CONTEMPORARY THEMES IN HEALTHCARE POLICY AND PRACTICE.

CONTEMPORARY THEMES IN HEALTHCARE POLICY AND
PRACTICE
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Executive summary
The present report takes into account the diverse measures that health and social care sector is
likely to endure to enhance their service qualities towards proficient healthcare for patients. The
introduction of artificial intelligence and technological advancement within the organization of
Westminster London Borough shall be encompassed. The necessary leadership style,
management models and government local agency involvement required as support to make this
possible are discussed within the report presentation.
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Your newly elected Member of Parliament (MP) for your London Borough, has asked you to
prepare a report for her on the benefits of new technology and artificial intelligence in health
and social care in her Borough
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Table of contents
Background......................................................................................................................................4
Analysis and findings......................................................................................................................4
Henry Fayol Management Theory:..................................................................................................7
Taylor’s Management Theory.........................................................................................................8
Organizational theory of System’s Theory.......................................................................................9
Change management theory............................................................................................................9
The leadership theory of Transactional model..............................................................................11
Local Authority Health Scrutiny Committee:................................................................................12
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................13
Reference list.................................................................................................................................14
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Background
Technological advancement is considered the supreme driving force towards the attainment of
challenging opportunities in favor of health and social care sector. Being granted the
responsibility to prepare a report about artificial intelligence within the health and social care,
significance of technological advancement and artificial intelligence to accelerate healthcare
conducts are necessary to be reflected upon. The Member of Parliament (MP) Westminster
Borough in London has granted this responsibility upon me to prepare for this report. The
present report shall take a detailed account of the diverse theoretical model and the effective
findings they carry towards NHS (Benn et al. 2018). In specific relation to Westminster London
Borough, some of the effective paradigms of leadership, management, organizational, human
relations and change theories shall be dealt with.
Analysis and findings
Artificial intelligence is the contemporary wing to let the business sectors endure success and
escalation in their service procedures. Health and social care sector being one among the most in
need requires adapting to and absorbing each attribute of artificial intelligence to bring about
significant transformation in their operational services (Engelhardt, 2017). Technological
amalgamation along with artificial intelligence infusion is likely to create effective outcomes in
terms of healthcare exercises for Westminster London Borough. Being the Member of President
to the organization much interest in assessing and discussing the long term benefits of
incorporating artificial intelligence shall be considered. The benefits shall be noted down as
follows:
 Advancement in the treatment procedures:
Significant enhancement in terms of healthcare treatment procedure shall emerge right from the
diagnosis and the assessment tools and equipment to the implementation of services with
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effective mechanisms (Thorpe, 2016). This is one agent to not just assure supreme quality
standards of service but also manifest improved outcomes with time-saving measures.
Fundamental changes are possible to be created so that NHS staff working can be facilitated.
 Virtual assistants:
Mobility is often a matter of challenge for patients who are serious. In today's time, it is expected
that virtual assistance shall help the patients and patient party to be attaining adequate
suggestions. Any sort of medical question is possible to be asked and received in the same
manner. Gaining detailed information and reminders shall be obtained against the attached
reports, assessments and test records of the medical conditions (Madeira et al. 2017). The
physical and mental scanned records are necessary to be provided to be delineated to the medical
professional. The opinions and suggestions shall be granted from the virtual medium by
connecting to diverse medical specialists and professionals. Regular tracking of medical
conditions shall be ensured as correct medication can be ordered.
 Reduce costs:
It is based upon the reports generated from Frost & Sullivan that impact of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) to yield improved outcomes (King et al. 2017). Reduction in cost by 30 to 40% concerning
the charges of treatment and diagnosis shall be undergone if AI techniques are effectually
incorporated. Gaining precision and efficacy by minimization of human errors shall be possible
to lead towards decreased doctor visit. In the case of foreign medical specialists, travel, and
transportation costs are reduced by great means. Admission and diagnosis of the patient for the
long term shall also get controlled effectually. If doctors are provided with accurate data from the
patient's risk of certain diseases are possible to be encountered. This prevents the scope of
readmission and hence reduces cost.
