Construction Technology: Residential, Commercial, Industrial

This report delves into various aspects of construction technology, beginning with a comparison of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, outlining their distinct features and requirements. It then explores sustainable building practices, emphasizing strategies like waste reduction, efficient equipment usage, and promoting green behavior. The report also clarifies construction terminology, providing definitions for terms like floorplan, section, elevation, and cantilever, with their practical applications in building projects. The second part of the report focuses on substructures, examining the impact of land and geotechnical conditions on foundation design, and discussing different foundation types such as individual footings, combined footings, and pile foundations, along with their suitability for different structures. The final section covers superstructures, analyzing wall, roof, and floor systems, highlighting their functional requirements like strength, stability, and resistance to environmental factors. It emphasizes the importance of materials like fire bricks for walls and clay for roofs and explores the functional requirements of floor systems, considering factors like strength, moisture resistance, and soundproofing.

CONSYTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Name of Student
Institution Affiliation

TASK ONE
(a) Describe the differences between residential, commercial and industrial buildings
From the practical point of view, the residential buildings may refer to the single-family homes,
apartments, duplexes or just the condominiums in which people live. These are by definition the
residences. The commercial buildings are the offices, stores, workplaces and other structure that
are considered distinctive and are used in and for commerce or business purposes. The industrial
buildings, on the other hand, refer to that structure that is used as the factories that are to say for
storing industries, warehouses or where other stuff is made.
Also from a different perspective, residential buildings have specific or just certain requirements
that may not be found in other types of the building and some of these requirements include
bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchen, and the likes. They are considered to be the multifamily
structures or the houses that are simple.
Commercial building is normally built or laid out according to the intended purpose or use. As a
result, some of the commercial buildings may have offices, meeting rooms, loading docks, space
for storage and other features. There exist a different kind of the building codes for the use of the
commercial house which determines the limit of the occupancy and the bathrooms with the
handicapped accessibility provided, fire extinguisher installations, requirements for the lightning
among other things that may not be required for the case of the residential buildings.
The industrial building as are normally large with very much open spaces like the warehouse
structures. The structure of the warehouses has factory floors where the works of the machinery
are carried out. Similar general requirements for the protection against the fire and life safety are
normally needed.

(b) Discuss the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects.
Addition of the green section to the newsletter is considered very important
Coordinating supportability tips in your interchanges plan can encourage start and fortify green
conduct. Recommendations for waste decrease bring down vitality use and reusing projects can
be a straightforward yet successful expansion to office-wide declarations.
Discuss sustainability goals and specific objectives
Have discussions with inhabitants and tenants to help maintainability on an individual
dimension. Discover approaches to encourage what they are as of now doing and want to do later
on.
Sharing of the sustainability success
On the off chance that you can discover approaches to enhance vitality use, lessen waste or win
any feasible acknowledgment, share these victories. Doing as such sends a positive message to
building inhabitants about keeping up an effective situation(Zhang, Xia and Zhang 2012).
Hosting of a recycling event
An occasion that connects with building tenants and whatever remains of the network can give
an effective way to lessen squander, particularly if individuals can drop off things that are
progressively hard to reuse, for example, batteries, LED lights and old PCs and printers, as per
BOMA.
Keeping the equipment running as efficient as possible

Utilizing top-notch fills, making utilization of inexhaustible choices where conceivable and
guaranteeing right hardware grease are for the most part key approaches to accomplishing this.
In any case, picking the correct kind of gear for your site needs is similarly as vital in any case.
At the point when an on-location generator is required, for instance, ensure that the privilege
estimated generator is utilized to cover the required vitality utilization. Consider utilizing littler
generators for times of lower vitality request. This may mean employing multiple, however, can
help ensure you're not over-utilizing vitality pointlessly.
(c) Apply the terminology used in construction technology to a given building construction
project.
In building a house, one will hear a portion of certain words. There is no reason their importance
ought to get lost on. In development, there are numerous terms utilized that make it simple for
specialized individuals to do their work. Becoming more acquainted with a few or a large portion
of the development terms will empower you to comprehend your task exceptionally well and this
thus would most likely empower you to have a significant contribution to your venture. It would
be ideal if you take note of that the terms exhibited here have been haphazardly picked and don't
speak to all the regular terms utilized. Continuously get legitimate understanding from your
specialist. A portion of the definitions are cited from the Concise Oxford Dictionary (eleventh
version), and the word reference of Architecture and Building development.
In the construction of the house, the following terms are normally used:
Floorplan:
It is also called the floor layout

It refers to drawing of the horizontal section of a structure that is used to illustrate the
relationship between different spaces.
Section: It refers to a representation of the internal composition of a building or the structure of
the building. The sections normally show the nature of the construction of the building starting
from the foundation to the roof.
Elevation: This term refers to a two-dimensional representation of the side of a building from
any direction
Dimensions: It refers to the measure between two specific points. The construction of the
building will utilize several measurements.
Cantilever
This refers to the horizontal protruding part of the building structure that normally gets support
just from one end. The building that the client has proposed to have will have the balconies that
have pillars supporting them.
Cladding
This normally refers to the material that is used in the process of facing the building. It can be
used as the exterior or the interior finishing. Cladding can be of concrete, wood or just masonry.
Concrete
This normally refers to a building material that is made by mixing the given proportion of the
sand, cement, water, and the gravel. The result is normally a hard material that is used in the
making of the slab.

