Construction Technology: Building Design and Sustainability

This document provides an overview of construction technology, focusing on building design and sustainability. It covers the differences between residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, ways to promote sustainability in building projects, and the terminology used in construction technology. The document also discusses the pre-design studies and information collection for a construction site, the construction of different foundations and their suitability for use, and the functional characteristics of superstructure elements and the design selection criteria for their use.

Construction
Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
Differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings.......................................4
Ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects...........................................5
Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction
project..........................................................................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site..........................................................................................................................7
Construction of different foundations & their suitability for use................................................8
How site information impact on foundation design....................................................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
Functional characteristics of elements of superstructure and the design selection criteria for
their use.......................................................................................................................................9
Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site........................................................................................................................10
Component parts of an element allow it to fulfil its function...................................................10
Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary elements
of the superstructure..................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
Techniques used for re-mediating the site prior to construction commencing.........................11
Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures...................................................11
Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
building construction project.....................................................................................................12
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................13
Supply arrangements for primary services................................................................................13
Distribution arrangements for primary services........................................................................13
Elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services.....................................14
Distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the building...................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15
Books and Journals...................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Construction generally considered as an initial part of civil engineering which is
associated in direct or indirect form with human being who wants attractive, comfortable and
secure building. It has been analysed that main concept of construction was started with the aim
of developing a safe shelter for customer, but by the each passing time this concept modified
with technological involvement. It is the project which rely on construction technology, used for
creating a Hotel building complex (Chew, 2017). Main location of the site is near a motorway
which is linked with a Heathrow international airport. In addition to this, it has been identified
that the investor decides to create a 5 storey hotel-building complex which is approximately 1
km away from motorway. This report includes various sections which cover a discussion about
various types of building. Along with this, it describes about various techniques used to develop
a structure. Furthermore, it also includes different sort of civil engineering technology used to
construct a building. At the end of this, a discussion about distribution as well as supply of
different kind of services with their effective application.
TASK 1
Differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings
The construction technology is a very valuable concept which is beneficial in
construction of buildings by using different kind of materials such as stone, glass, timber,
concrete etc. It consists of different types of project that are mainly dependent on the need and
requirement of customers. It is evaluated that there are different types of construction erection
which are being developed for various purpose such as industrial, commercial and residential
purpose.
It is examined that various type of building for construction need different kind of
technology that is helpful in their creation. The major difference among these type of
technologies is evaluated with the help of table in order to analyse their efficiency in effectual
and planned manner (Zavadskas and et. al., 2012).
Commercial building Industrial building Residential building
 The term commercial  These building are  The residential

building is being used for
the place which is being
used for conducting
business activities like
retailing, restaurant
operations, entertainment,
pubs etc.
 In this type of building
the main role is played
by civil engineer in
order to use the best
type of material for
construction so that the
life of project can be
enhanced and the use of
innovative technology
in building will result in
sustainability of the
whole building for
longer time duration
thus creating value of
the place.
being used for the main
purpose of designing of
goods.
 In this factor the major
concern is linked with
development of a safe
erection with various
kind of safety measures
as the building are
being used for at
various extensive
levels (Yuguang,
2012).
buildings are used for
individual person
where they can freely
stay with the other
members of the family.
 This residential
building are developed
by using simplest
technology as they are
not being used for
longer duration of time.
Ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects
The construction of a secure and safe building is the sole responsibility of the contractor
as they are designing building which will be owned by different people. In context with the hotel
it is overall responsibility of inspector working at the site in order to use different plan and
strategies for enhancing durability of the buildings (Xianwei, Honggang and Xusheng, 2012).
The ways which are best suitable for the hotel industry are evaluated below as:

Material selection: In this factor the main concern is of the constructor available at site
in order to select among the best quality of material which will be used for designing of building.
Here the main duty of the inspector is related with analysing the necessity of raw ingredients and
accordingly they should be used for designing of the buildings. This will result in enhancing
sustainability of different type of buildings used for construction (Sepasgozar, Razkenari and
Barati, 2015).
Develop energy efficient premises: The most vital factor is use of energy efficient tools
which are used for building in order to enhance sustainability. It is evaluated that the inspector at
site is using energy material which are highly efficient then it results in maximising the capacity
of buildings so as to use excessive level of energy. It also motivates the commercial dealers for
using these types of building for their working as they are having capacity of dealing with high
power. This result in enhancing overall business sustainability.
Construction waste management: The management of eth waste materials are the most
important factor at the construction site as it results in utilising the available resources in most
effectual and planned ways. It is the overall responsibility of Manager in order to use the
products which can be easily recycled during designing of the building. For example, the project
head at Hotel can use the leftover concrete by mixing & crushing and using it in the lower area
of parking. This activity will result in maximising sustainability of erections as the resources are
used in efficient manner with minimum wastage (Guichun, Wujuan and Xingxin, 2012).
Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction project
The construction technology comprising of different type of terminology that has been
influenced over the durability of the construction project. In regards with the given case of
designing five storey building it is required by the manager dealing with the project to use
appropriate terminology which result in designing of best building for commercial use. The
major terminology which are being used by the management team while designing building are
described below as:
Basement: It is described as the number of rooms which are constructed at ground level.
The inspector at Hotel project construction is making plan in order to design a large basement so
that area can be covered for warehouse or parking after it is completed (Johnson and Covello,
2012).

