Impact of SARS CoV-2 Variants' Mutation on Pathogenicity, Diagnosis and Vaccine

CORONAVIRUS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In this, I want to show my gratitude and also express my thanks to professor as well as to
my teacher and other lecturer who provide me this golden opportunity and also, they help me
with every angle by giving their time for assisting me in this research. I am really thankful to my
teacher and my friend who supported me with every dimension in this specific topic.

ABSTRACT
As per this, the particular research topic is about the recent ongoing issue which change
the paradigm of the worldwide. This issue is biological in nature and named is coronavirus. This
is also known as the COVID-19. In this, the corona virus uses to change the dimension of world.
Now a day, this virus is more population collecting criteria and this virus infect up to maximum
people and formulate the condition of threat. This virus is called as deadly virus. As per this, this
virus has their history and background that cause number of situations in past. Their pathogen-
city is a vital factor which is create number of issues related with health. This virus is originated
in 2019 and they called as COVID-19. There are number of factor and their pathophysiology
alter the physiology of human body and create the situations of illness. This virus is
communicable in nature and they have high rate of spread rate. In this, there variability and their
variant are discussed with their pathogen-city, diagnose and their vaccination process.

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................2
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................3
RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................................................................3
RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH..............................................................................................3
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH.........................................................................................4
SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER...................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
Phylogenetic analysis of the four various types of structural protein (Spike, Membrane,
Envelope, and Nucleocapsid).................................................................................................5
The multiple sequence analysis of the proteins......................................................................6
The effect and impact of the variance mutation on vaccine efficacy.....................................8
Impact of the mutation on pathogen-city, epidemiology and diagnosis.................................9
Factors affecting the efficacy of vaccine..............................................................................11
Structural difference between variant protein (S, E, M & N)..............................................13
Structure of E protein...........................................................................................................14
Structure of M protein..........................................................................................................15
Structure of N protein...........................................................................................................15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................16
RESULTS......................................................................................................................................19
FINDING, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION.........................................................................23
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................26