Task2 (Substructures)
(a)
Truth be told, the land and geotechnical conditions impact establishment structure. As to the land
conditions, the primordial factor will be the profundity of the bedrock. As indicated by this
profundity, the establishment structure qualities may change, depending if the bedrock lies at the
ground surface or so shut that the building can be established upon it. The bedrock may likewise
happen at a profundity beneath the ground surface that still makes conceivable the exchange of
burdens to it.
Then again the bedrock might be so distant from the surface that the building should be
established in flimsier topographical material. In the first and third cases shallow establishments
might be utilized yet while in the main it isn't important to have an enormous worry with the
structure, in the third, establishments in the soil, satisfactory subsurface examinations are basic,
being essential an exploratory work until a profundity somewhere around double the width of the
structure. These establishments in the soil, in which the geotechnical conditions are of
extraordinary significance, are the most well-known in Engineering.
(b) Construction of different types of foundations and their suitability for use with different
types of structures.
Individual footing
This is one of the shallow footings that are constructed for a single column. It is also called the
pad foundation. This kind of the footing system is used in the cases of the structure whose loads

are to be carried by the columns. The size is normally calculated depending on the load and the
safe bearing capacity of the soil.
Combined footing
It is also used in the cases where the load of the structure is carried by the columns. In most of
the cases, the footings of the structure are overlapping although they have different designs.
Spread Footing
This is a type of the building in which the base is wider than the vertical wall of the structure.
This wider base helps in the spreading of the weight of the structure that is under the
construction hence stability.
Figure 1: Spread footing
They are used for the cases where there is the possibility of the groundwater above the bearing
layer of the soil that leads to the process of the liquefaction.
Pile foundation

Are used to transfer the load deep into the strata of the rocks. They are used to achieve the
stability of the structures that are in the risk of experiencing tilting due to the earthquake.
Figure 2: Pile foundation
Drilled shaft foundations
They are used where the deep deposits of the soft clay which is also loose are found. In such
cases, the water-bearing granular soil exists.

Figure 3: Drilled foundation
How site information impact the design of the footing system
The information regarding the site has a direct impact on the design of the footing system as it
determines what type of the soil the foundation will be resting on.
In the places where the soil is very soft and has the low load-bearing capacity, the most type of
the recommended foundation is called the wide strip foundations. The footing will be reinforced
with the steel so that the loading per square meter is reduced.

Figure 4: Wide strip footing
A reinforced concrete raft may be used on the expansive soil that is very weak such as peat or
clay. They allow the building to actually float on the soil
Figure 5: Raft foundation
The site information will also affect the depth of the foundation. Areas that are prone to the
earthquake need deeper (pile type) foundations
Task 3(Superstructures)
Wall System
The wall system of the structure should be as strong as possible to resist the effects of the forces
such as wind. The wall is therefore required to be very strong and very stable one that is resistant
to the effects of the moisture. The walls should, therefore, be resistance to the fire cases and also

the effects of the heat passage into the house. Prior to the construction of the wall system of the
house, there is a need to know the kind of the environment of the place including the moisture
since this will determine the stability. The walls that are made of the bricks and the blocks allow
the walls to be fire resistant. Other than bricks and blocks, the walls can be made from the fibers
and the composites. The use of the mortar alongside the concrete and the bricks may be
considered a secondary material. Considering that this particular house is to be built next to the
river bank, the walls should be made of the fire bricks that are resistant to the moisture.
Roofs
The roofing system of the house should be fire resistance, provide adequate protection against
heat, be soundproof have lots of strength nag stability. The information regarding the weather
pattern is very crucial in the determination of the kind of the material to be used in the
construction of the roofs. The roofs that are made of the clay allow for the proper insulation
against the heat and also being sound and fireproof. Most of the roofs are made of the iron
sheets, clay and fiber materials like the asbestos that have been faced off and grass. The scenario
under investigation should exploit the benefits of the clay roofing system
Floors
The functional requirements of the floor system include the following
High strength and the stability, proper resistance to the ground moisture and weather, durable
and free from the maintenance, resistance to fire, the passage of heat and also resistance to
sound. Concerning soundness of floors, the firmness of floor ought to be sufficient to make the
floor remain steady and level under its self-weight and expected dead and live loads. Besides, the
floors need to help and oblige ventilation, water, electrical, warming administrations without

causing an adverse impact on the dependability of the floor. The diversion of the floor must be
enough confined and kept little to avoid breaking of unbending wrapping up. At long last,
Basement and strong ground floors, steadiness depend on properties of cement under them. For
little household building concrete without support may be sufficient yet for huge burdens like
overwhelming gear or apparatus strengthened solid section is required. Furthermore, suspension
strengthened solid chunks are essential on shrinkable soil against soil differential compression of
extension, explicitly in circumstances where profoundly attached trees are near the site.
Figure 6: Floor sample
Windows and Doors
The functional requirements of the window and the door system include the following.
Doors, windows, and equipment ought to be structured and organized so that potential damage to
people is wiped out;
Door gatherings ought to be effortlessly operable in a risky or unintentional circumstance;