Corporate Accounting Assignment in PDF

Running head: CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
Corporate accounting
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
Abstract:
The paper elucidates an understanding of the several sources of funds used by the company
for financing their business. In this regard, two companies from the Food, beverage, tobacco
and listed on the ASX (Australian stock exchange) has been selected for identifying the
different source of funds. Discussion also incorporates the merits and shortcomings of
various sources of funds used by the company. In addition to this, the key concepts of the
standard AASSB 137 “Provision, contingent liabilities and contingent assets” have been
summarized and the companies make conclusions regarding the adoption of this standard.

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
Table of Contents
Introduction:...............................................................................................................................2
Discussion:.................................................................................................................................2
Answer to question i).................................................................................................................2
Answer to question ii)................................................................................................................2
Answer to question iii)...............................................................................................................2
Answer to question iv)...............................................................................................................2
Answer to question v)................................................................................................................2
Answer to question vi)...............................................................................................................2
Answer to question vii)..............................................................................................................2
Answer to question viii).............................................................................................................2
Answer to question ix)...............................................................................................................2
Conclusion:................................................................................................................................2

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
Introduction:
The paper discusses about the different sources of funds that is used by the companies
to raise funds and the relative merits of the different funds used by the companies are
demonstrated. The use of the standard ASSB 137 provisions, contingent liabilities and
contingent assets by the companies are identified and the key concepts have been evaluated.
For this purpose, two companies listed on AXS operating in food, beverage and tobacco
sector has been chosen that is Australia Vintage limited and Beston Global food limited.
Various sources of funds used by these companies are analysed for the evolution of the funds
used. The shortcomings and merits of the different sources of the funds used by the
companies have been analysed. Australian vintage limited is the leading wine company of
Australia that has a fully integrated model of doing business and the capabilities extended to
wine and boutique. Beston Global limited on other hand serves the global market by
providing verifiably and natural beverages and safe food enabling consumers to make healthy
choices.
Discussion:
Answer to question i)
From the financial report of Australian Vintage limited, it has observed that the
company is using a mixed funding. Such funding comprises of debt, issued capital and
reserves. Financial report of Beston Global food limited reveals that the company uses
various sources of funds such as equity, contributed equity and reserves. On other hand,
Beston is also dependent upon other funding source such as borrowings and employee benefit

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
obligation. In addition to this, there is a provision of funding via changing interest on loan
balances and convertible notes. Working capital of the company is increased by using a range
of options to fund the project.
Answer to question ii)
In this section, the evolution of different sources of funds used by the company over
the last three financial year has been analysed. Any changes in the source of funding has also
been analysed. The long-term borrowing of Australian Vintage limited has decreased in
financial year 2019 to $ 79965 from $ 84880 in year 2017. On other hand, total amount of
issued capital as a way of raising funds has increased from $ 463009 in year 2017 to $
463961 in year 2018 and stood at $ 465490 in year 2019. Reserves of Vintage has increased
continuously from $ 1829 in year 2017 to $ 1989 in year 2018 and further to $ 2443 in year
2019. This implies that the company has increased the use of issued capital and reserves for
funding and other hand has reduced its dependency on borrowing (Australianvintage.com.au
2020).
Now, looking at the financial report of Beston Global Foods Company limited, it is
observed that the company has not borrowed for the last two years and the value of
borrowing is at zero. It is in the financial year 2019 that the funds have been issued by issuing
debentures or taking debt. Total amount of borrowings is recorded at $ 35807 in the financial
year 2019. In addition to this, employee benefits obligations are also a source of funding, the
value has increased year on year from $ 25 in 2017 to $ 70 in 2018, and this further increased
to $ 179 in year 2019 respectively. On other hand, other source of funding used by Beston
Global food is contributed equity and other reserves. Total amount of issued equity capital
has remained at $ 147535 for the last three financial years. However, the amount of reserves
used by the company in funding has reduced from 482 in year 2017 to 9135 in year 2019.