Cranes: It is evaluated as the device which are being used for the determination of
lifting very high components during the tenure of construction. It is the most useful tool which is
used for construction as it makes the work simpler.
Plaster: It is defined as the material which is used for motor in ceiling and covering that
walls that are being designed with the mix of sand and water. In relation with the construction of
Hotel the most vital factor for inspector is to select among the superiority of plaster in order to
develop plane base for the construction of Hotel (Li and DENG, 2013).
TASK 2
Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site
Constructing a structure or building need lot of work which as a result required detail
study on all the collected information and data. If gathered information or facts goes incorrect
then there might be chances that the building will not be able to sustain for a longer period of
time. In the context of given case scenario, it is essential by the site inspector to collect all the
necessary information about the site so that they can build or construct a perfect, attractive and
secure building for hotel. In this, there are some essential elements which need to be considered
by the site inspector which are going to be discussed as follows:
Local soil condition: It is the element where site inspector of the project collect all the
data and information on soil where they are going to construct a building. This will assist in
increasing the understanding about the quality of soil. This as a result help in identifying whether
soil is comfortable for setting pipes effectively or not. Information about soil also includes,
where they will be able to know in which category this belongs to. Categories of soil consist of
clayey silts, clay, sandy clays, sandy silts and many more (Zhang and et. al., 2013). In addition to
this, it includes the capability of soil which helps in identifying whether it will support the
required loads. All the collected information is quite beneficial in identifying whether it is
appropriate for the construction or not.
Building weight: Apart from the above mentioned, another most essential data and
information which is needed to be gathered by the site inspector is to examine the ability of
foundation whether it will be able to bear the weight of hotel or not. All these pre studies
material assist the site inspector in order to develop an effective foundation in order to identify

that they will be able to bear the heavy weight in future once the whole construction is
completed.
Construction of different foundations & their suitability for use
Foundation essentially defines as the lower part of a building upon which any other
building can stand effectively. It will assist in sharing load from the construction to soil in a
direct and secure manner. It has been analysed that there are mainly of two kind of foundation
which are deep foundation & shallow foundation (Baoxing, 2015).
Shallow foundations: These are the type of foundations, found nearby finished and
smooth ground surface where foundation level is less than the width of footing as well as less
than 3m. These are the foundations that are generally used when the soil of surface is strong as
well as stiff in order to support the load which is imposed by the constructor on them. In addition
to this, shallow foundations are distinguished into pad raft and strip foundations as well as
popularly known as spread footings various times.
Deep foundations: It refers to the foundations, generally found and situated in too depth
under a finished surface and the reason behind this is load bearing ability mainly affected by the
condition of surface. It can be used by sharing high load into deeper & much capable strata if
unfit kind of soils available at the surface. Various kind of deep foundations consist of piers,
piles, caissons as well as compensated foundations.
How site information impact on foundation design.
Design of foundation as well as performance are generally depends on two factors which
are nature of the ground and site visit. Various structure, size, layout surface affect the whole
choice of foundation design. Impact are going to be discussed as follows:
Load from the building – It is one of the first and foremost element which need to be
considered while constructing a building (JIANG and LIU, 2012). It has been analysed that how
big or large a build is going to include a floor in it. It is very essential for identifying all the
factors in an effective manner which includes load which can be bear by them, pressure of air
and many other factors while constructing a building.
Kind of soil – It has been analysed that there are ample number of levels of soil which is
under the surface area. It is said that soil which is beneath the surface is at the top as well as just
below there is the sub soil. This extent is used for the making of small sites.

