniques. These lean practices can be used to increase sustainability in
construction of building using sustainable things.
1.3 Terminology used in construction technology to the building construction project
Terminologies used in construction technology to the building construction project are:
 Above Grade: It is a portion of the building which is above the ground level.
 Adhesion: it is the property of a sealant or coating to the surface to which it is applied.
 Air Filters: These are the Adhesion filters that are made of various fibres or metal that are
coated with Adhesive liquid to which lint or dust particles adhere. These are fitted in
order to remove 90% of the dirt, if they do not become clogged.
 Air Infiltration: It is the amount of air leaking in and out of the building through cracks in
the walls, windows or even doors.
 Anchor bolts: These are used to secure wooden sill plates to concrete, walls or masonry
floors. It is also used for fastening columns, girders or various other members to the
concretes.
 Anti-walk blocks: Elastomeric blocks that limit glass movement in the glazing channel
which might result from seismic, thermal or wind load effects, building movement or any
other forces that might apply (Itard and Joossten, 2016).
 Base or Baseboard: A broad place against the walls around a room below the ground
level or next to the floor to finish the property between floor or plaster.

 Beam: Structural support member made of steel, lumber or concrete that transversely
supports a load that transfer weight from one location to another.
TASK 2
2.1 Carried out pre-design studies and type of information collected in order to design the most
suitable foundation type for different types of structures
Pre-design is a phase which is done before the design begins. In this space required is
analysed, constraints and opportunities of the site are done, according to which the type of
foundation to be used is decided according to the cost of the overall project and the requirement
of the building as well as according to its type. For pre-design studies following type of analysis
are done, such as:
 Site analysis: It includes selection of the site, review of existing structure and then its
geotechnical reports are constructed.
 Programming: In this needs of the project according to the owner are defined. It includes
cataloguing of equipment and space needed and functional relationship are identified.
 Construction cost analysis: In this analysis construction budget amount is provided for
capital improvement budget as well as for the cost plan in explaining the budget as well
as for the project management guiding.
 Value engineering: In this examination or inspection of the selected site, program and
budget of the project is done.
2.2 Construction of different types of foundations and their sustainability for use with different
types of structures
There are basically two types of basic foundation used in different type of structures i.e. Shallow
and deep foundations. These are further divided into many according to their use.
Types of shallow Foundations:
 Individual footing: Most common type of foundation used for construction of a building.
It is constructed for a single column which is also called pad foundations. This
foundation is suitable for the balloon and “A” shaped houses structure.
 Combined footing: It is constructed when more than two columns are close enough and
their individual footing overlaps each other. It is used when load from building structure
is carried by columns (Fellenius, 2017). This foundation is suitable for the skeleton, steel
and concrete structures

 Strip and wall footing: It has a wide base to spread the base of the building structure over
more area in order to provide stability. It is not used at construction sites where there is
any possibility of ground water flow above bearing layer of soil. This foundation is
suitable for the skeleton and concrete structures.
 Raft or mat foundation: This type of foundation is spread across wide entire area of a
building in order to support heavy structural loads from walls as well as from columns. It
is used to prevent sediment of individual footing. Is economical when more than half of
the building structure is covered with individual or wall footings. This foundation is
suitable for the braced, concrete, steel and skeleton structures.
Types of deep Foundations:
These type of foundations are mostly used for heavy load structures such as: steel, concrete,
skeleton structures.
 Pile foundation: it is used to transfer heavy loads from structure to hard rock strata which
are much deep below the ground level.
 Drilled shaft foundations: It is similar to shaft foundation but with high capacity cost-in
site foundations.
2.3 Impact of site information on foundation design
There are following factors that affect the foundation design of the building, such as: Soil
type: it is a mixture of solid particles, moisture and air. There are different types of soil like
sandy, loose, expansive or clayey soil etc. It is one of the main factor which should be known of
the construction site as it will affect the overall foundation design. Type of soil defines the type
of foundation to be used for example, for sand or gravel soil normally raft foundation is
considered, for clayey soil strip foundation is used, for peat soil piled foundation is used. So,
information about the type of soil at the site is important to be known as it affects the overall
foundation design. The type of building as well as its overall load also affects the foundation
design. They type of material used, number of floors to be constructed affects the overall load of
the building (Eastman, 2018). So it is important to know all the information related to the
building to be constructed at the site and its overall load, as it will affect the foundation design of
the building.