 Treatment intervention process:
One significant measure of incorporation AI within healthcare services of Westminster London
Borough the designing of the treatment plan gets fostered. Searching the database of doctors
regarding their history of intervention provides a vivid illustration of the case history of patients
(Coccia, 2017). Following Modernized Medicine the medical field is assisted in gathering
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necessary patient detail and information. Diagnosis reports test administered, prescriptions and
preparing the billing information all are possible to get created. Among several of doctors and
patient cases searching from public database, records might get cumbersome. However,
appropriate AI incorporation shall help allocate the records distinctively.
Some of the typical areas of risk on incorporating AI as a technological advancement towards the
healthcare sector of Westminster London Borough include:
 Accuracy and safety:
AI is new and fairly integrated so that potential for less accuracy and reliability shall put risk
imposed towards patients (Raskino and Waller, 2016). The level of data sensitivity shall need to
be assured through AI for addressing financial and health information. Institutions for handling
sensitivity towards medical information shall require the sharing of policies which need to
adhere to safety measures.
 Risk towards exceptional health cases:
There are possibilities for patients having exceptional cases in their healthcare services. In such
exceptional medical cases depending increasingly upon the AI techniques and technological
advancement shall make sure of preventing invitation of no new complexities. The healthcare
cases are necessary to adhere to programs that are fostered with effective and strong information
formats towards supporting the patients (Engelhardt, 2017). Data and records of patients must be
accurately analyzed so that effectiveness is possible to be restored within the patient treatment.
Constant updates shall be taken into consideration.
 The risk for doctors or patients:
AI is considered to be a possible risk avenue to create uncertainty towards the patients as well as
the professionalism of the doctors’ intervention (Thames and Schaefer, 2017). Since the conducts
adhering to AI are yet to endure the level of perfection, the optimized decision making can be
possible to impact the knowledge and expertise. Patients are likely to encounter risk
encompassing this process of uncertainty. In case of inappropriate or incorrect information
provided by the patient or inadequate two-way communication, the doctors are likely to suggest
wrongful opinions as solutions for the patients.
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Application of Management theory such as Fall vs. Taylor to apply within the healthcare
sector:
With the advent of incorporation of AI and technological advancement within healthcare sector
of the nation of United Kingdom, there is much need for management appropriateness that needs
to be reflected adequately (Zhong et al. 2017). It is through the inclusion of the Management
theory such as Fall vs. Taylor which shall possibly yield effective results to imply upon the
Westminster London Borough. The definite services and treatment procedures within
Westminster London Borough are observed to be suffering from slow improvements, cost rise,
and ineffective professional intervention. Each of these complaint aspects is possible to be
adequately corrected through rightful incorporation of these management theories.
Henry Fayol is acknowledged to be the engineer having French origin who has conceptualized
the theoretical framework of administration within the business organization. When AI measures
are tried to be introduced within Westminster London Borough, such a management theoretical
thought process shall be helpful (Cath et al. 2018). There are 14 principles adhering to his
conceptualization. It is contradictory to Fayol’s management concept that F.W. Taylor is
recognized to come up with a defined theoretical conception. Being an American Mechanical
Engineer a rather advanced approach is found to get implied adhering to Scientific Management
procedure. There are 4 principles encompassing his management model.
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Henry Fayol Management Theory:
Figure: Henry Fayol Contribution
(Source: Kostkova et al. 2016)
Following are an illustration of the 14 principles of Henry Fayol contributing towards
management model:
 Division of Work: Specialized results are yielded by dividing work when they are
fragmented into parts of segments of jobs.
 Authority and Responsibility: In the process of undertaking the healthcare services
within Westminster London Borough, it is natural to demand authorized intervention that
shall be responsible to undertake the services and processes.
 Discipline: There are definite codes of conducts that are necessary to be abided by the
employees of Westminster London Borough (Gilchrist, 2016). The organizational
policies impose policies that incorporate the design of discipline within the decorum to be
abided by the firm.
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 Unity of Command: It depends upon the management efficacy level to communicate and
distribute equal, and uniform informs among all spokes of employees performing within
Westminster London Borough.
 Unity of Direction: It is following the accurate management systems that uniform
information is given towards all level f workers thus directing them to achieve the
common goals.
 Subordination: For the interest levels of the subordinates to get fueled in an adequate
manner the management participation is considered as a significant aspect.
 Remuneration: The level of fairness and satisfaction among employee working shall be
yielded through adequate remuneration being provided by Westminster London Borough
(Elnaghi et al. 2019).