TASK 3
Functional characteristics of elements of superstructure and the design selection criteria for their
use
Superstructure define as an extension where the current framework or building which
already exist create more level above from the ground. In general words, it has been said that
superstructure refers to the actual or existing area which is developed or constructed for the
purpose of using it. In context to the construction of building, it has been identified that
superstructure place is located just above the ground level (Costin, Pradhananga and Teizer,
2012). There are some of the key essential factor of superstructure which are going to be
discussed as follows:
Floors ground & intermediate: Another essential characteristic is the durability which
is needed to have in both ground as well as floor which is going to be created. Therefore, it is
essential for the site inspector to use use high quality raw material which assist in enhancing the
overall durability of the building which is going to be constructed.
Walls: Primary structural necessity for wall is the strength on which the building will be
constructed by using high quality materials. It is mandatory by a site inspector to examine that all
the raw material used by them are high in quality or not. With the help of this, that is cement or
concrete is of good quality or not. This checking of raw material will help building perfect
strengthen wall (Zhou, Ding and Chen, 2013).
Roofs: Primary feature of roof is to identify the own ability in order to refuse the passage
of heat. In the present context of hotel, it is the most essential characteristic used to maintain the
temperature within hotel area once the construction is completion.
Staircases: It has been said that main characteristic of the staircase within hotel is
essential to have the ability of ground moisture resistance. This will assist in increasing the
stability as well as sustainability and also secure them in order to use staircase in an effective
manner. Therefore, it has been said that for a site inspector it is essential to adopt high quality
concrete and raw material so that they can provide them secure building (LIU and JIANG, 2012).
With the help of above mentioned functional characteristics of superstructure element, it
has been said that the project operator need to consider all the characteristic, so that they can
develop strong building in an effective manner.

Describe the pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given
construction site.
The pre designing of studies is considered as the most vital part of construction site as it
results in analysing the situation which is prevailing at the site. In context with the construction
of Hotel it is vital for the responsible site officer to collect information about the condition at site
in order to know about the accessibility of the resources. Here it is examined that collection of
the data will be based on the availability of electricity on the site location or not for the
completion of the construction working with the effective use of electricity(Wong and et. al.,
2013).
Apart from this factor the pre studies also consist of information on the convenience of
labour available in order to design five storey erection as it is the basic need which is to be
fulfilled in an efficient manner. In relation with this the inspector at the site should make plans to
collect information on transportation. It is evaluated that construction working is required to have
raw material in bulk quantity which can be moved from one location to another with the help of
carriage. Thus it is most important to check the status of available raw materials.
Component parts of an element allow it to fulfil its function
It is essential for every manager dealing in project to design an effective structure
according to the needs of client. Thus the most vital factor is to final the elements according to
the substance (Eastman, 2018). On the basis of above it is determined that major constituent of
flooring needs to be water resistant, durability which are evaluated below as:
Concrete: This factor is defined as the mixture of raw materials which are being used in
construction work. It is examined that while designing strong and effective floor for Hotel. The
concrete is the basic component without that the working cannot be completed.
Floor sheet: This is also one of the important component which is being used for the
construction purpose. In relation with building a water resistant flooring at Hotel it is essential
for Manager to have durable and quality sheet of floor.
Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary elements of
the superstructure
Most of the engineers in the current time are using various type of framing structures that
can be flexible, rigid and breaced and these are mainly used by the individual persons. In relation
to this the detailed decision is examined underneath as:

Rigid Frame Structure- The rigid structure implies which is fixed and that is not at all
flexible. This is considered as one of the strong form of structure in construction. The structure is
designed from beam with relation to columns consisting of a single portion that is useful for civil
engineers in building hotels very strong(Zhao and et. al., 2015).
Braced Frame Structure- This structure is beneficial for building in order to remove
effects of earthquake or high wind effects. Here it is analysed that beam along with column result
in holding a vertical structure.
TASK 4
Techniques used for re-mediating the site prior to construction commencing
The process which is used to make accurate things is known as Remediation. In
construction industry, it means the techniques that is adopted by civil engineers in prior of
beginning construction. With reference to Hotel building construction, it is essential for civil
engineers to follow several remediation that helps companies in maintaining sustainability for
long term. After the analysis, it has been stated that most of the civil engineers focuses on giving
treatment soil in order to developing substructure(Sih, Carpinteri and Surace, 2013).
 Chemical Treatment: The site location comes under Thames Valley which is basically a
periphery area. This increases the possibility of issues regarding soil such as clayey, extra
wet etc. it is analysed that the sustainability of five storey building declines because of
ineffective soil. It is recommended that to remediate soil, Civil engineers uses various
chemical treatments to fortify soil such as chemical Immobilization, Oxidation and so on.
With the help of chemical treatments, the soil is strengthen as per the necessity of
construction.
Types of substructure works required for the infrastructures
Substructure consist of place that is on ground level. The work basically involves the area
of basement & foundation that is going to construct on site. As per mentioned situation of hotel
building, the site operator mainly focuses on making strong substructure that consist of different
types of work(Chew, 2017). The various kinds of work are discussed below: Groundwork: In this, the main focus is on the workforce and on the techniques that they
follow to construct substructure in an effective way. It consist of work setting as per the
construction plan with a motive to build it stable & strong.