INTRODUCTION
In this, the SARS is defined as the severe acute respiratory syndrome which is caused by
the factor which is associated with the coronavirus. This is being well identified that this disease
is usually caused by number of factors. In this, the SARS is an airborne disease which is
communicable in nature and they are transferred from one individual to other by the water
droplet or small droplet of saliva in the similar way to the cold and influenza. This all are the first
severe and this can readily transmissible in the aspect of new disease to emerge in the current
time (Balasubramanian and et. al., 2020). They have clear capacity to spread to the number of
people along with the international air travel and this can gather maximum number of infections
by their virus. As per this, the number of patients is identified as the SARS which is previously
for the health adults age 25 year to 70 years. The case of fatality among person with the proper
illness which is define the case definition for the condition and suspected case of SARS is in
around 3 percent. The SARS is usually having number of variants which is identified in
numerous years. This all started with a specific country and after that they came at the point of
pandemic. This is also stated that the SARS is a viral respiratory disease which is originated
from the zoonotic origin caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. This is
also mentioned like SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1. The first identified strain which is provide the
SARS for the coronavirus species such as severe acute respiratory syndrome which is related
with the coronavirus. This syndrome is usually caused the 2002-2004 which is based on the
severe acute respiratory syndrome. As per previous identified research this is well analyse that
there is various Chinese scientist traced the virus which help me to go through the intermediary
of the Asian palm civets which is usually determined the horseshoe bat in the town of Yunnan
(Clancy and et. al., 2020).
There are number of variants which is used to follow the various number of sequences.
As per this, they are used to create various enormous function in body. Such as the whole virus
which is used to replicate including the factor of SARS-CoV-2. In context with this, they take
time of evolve. When a virus replicates or make copies of itself. Then it will create number of
factors such as they use to choose the copies of itself. It sometime changes the factor of covid in
the ratio of normal bit. These kinds of factor are used to cause the mutation. There are number of
new and more mutant. The mutation is referred as the variant of the original virus. As per this
they follow sequence of the variant in the different countries. This kind of the changes are
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undergoing and create a rapid mutation and formulate various form of covid. In this, most of the
viral mutation have a little to no impact on the virus ability to cause various number of infections
which is used to formulate disease. This all aspect is depending on the various changes. This all
study is held under taking the aspect of UK, Brazil and South Africa (Fioranelli and et. al.,
2020).
In another aspect, in December 2019 there is another kind of strain which is well
identified as the severe acute respiratory syndrome which is coronavirus 2 called as SARS-CoV-
2. As per this, the new strain causes to the coronavirus disease which is established with the
2019. There is various disease which is brought about the pandemic of the COVID-19. As per
this, there are various number of factors which is associated with this. The primary route of
transmission for the SARS-CoV is the contact of the membrane of mucus membrane with the
factor with respiratory droplets or fomites (Han and et. al., 2020). In this context, the diarrhoea is
common with the people with the SARS with mode of faecal route. They do not be common
mode of appear in order to create the transmission. There are various basic chapter of the
reproduction number of SARS-CoV, Ro which is lies in the range of from 2 to 4 which is used to
depend on the various number of analysis (He and et. al., 2020). This all-control measure which
is introduced in order to reduce the in the April 2003 and this lies in the range of R to 0.4. The
virus that caused the COVID-19 is the variant of the SARS family. As doing comparison from
other this is identified as the recent virus us more transmissible than the wild type of SARS-
CoV-2and this was detected and came in the origin at November 2020. This is started to the
begin with quickly by spreading by mid-December and this all are corrected with the significant
enhancement in the SARS. This is all increase is the process of through which has to be partly
because of one and more. This all are mutational in nature. As per this, the virus used to grow
through the spike protein. This type of variant is not notable for having the more alteration in the
gene and the DNA of the virus and they change their DNA and turn themselves into the deadlier
virus (Khan and et. al., 2020). As per this, they are used to take various protein in this to form
various course of action. In this, the surface protein, membrane protein, and envelope protein and
nucleocapsid protein are used to understand the topic of coronavirus. This all variants which
show the upcoming nature that may be from the various such as UK and Brazil and so on.
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RESEARCH AIM
To determine the impact of SARS CoV-2 variants’ mutation on pathogenicity, diagnosis
and vaccine.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
 To perform the phylogenetic analysis of the four various types of structural protein
(Spike, Membrane, Envelope, and Nucleocapsid).
 To perform the multiple sequence analysis of the proteins.
 To determine the effect and impact of variance mutation on vaccine efficacy.
 To compare the impact of mutation on pathogenicity, epidemiology, and diagnosis.
 Analyse how some mutations affect the efficacy of the vaccine.
 Analyse the structural difference between the variants’ proteins (S, E, M & N).
RESEARCH QUESTION
 What are the phylogenetic analysis of the four various types of structural protein (Spike,
Membrane, Envelope, and Nucleocapsid)?
 What are the multiple sequence analysis of the proteins?
 What are the effect and impact of variance mutation on vaccine efficacy?
 What are the impact of mutation on pathogenicity, epidemiology, and diagnosis?
 How some mutations affect the efficacy of the vaccine?
 What are the structural difference between the variants’ proteins (S, E, M & N)?
RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH
In this, the main theme is to choosing this topic is to examine and evaluate the various
cause and outcome. There are number of factors which is associated with the topic. As per this,
the topic state about the various scenario of coronavirus and this help to know their implications.
This topic is help to study about the phylogenetic analysis of the four various types of structural
protein (Spike, Membrane, Envelope, and Nucleocapsid) and in this it helps analyse the multiple
protein. As per this, the overall study helps to evaluate the measurement which is related with the
personal and professional growth and development. There are number of view point which is
helpful in this. Some of the expert share their view due the recent factor which create various
hindrance in the system of living and the pattern of life. They have number of variants which
show progress growth in their unit. Moreover, some the analysis which is relatable in this are
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