TASK 3
3.1 Functional characteristics of various elements and design of their selection criteria for their
use
 Walls: There are two types of walls used for different purposes.
◦ External walls: it is used to enclose the overall internal area which prevents the
building from bad weather, rain etc. It is of further two types i.e. timber wall and
cavity wall which is determined according to its use.
◦ Internal walls: It is used to either partition different rooms or support upper floors or
roof. It is of four type’s i.e. solid block, solid brick, timber stud, metal stud. Their use
completely depends upon they type of building is to be carried out. Selection criteria
internal walls completely depends upon the structure of the building for example
here, a five story hotel is to be constructed so internal walls will be constructed in
order to divide different types of rooms
 Floor: It is of two types i.e. ground and upper floors. It is constructed to cover the
basement and build the initial level of the building and upper floors are constructed based
on the number of floors needed to be constructed in the building. Selection criteria for
floor for hotel are they it will have five upper floors and one ground floors.
 Roof: It is constructed in order to cover the building from the top. It is of many types
which completely depend upon the type of building to be constructed in which are. For
example: Curved roof is constructed in mountain area whereas plain roof is constructed
in plain areas.
 Stairs: They are constructed in order to connect various levels of the building. These are
constructed according to the design of the building as well as the height and space
between two floors. Design of the stairs depends upon the design of the structure and
total number of stairs to be constructed depends upon number of floors.
 Windows and doors: Main function of the door is to serve as a connection link between
internal parts of a building or for free movement outside the building but the main
purpose is to open/close rooms constructed and windows are the opening in the walls
constructed for various purposes for example for natural light, vision and ventilation
(Adams, 2017).

 Finishes: It involves the overall finishing of a building, which is needed to be considered
in order to consider the final physical appearance of the building.
3.2 Type of pre-design studies carried out for a given construction site.
First and the foremost thing done is pre-design planning before designing a structure.
There are four main parts of pre-design studies.
 First is site analysis which is done to analyse all the construction requirements. Here the
site analysis of the five story hotel building will be done.
 Next is programming which is done to support all the design of the buildings which are
supported by all the functionalities of a construction site. Here space or equipment
needed for construction of the hotel will be done.
 Then cost estimation of the entire project is done for construction. Here total cost
estimation building the five story hotel will be done
 At last value engineering is done which helps in planning all the available resources
involved in developing a building.
3.3 Ways component parts of an element allows it to fulfil its functions
There are three main components of superstructure that are used to support and fulfil their
elements functions:
 Concrete: it is one of the basic component which is mixed with the cement in order to
strengthen the walls and sustain them for longer duration. For supporting complete load
of the main building, base of the main building need to be strong.
 Floor-Sheet: It is used to prepare covering of the floor permanently in order to support
the cover of the concrete surface
 Drywalls: It is s panel which is made up of calcium sulphate hydrate which protects all
the walls from tearing and breaking.
3.4 Different types of Structural frames used to carry the primary and secondary elements of the
superstructure
Primary elements of Superstructure: Walls, roofs, floors- ground as well as intermediate,
stairs.
Secondary elements of Superstructure: windows and doors.
There are different types of structural frames used to support a building, its parts and also
used to carry the primary and secondary elements of the superstructures.

 Balloon framing: It is a type of timber construction that is used to build houses.
 Concrete framing: It is a common form of structure that uses columns and beam in order
to form a skeleton structure of a building. It is also used to support floor, roof, walls,
cladding etc.
 Space framing: It is lightweight roofing structure which is connected through joints and
chords together. It is either made of steel or aluminium used to support roof of a building.
 Braced framing: It is normally used in structures to subject lateral loads and is generally
made of steel.
 Steel frame: it is a type of structural steel work used to build a skeleton frame of a
building. It is constructed through vertical columns and horizontal beams which are used
to support floor, roof and wall.
 Timber frame: As the name suggest it is a structure of walls and floors constructed from
small timber studs.
 Skeleton framing: It is used in construction of multi-story buildings. It incorporates a
network of beams and columns in order to support the internal floors as well as external
walls of a building to carry all the loads to foundations.
 A-Frame house: They are constructed in “A” shape and are constructed using building
materials such as timer etc. These are normally used in building “A” frame houses or
traditional domestic buildings.
Primary Elements Secondary elements
 Every element without which a
building won't stand up or complete is
primary elements of superstructures.
 Every element that holds something but
isn't crucial for the buildings structural
integrity.
TASK 4
4.1 Techniques used for re-mediating the site prior to construction commencing
There are different types of re-mediating techniques used at the construction site prior to
the construction commencing are:

 Surfactant enhanced aquifer Remediation: It is used to remove contamination in the
soil at the construction site. It is done through injection of hydrocarbon mitigation agents
to the surface.
 Ground Water Remediation: It is used to treat polluted water below the earth. There is
water present underground which is contaminated, which after purification can be used
for daily purposes. Some pollutants are removed directly and others if not removed then
can be converted into harmful products. There are different methods through which this
contamination of water can be treated so that it does not cause any harm or serious long
term problem.
 Surface water Remediation: It used to treat contaminated water above the soil or
ground water i.e. for the river flowing near the construction site. There are many different
ways through which ground water near construction site can be treated and can be taken
care of (Halpin, Lucko and Senior, 2017).
 Soil Remediation: It is a process of removing contamination from the soil at the
construction site. There are various things that cause problem for the owner or workers
such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons etc. there are many different methods for fixing soil
such as thermal soil re-mediating, air sparging, encapsulation etc. It is important to be
done as it can cause some serious long term problems to the property or ecosystem.
 Sediment Remediation: When soil and water are mixed new problems arises or are
created due to which level of toxic materials increases. So to remove it different ways are
used to remove all the toxic materials so the construction site.
 Bioremediation: In this biological mechanism is used to remove contamination from the
soil. This method do not use any kind of mechanical method to remove any bacteria or
contamination or harmful toxic substances from the soil but uses natural biological
substances.
4.2 Types of sub structure work required for the infrastructures
All the buildings start with the construction of substructures, which are constructed below
the ground and up to including damp proof course (DPC). These are mainly constructed in order
to receive the load from the main building in order to transfer them safely below to the suitable
load bearing layer of the ground. There are different types of sub structures works that are
required for the infrastructure, such as:

 Basement excavation: basement is one of the main part of a building which is below the
ground level. When there is lack of extra land excavation or digging of underground
basements is done. For construction of basement excavation of basement is required to be
done first for the infrastructure.
 Basement retaining wall work is also required to be done for the infrastructure. It should
be done up to and including damp proof coerces. Retaining walls are used to retain the
material on one side in order to prevent it from slipping or collapsing in for prevention of
soil erosion.
 Work on damp proof course is also required to be done for the infrastructure as it is
required to prevent rising damp or to prevent penetrating damp.
 Foundation work is also required to be done, up to damp proof course.
 Piling work is also required in order to retain structures by creating basements etc.
 Underpinning is also needed to be done for the infrastructure. It ranges from 1 to 7 meters
(Taranath, 2016).
 Groundwork is also required to be done for the infrastructure. It ranges from foundation
removal, ground slab, bulk excavation, sequenced excavations to pile trimming, shaft,pile
probing etc.
4.3 Superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a building
construction project
Super structures necessary for a building construction project are: Load-bearing
framework, main floor, roof beam, suspended floors over or in basement, balconies, service
floors, slopping floors, top landings or walkways, Staircase, roof structure, roof-lights, roof
coverings, roof drainage, roof features, ramps, ladders, stairs, external walls, partitions, internal
walls, windows, doors, hatches, Columns which are used to carry axial forces, beams which are
used to apply loads, pier is an upright structural support for superstructure, galleries, frame
members etc.
Substructure necessary for a building construction project are: Footing should be of such
strength that can easily carry building load, plinth which helps in transferring load of the building
to the underlying soil, damp proof course which is laid on plinth level to stop the penetration of
moisture to the superstructure, basement, basement excavation, deep foundations (Field, 2018).

Civil engineering structures necessary for the construction project: Need five story
building, roads, bridge to cross the river etc.
TASK 5
5.1 Supply arrangements for primary services
Supply arrangements for primary services are:
 By installing building control system in the building to make it efficient, functional,
comfortable and safe. It can be done by installing computer based systems for controlling
and monitoring building services.
 By managing energy generation and distribution by generating it through different
sources and delivering through a transmission system by operators of distribution system
for end users.
 By supplying energy such as gas, electricity etc. or through renewable energy sources
such as biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, through other energy sources like
hydroelectricity, marine energy, natural gas, thermal energy etc.
 By installing vertical transportation inside the building such as escalators and lifts
between different floors or levels, mostly installed in tall or multi-storey buildings. It can
also be used in evacuating or fire fighting process (Nawab and et.al, 2016).
 By applying facade engineering by designing high quality facade such as shading or
external-walls which will enhance energy efficiency and sustainability of the building.
 By providing acceptable level of fire safety, protection and detection in order to minimize
risks. It can be done by installing various types of safety devices such as optical smoke
alarms, fire extinguishers, heat alarms, multi sensor alarms etc.
 By installing proper ventilation, heating and air conditioning all over the building at all
the levels. By maintaining internal air quality, regulating internal temperatures and by
regulating internal humidity.
 Installing proper communication and information technology to store, transmit, retrieve
and manipulate data.
 All the equipments used for lightening in order to produce light should be installed.
 Lightening protection system should be installed to protect the building from all the
damaged caused by lightening.