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
This fall in value implies that the company is not left with reserves to investment in the
business as directors in the form of dividend have kept a larger proportion of profits. It is
inferred from the analysis that the company has not changed any source of fund or added any
other source for funding its business other than borrowing. No additional funds has been
raised by issuing equity as evident from unchanged value of contributed equity
(bestonglobalfoods.com.au 2020).
Answer to question iii)
It is revealed from the financial report of Australia Vintage limited that the company
raises funds by issuing equity shares, reserves and borrowing. Funds that the company
generate internally include reserves and the funds that are generated externally includes
issued capital and borrowing. It is because reserves are the profits that is kept for
reinvestment in the business and on other hand, borrowing and issued capital are raised from
external stakeholders (Schaltegger et al. 2017).
For identifying, the percentage of funds that is generated internally and externally, it
is required to determine the total amount of funds raises by the company. The table shows the
proportion of externally and internally generated funds by Australia Vintage limited.
2019 2018 2017
Total
amount of
funds
(79965+465490+2443
)
= 547898
(84435+463961+1989
)
=550385
(84880+463009+1829)
=549718
Percentag
e of
internally
generated
(2443/547898) * 100=
0.44%
(1989/550385)* 100=
0.361%
(1829/549718)*100=0.33
%

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funds
Percentag
e of
externally
generated
funds
(545455/547898) *
100= 99.55%
(548396/550385)*
100= 99.64%
(547889/549718) *
100=99.67%
It is observed from the table above that the percentage of internally generated funds
comprised of a smaller proportion of the total amount of funds raised. However, this
percentage has increased year on year implying that Vintage limited is increasing the
contribution of reserve in funding the business. On other hand, the percentage of externally
generated fund has decreased over the years (Australianvintage.com.au 2020).
2019 2018 2017
Total amount of
funds
(35807+147535-
9135)= $174207
(147535-237)
= $ 147298
(147535- 482)
= $ 147053
Percentage of
internally
generated funds
(9135/174207) *
100=-5.24%
(237/147298)*
100=-0.16%
(482/147053)*100=-
-0.33%
Percentage of
externally
generated funds
(183342/174207) *
100= 105%
(177535/147298)*
100= 100%
(147535/147053) *
100= 100%
The table shows the proportionate change in the internally generated and externally
generated funds. It is observed from the figures computed that the proportion of internally

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
generated funds in the total funds has decreased as indicated from falling figure of reserves.
Now, observing the figure of percentage of externally generated funds, it is viewed that the
proportion of externally generated funds has increased over the years from 100% to 105% in
year 2019 (bestonglobalfoods.com.au 2020). From the computed figures, it is inferred that the
proportion of externally generated funds comprising of issued capital and borrowings has
increased in the recent years. This implies that the proportion of the funds generated from the
owner’s fund and borrowings has increased (Lee and Kim 2017).
Answer to question iv)
Different sources of funds raised by the chosen company in the analysis is Equity
capital, reserves and borrowings.
Advantages of equity finance:
 Unlike loan or debentures, equity capital do not entitle the business to make regular
payments to the investors investing money into the business. Business is able to add
value and share the risk at the same time by issuing equity to the investors. Investment
is only realized when the business earns and return is generated from the profits in the
form of dividends (Hoggett et al. 2018).
 With the growth in business, investors are also willing to contribute by following up
the funding. Hence, business can rely on equity financing for further development and
growth of the business.
 Several valuable skills, contacts and experience is brought by the venture capitalists
and businesses investors and thereby assign the company in formulating strategy and
making decisions.
Shortcomings of equity finance:

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
 In event of the company making significant investment in equity, there exist the risk
of loss control as some of the ownership and the equity capital owners retain
authority. The opportunity of the business to earn more profit would be lost due to the
impact of counter effect of sharing the risks (Hellman et al. 2018).
 While raising funds, business would be required to comply with various regulatory
and legal issues and this sometimes make it difficult for business in carrying out its
investment seamlessly.
Advantages of reserves:
 One of the main benefits of reserve is that the business would be provided with
readily available funds and there is not any requirement of raising any additional
funds from investors if the business has enough reserves.
 The cost of raising additional funds is reduced and the loss in event of under-pricing
is also eliminated due to the retailed earnings or reserves.
 It is also not required by the business to perform any formalities or comply with some
laws and regulation and any dilution or change in the control of ownership is avoided
when using reserves. In addition to this, retained earnings do not hold any negative
connotations as the issue of equity is viewed as doubtful.
Shortcomings of reserves:
 The requirement of business to raise funds might not be fulfilled by the availability of
amount of reserve, as the amounts of funds raised through retailed earning is limited.
 The complete benefits of the actual earnings generated by the company cannot be
enjoyed by the shareholders, which might adversely influence the market value of
shares and dissatisfy the existing shareholders.

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
 For the company with conservative dividend policy, there also exist a risk of over
capitalization due to the huge accumulation of the reserves.
 The retained earnings have considerably higher opportunity cost and the companies
which do not vale such costs might end up investing in any project generating
negative return.
Advantages of borrowings:
 Borrowing or issuing debenture is considered economical because the amount can be
borrowed at lower interest rate and thereby making it the cheaper method of raising
funds.
 Management and the debenture holders are apart that is there is no involvement and
non-interference of the mender into the decision-making and other issues of the
company. Compared to issuing shares, price of debentures or borrowing money is
stable because the price movement of debentures is impacted insignificantly due to
change in monetary conditions.
 The procedures and method of raising funds through borrowing or issuing debentures
is easier than raising funds by way of equity capital or issuing shares.
Shortcomings of borrowings:
 Company faces the burden of making payment of interest as the interest to be paid on
debts issued is considered to be cumulative. Regardless of the profits generated by the
company during the financial year, it is required to make payment of interest. Such
interest payment becomes a burden for the company during the period of depression
when enough profits is not generated (Gheta 2017).

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
 The credit worthiness of the company is limited or constrained due to borrowing
money or issuing debentures. This is so because it is required by the company in most
of the cases to mortgage their assets to the debenture holders as a security. In such
scenario, the credibility of the company reduces and it might become difficult to
source additional funds (Dudar and Voget 2016).
Answer to question v)
Liabilities of the company are segregated into current liabilities and non-current
liabilities. Different types of non-current liabilities disclosed by Australia Vintage limited in
their statement of financial position are borrowings, financial liabilities and provisions and
current liabilities comprised of provisions, income received in advance, trade and other
payables, borrowings and other financial liabilities. It is observed that the value of non-
current liabilities is higher that the values of current liabilities for the three consecutive
financial year. Total mount of borrowings of Vintage limited is higher of all the other items
of liabilities followed by trade and other payables (Australianvintage.com.au 2020).
For Beston Global Food limited, it is observed that the liabilities comprise of both
current and non-current liabilities. The items reported under current liabilities include
borrowings, trade and other payable, employee benefit obligations and current tax liabilities.
Noncurrent liabilities on other hand comprised of deferred tax liabilities, borrowings,
employee benefits obligation and deferred tax liabilities. It is observed that in year 2018 and
2017, total amount of non-current liabilities was considerably lower that the current liabilities
reported in the financial year 2019. However, the amount of non-current liabilities increased
and this increment is attributable to the increase in total borrowing amount
(bestonglobalfoods.com.au 2020). ‘