 Centralization: Westminster London Borough is necessary to infuse that assurance that
optimized utilization of organizational resources is likely to take place.
 Scalar Chain: Westminster London Borough is expected that a healthy, productive and
transparent relationship is established between the superior and subordinates within the
organization.
 Order: Westminster London Borough needs to assure that placing the appointed services
the time accuracy shall be abided property (Timmis and Timmis, 2017).
 Equity: Westminster London Borough must adopt this management framework with
effect to bring about considerable enhancement within the quality factors within the
organization.
 Stability of tenure of Personnel: The frequency of employee turnover shall be targeted
to be reduced by heightening employee retention progress.
 Initiative: Westminster London Borough is expected to incorporate the attributes of AI
within their services to yield effective improvements and enhancement in the efforts
counted as initiatives. The implementation of the plans shall help to create such
appropriateness.
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 Esprit de Corps: The outcomes resulted as a consequence of teamwork is necessarily
enhanced within Westminster London Borough.
Taylor’s Management Theory
Contradictorily considering Taylor’s management theory the following four concepts shall
be undertaken:
 Science, not the rule of thumb: For yielding enhanced outcomes for Westminster
London Borough it is high time to recognize the significance of scientific advancement
within their services. Replacing thumb rule with effective scientific objectives are
assuring to generate improved outcomes in terms of their services (Davenport and Harris,
2017).
 Harmony, not discord: Workplace harmony can only be promised if coordination,
coherent and transparent information passing is practiced within each level of
Westminster London Borough hierarchy.
 Cooperation, not individualism: Rather than banking upon independent efforts,
effective, time-saving and cost-efficient outcomes are evidenced to be yielded through
teamwork performances.
 Development of every person to his greatest efficiency: Every employee working
towards Westminster London Borough is necessary to be infused with a sufficient level
of motivation so that service effectiveness can be produced.
Organizational theory ofSystem’s Theory
Theory to analyze the issues raised by different agencies working towards the adoption of
new technology and artificial intelligence in health and social care:
Systems theory is considered as that effective organizational model which manifests
effectiveness attributes through the adoption of AI within Westminster London Borough. It is
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adhering to the design and measures of the system theory framework that the healthcare sector of
the UK is possible to gain optimized improvement in their treatment services and operations. It is
following the system theory there are either open or closed systems of approach that shall get
channelized within the organization. It is through open systems that the interactive processes are
kept transparent through input and output operations. In the case of closed systems, the
environment of the organization undergoes varied impacts within the operational procedures.
The service qualities are so high that low quality of healthcare setting environment surroundings
is unable to impact the patient treatment measures (Nicolescu et al. 2018). There are definite
feedback loops that are possible to be generated adhering to the internal systematic operations.
Westminster London Borough is necessary to make optimized use of these inputs of feedbacks
generated from diverse avenues of patients taking services, management higher authorities and
the external assessment agents like Care Quality Commissions (CQC). The positive feedbacks
shall be inducing reinforcement in their existing service standards. However, the negative
feedbacks shall be paid greater attention to carry out a modification to meet the satisfaction level
through services effectiveness.
Change management theory
Kurt Lewin’s and other change management theory to examine the driving and restraining
forces, and other mechanisms to achieve change
Change is the inevitable consequence that shall take place within every sector. However, the
induction of Artificial Intelligence and technological advancement within the health and social
care sector has become more of a necessity than an automatic outcome (Castle-Clarke, 2018). It
is likely to acknowledge the fact that changes within Westminster London Borough shall require
a proper framework to guide their operative systems. Hence the Change Model of Kurt Lewin is
tried to be incorporated to provide Westminster London Borough with a possible idea regarding
the same. There are respective layers within the change model encompassing which the change is
possible to be endured within Westminster London Borough.
 Unfreezing:
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This is acknowledged to be the stage where the change is yet not introduced (Li and Du, 2017).
The issues encountered within Westminster London Borough in terms of suffering healthcare
treatments are trying to be addressed. Westminster London Borough is found to engage increased
costs, time taking activities and inefficient services with lacking professional standards of
treatments. In this stage, the subsequent preparing of change is created where the need is felt
increasingly.