 Proper security and alarm system should be installed such as CCTV cameras, intruder
alarms, access controls etc.
 Water, drainage and plumbing should be done properly for sustainable drainage system
development.
 Carbon emission should be calculated and reduced (Wan and et.al, 2017).
5.2 Distribution arrangements for primary services
Distribution arrangements are a legal agreement between suppliers of goods to distributor
of goods. Selling and reselling of goods from manufacturer or distributor is called distribution
arrangements. It typically includes terms and conditions, time period of sales and supply of
primary services. It is of two types i.e. exclusive or non-exclusive distribution arrangements. In
an exclusive distribution agreement, supplier grants distributor an exclusivity over a particular
product or sales channel while in non-exclusive distribution arrange supplier remains free to
appoint other distributors within their territory for the required material or maybe supply their
products or materials themselves to the subject within n their territory. It is incorporated in terms
and condition of supply for the agreement. It is normally done so that the complete distribution
system is safe, cost-effective with adequate supply of services. Selected arrangement system has
a drastic impact upon the maintainability and reliability of the system. While doing this it is
important to consider following things such as: marketing rights, reporting obligations,
trademark licensing, termination clauses, exclusivity or obligation etc. It is important to be
considered so that it doesn't affect the distribution and maintainability of all the primary services
(Preece, 2017).
5.3 Elements of the superstructures used to facilitate the primary services
Superstructure elements used to facilitate primary services are:
 Floor: It is used for walking or storing any items such as furniture, industrial or
commercial items. It is also used to separate different floors or levels of the building.
There are various types of floors constructed such as: ground floor, upper floors,
suspended floors over, balconies etc.
 Roof: it is simply used to cover a room or a hall from upper face. There are various kinds
of roofs used according to the weather and location of the buildings. For example: flat
roofs are used in plain areas while slopping roofs are preferred or constructed in
mountain areas (Building Components, 2017).

 Lintel: It is generally constructed above windows, doors etc. in order to support the load
of the walls on openings. It can either be made of bricks or concretes or cements etc.
 Walls: Walls are generally used to enclose are within it. It is of various types such as:
internal walls used to divide rooms, partition cubical etc. External walls are used to
enclose areas.
 Frames: Used for protective purpose. It is of following types such as: load bearing
framework, roof beams etc.
 Windows, doors, balustrades etc.
 Additional components such as doors, hatchets, openings in partitions or other rooms etc.
 Ramps and stairs: Constructed in order to move from one level or floor to different or in
other words it can be said as it is constructed in order to connect floors at various levels
(Wei, 2016).
5.4 Ways distribution of primary services impact on the overall design of the building
Primary services are important to be installed in a building to make it more functional,
comfortable, safe and efficient by including various services like: plumbing, fire safety,
lightening safety etc. Distribution of primary services impact the overall design of the building in
many ways as they need to be shown on the basic overall design of the building. Factors such as:
 Number of lifts or escalators and their position impact the overall design of the building
as they need to be mentioned in the basic overall design of the building.
 Energy supply sources such as renewable sources needs proper place to be installed so
they need proper designing in which they are given proper space and location to be
installed.
 Interaction between building design and services need to be interconnected properly.
 Building design also includes all the horizontal and vertical drainage areas are also
important to be considered in overall design of the building, if not considered then it
might affect the final construction of the building.
 Building service engineering also affects the design of the building and can have
considerable influence energy demand and sustainability of the building as well as on the
health of the building.
 It is one of the most important part to consider introduction of primary services
effectively as it will not only affect the quality of the building but it will also affect the

overall design of the building as all the building services need proper place and area for
installation which should be reflected in the overall design of the building (Labanca and
et.al, 2015).
 Need of all the required primary services are needed to be considered so that the overall
architectural design of the building is not affected.
CONCLUSION
From the above assignment it has been summarized that Different type of buildings have
different requirements and according to its type different sustainability ways are used to promote
sustainability in a project. For construction of any kind of building or structure Pre-design is
needed to be carried out which is used to decide the budget, equipment used and type of
foundation for the type of structure to be constructed, foundation is the main base of any
structure and it varies from structure to structure as well as on the construction site. Before
design of the foundation site information should be collected as it affects the design of the
building.
It is also important to use different Remediation techniques at the site before
commencing construction as it might affect the structure of a building in many ways. There are
different types of substructure works that varies from the requirement of the infrastructure as
well as there are many types of superstructure and substructures that are used in a construction of
a building according to the requirements of the project. After this supply and distribution
arrangements for all the required primary services of the building are seen. At last distribution of
all the primary services are included in the design of the building gas they need proper space and
installation, if not considered in the design then it might affect the overall design of the building.

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Online
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