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
The interest bearing liabilities for both the companies is borrowings as the company is
required to make regular payment of interest to the debenture holder or the banks from which
the money has been borrowed. In this regard, it is important for the company to compute the
cost of debt or cost of financing the projects using debt. It is so because payment of interest
has to be made either quarterly or annually. No other items other than borrowing shown in
the balance sheet of the companies bear interest. These items include other financial
liabilities, trade and other payables, income received in advance, provisions, deferred tax
liabilities, current tax liabilities and employee benefits obligations (Fargher et al. 2019).
Answer to question vi)
Standard AASB 137 is applicable for all the entities that accounts for transactions and
the provision as per this standard is defined as the liabilities pertaining to uncertain amount or
timing. Provision in some countries is also used in the context of asset impairment,
depreciation and doubtful debts. The restructuring provisions is addressed in this standard
and this also helps in creating distinction between of accruals and trade payables from
provisions. It is so because there exist uncertainty in the amount and timing of the future
expenditure in the settlement. Reporting of provisions as per the standard is done separately
(Aasb.gov.au 2020). Due to the uncertainty in the amount and timing, provisions are
considered contingent.
Recognition of provisions is done as liabilities as there exist the probability that the
settlement of the obligations would require the resource outflow that embodies economic
benefits. This is the reason the provisions according to the definition of the standard is also
known and recognized as liabilities. As per the standard, recognitions of the provisions
should be done when the impact of any past event creates a present obligation for the entity.
The obligation amount can be measured reliably using the appropriate estimate and the

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
settlement of obligation is done by the economic benefits generated by resource outflow
(Wang 2019). In the absence of all these conditions, no recognition of provision should be
done by the entity
Answer to question vii)
From the overall analysis of the financial report of Australia Vintage limited and
Beston Global food limited, it is observed that no reference have been made by both the
companies regarding the provisions in relation to the standard AASB 137 provision,
contingent liabilities and contingent assets. However, it is mentioned that the accounting
policy of recognizing provision by Australia Vintage limited that the recognition of provision
is done due to the past events that imposes present constructive or legal obligation on the
group (Australianvintage.com.au 2020). In addition to this, measurement of the provision is
done at the present value of the best estimate of the management. Hence, it can be inferred
that although the company has not reported anything about the standard, the recognition of
provisions is done according to the conditions listed in the standard.
Answer to question viii)
Assets of the company are categorized into current assets and non-current assets.
Items recorded under current assets of Australia Vintage limited include trade and other
receivables, cash and cash equivalents, other financial assets and inventories. Items recorded
under noncurrent assets include inventories, other financial assets, goodwill and other
intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and deferred tax assets. Total value of non-
current assets in the current year is more than the value reported in the last year and the
reported figure of non-current assets is more than the current assets. On other hand, Beston
Global Food limited has also categorized the assets under current and non-current. All the
items under current assets of the balance sheet of Beston Limited include inventories, trade

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
and other receivables and cash and cash equivalent. Items under noncurrent assets includes
investment, receivables, biological assets, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets
and deferred tax assets (Adler et al. 2016). From the analysis of the categories of assets
reported by the companies, it is observed that Beston has higher categories of the assets
compared to Australia Vintage limited.
Answer to question ix)
The measurement basis of the trade receivables of Australia Vintage limited is that the
recognition of this class of asset is done at the amount that is not conditional and recognition
is done at fair value when it incorporates significant financing components. In addition to
this, valuation of inventories is done at lower of net realizable value or cost. Assessment of
obsolescence of inventory is done by making adjustment to net realizable value and on
ongoing basis. Measurement of property, plant and equipment are done at historical cost by
deducting impairment losses and accumulated depreciation. On other hand, measurement of
goodwill is done as the excess sum that is considered to be transferred and for the
impairment, goodwill is tested annually. For Beston Global food limited, measurement of
trade receivables is done initially at the price of transaction and deducting any provision for
impairment made. Measurement of inventories are done at the lower of net realizable value
and cost. Plant, property and equipment of the company is measured at the historical cost and
deducting the amount of depreciation. Licences and trade mark comprising intangible assets
is measured at historical cost (bestonglobalfoods.com.au 2020).
Conclusion:
The report demonstrates an evaluation of the various sources of funds used by the
reporting entities. It has been ascertained from the overall analysis of the financial report of
Australia Vintage and Beston Global food limited that both the companies uses a mixed

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
source of funding their business which includes internally and externally generated funds.
The major externally sourced funds includes borrowing and equity capital and retained
earnings or reserves being the internally generated funds. In addition to this, it has been found
that the companies have not referred to the standard AASB 137 for the recognition of
provisions. However, Australia Vintage have disclosed their recognition of provision that
complies with the requirement and conditions of the standard.

CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
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