 Change:
The level of motivation that is necessary to be infused through the incorporation of Artificial
Intelligence attributes to include technological advancements shall be incorporated in this stage.
The transition from unfreezing to change introduction is often faced with much challenge and
rejection of innovations within the conventional services of Westminster London Borough. This
phase shall embrace the qualities and effectiveness of Westminster London Borough treatment
and diagnosis. The improvements are tried to be made clear towards the staffs, professional
doctors as well as the patients of Westminster London Borough.
 Refreezing:
It is enduring this phase that the efforts of the professionals within the health and social care
within the UK are tried to be modified and shaped by technological innovation (Sun and
Medaglia, 2018). The organizational level of readiness is tried to be assessed through stable
organizational charts where effective time-saving measures, cost-effective measures and the
professional heightening standards are possible to be included. Employee retention can possibly
be assured by controlling employee turnover rates. Sustainable and long term plans are possible
to be incorporated within the organization.
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Figure: Kurt Lewin’s Management Theory
(Source: Willis et al. 2019)
The leadership theory of Transactional model
Theory to introduce AI and technological advancement within Westminster London
Borough:
The element of motivation is tried to be emphasized with great value through Transactional
leadership theory so that Westminster London Borough can yield effectiveness within the staffs
and professionals. Adhering to the transactional leadership model considerable improvements is
possible to be encompassed following these four dimensions:
 Contingent rewards:
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Motivation is believed to be induced if the reward mechanism is possible to be adjoined with the
successful accomplishment of rewards. Westminster London Borough is expected to state their
expectations in a clear term. The goals are necessary to be combined with reward provisions
form yielding improved performances.
 Active management by exception:
If the leaders within Westminster London Borough adopt Transactional attributes within their
skills effective monitoring of efforts performed within the organization are possible to be
established. Eliminating errors, reducing mistakes and enhancing the standard of performance
shall get developed (Vayena et al. 2015).
 Passive management by exception:
If Westminster London Borough can incorporate leadership qualities adhering to transactional
traits the gap between expectations of the organization can be possibly bridged through
performance procedures.
 Laissez-faire:
The environment of Westminster London Borough shall be fostering effective participation of
diverse staffs, professionals, and patients so that productive outcomes are yielded.
Responsibilities and authorities are delegated adhering to effective decision-making processes.
Nuffield Trust, government reports
In the case of attaining international evidence-based records, the effective exploration of
journals, academic publications shall take place (David, 2015). It is adhering to Nuffield Trust
records that policy intervention is created. It is addressing this measure that a five-year
monitoring program to assess the care quality standards within Westminster London Borough is
desired to be implemented. Quality-Watch program is necessary to be implied with effective
results yielding continued improvements.
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Local Authority Health Scrutiny Committee:
They are responsible for taking up the local responsibilities adhering to spread wellbeing towards
the organization of Local Authority Health Scrutiny Committee. The Government led operations
to make it mandate so that secured services are possible to be carried out within the healthcare
sectors in the UK. The immense financial pressure created within local fronts is possible to be
carved out if substantial support from local authorities like Local Authority Health Scrutiny
Committee is received. Health and Wellbeing Committee creates a legislative landscape to make
the platform able to place potential delivery (He et al. 2019). The health securities are necessary
to be gained through scrutinized legislation permit. This endeavors to ensure holistic perception
about health and social care. Westminster London Borough also needs to adopt each of these
measures so that secured wellbeing can be established within healthcare services.
Conclusion
Although the immense level of upliftment in diverse areas of NHS functioning are aligned with
artificial intelligence and technological incorporation, it shall take us long to realize their actual
potential in complete terms. This report is necessarily prepared in significance with the reflection
of diverse functional attributes within NHS getting benefited through artificial intelligence and
technological acceleration. Just as feasibilities are discussed the simultaneous attention is paid to
the diverse shortcomings and challenges of including technology in daily lives (Lundvall, 2017).
In the way to implement these techniques, an open-armed embracing of the techniques is found
to be prevailing among the patients.
Recommendations
 Westminster London Borough is recommended to adopt the Transactional leadership
qualities
 The health and social care of the UK need to embrace Taylor’s Scientific Management
Theory
 The organizational is suggested to create technological advancement and include
Artificial Intelligence measures within services
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 For further assessment, the local security agents are recommended to be put to action
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