 Propping: It refers to structural members which are used by construction industries in
order to support loads. These members are temporarily in industry. With reference to
Hotel building, it supports in building and provides extra power to substructure while
construction.
Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
building construction project
Superstructure: superstructure is the main & upper section of construction that is
construction which is above the ground level. It includes doors, walls, terrace, floor, roof and so
on. In context to Five storey building, the upper level authorities finalize these elements as per
the area as well as requirements of Hotel (Zavadskas and et. al., 2012).
Substructure: Raft foundation is a thick slab of steel that covers the structure area. It
can be appropriate kind of substructure for constructing Hotel building. It covers the overall
ground area. In addition to this, it also involves pillars that supports and holds the weight of
building. It is examine that Raft foundation is most suitable and appropriate type of substructure
which assist in building five storey hotel with a good space of parking.
(Source: Construction substructure, 2019)
Civil Engineer Structure: In this structure, the civil engineers makes designing of
building and makes an environment of constructing(Yuguang, 2012). This structure also said an

art that includes the design of bridges, dams, canals, buildings and so on. The design is build
according to the area of construction.
TASK 5
Supply arrangements for primary services
For building or constructing a hotel building, it is required by the site inspector to arrange
various kinds of primary services so that it will help them in order to support them while
constructing the programs in an effective manner. For this, it is essential to use high quality raw
material which will help them in order to build hotel in an appropriate manner(Xianwei,
Honggang and Xusheng, 2012). This includes various primary services which are electricity,
energy supply, fire safety, bricks, water, labour, cement, drainage, escalators and many more.
Furthermore, it is essential for the site inspector to control and manage all the required resources
in an effective manner and so that they can construct the building in an effective manner.
Apart from this, it has been said that supply of all the primary services consist of an
understanding about the actual requirements in order to build people, hotel, raw material,
logistics and activities. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective plan of action so that
workers can perform their functions in an effective manner. Furthermore, it is very necessary for
the site inspector to form a contract with their supplier so that there might not be any kind of
delay while constructing a building(Sepasgozar, Razkenari and Barati, 2015).
Distribution arrangements for primary services
It has been said that distribution arrangements refers to the allocation of various kinds of
resources and tasks to the people who are expertise in their filed so that they can produce
positive outcome. It is essential to apply effective policies, strategies and techniques so that there
must be proper allocation of primary services. For this, it is required to conduct proper planning
which includes two main factors cost oriented as well as schedule oriented. Therefore, it is
essential for the site inspector to conduct effective utilisation of raw material, labour, equipment
and techniques so that positive outcome will be produced(Guichun, Wujuan and Xingxin, 2012).
Site inspector use various strategies which are track time, identify scope, be realistic, think
holistically, get authentic information about current resources as well as know employees
efficiencies. Therefore, all these strategies and policies assist in distributing various tasks with
adequate resources to the workers in order to construct unique and attractive hotel.

Elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services
The superstructure consist different types of factors which are roofs, walls, floors,
staircase, windows & doors. It has been said that there are various types of primary services such
as fire safety, escalators, energy supply which can easily be used by the site inspector due to
some favourable super structure which are windows, walls, floors, doors and many more.
Therefore, in order to facilitating all the primary services, it consist of fire safety in an
appropriate way with the help of exit windows and doors(Johnson and Covello, 2012). All the
individuals are enough capable in order to save themselves with the help of these elements. For
instance, if there is any kind of fire emergency arise within the building, workers will be capable
enough to exit from windows and doors for securing there life while working. On the other hand,
with the help of effective lifts and escalators, labour will be able to take all the raw material at
the required place so that there might not be any kind of delay in the construction process.
Distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the building
It is said that distribution of all the primary services are helpful in designing the building
because of enough amount of resources in order to establish effective designing of plan. Site
inspector need to design the building in a correct manner and for this adequate amount of
resources are required for completing the construction in an effective manner. Apart from this,
for better and effective design, high quality of resources are required(Li and DENG, 2013).
CONCLUSION
With the assistance of above stated report, it has been concluded that it is very essential
to conduct a proper planning before constructing a hotel along with adequate amount of fund and
resources. It consist of different types of factors of superstructure which includes roofs, walls,
floors, door, windows, staircase & finishes which all are used in order to facilitate the primary or
main services. Yet, better and attractive designing is helpful to assign different types of resources
& activities to the workers according to their expertise field in terms of attaining required result.
This as a result, will support in building attractive building and hotel in an accurate manner
which assist in grabbing attention of large number of customers in near future.

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