The assignment analyzes the financial statements of Grain Corp Ltd, discussing the treatment of tax, depreciation methods, and deferred tax computation. It also highlights the importance of financial statements in taking enhanced decisions for external users and management.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 CASH FLOW STATEMENT..........................................................................................................1 1. Discuss items of cash flow statement of company in past years........................................1 2. Analysing cash flows of previous years.............................................................................3 OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME STATEMENT................................................................4 3. Discuss items of other comprehensive income statement..................................................4 4. Understanding of each item in the statement.....................................................................5 5. Items not recorded in income statement.............................................................................6 ACCOUNTING FOR CORPORATE INCOME TAX....................................................................6 6. Firm's tax expense..............................................................................................................6 7. Is figure same as company tax rate times of firm's accounting income.............................6 8. Commenting on deferred tax assets/liabilities....................................................................7 9. Providing current tax assets or income tax payable reported by firm................................7 10. Is income tax paid same as income tax expense...............................................................7 11. Treatment of tax of firm...................................................................................................7 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION Financial statements are important documents of company in analysing information in effective way. Present report deals with analysing financial statements of ASX listed company named as Grain Corp Ltd engaged in agribusiness. Financials are effectively assessed and items of the same are discussed quite effectually. Evaluation of firm's tax expense and all relevant items are explained. CASH FLOW STATEMENT 1. Discuss items of cash flow statement of company in past years Cash flow statements are listed below of Grain Corp Ltd which is one of the biggest firm engaged in the agribusiness mainly receiving and storing of food products and satisfying worldwide customers quite effectually. There are financials such as cash flow statement, balance sheet and income statement which provides company's management and external stockholders to effectively analyse and take enhanced decisions. Particulars201720162015 Receipts4824.14350.54315.5 Paymentstosuppliers and workers-4505.3-4125.7-4006.9 318.8224.8308.6 Proceedsfrombank (stock funding)42.2-49.1 Interest attained2.41.32.6 Interest paid-41.9-38.4-42.6 Income taxes provided-21-32.2-6.6 Netcashflowfrom operating activities300.5151.5271.1 1
Purchasedtreasury shares in year-4.1 Netcashflowfrom financing activities-184.681.689.4 Net decrease / (increase) ofcashandcash equivalents (CCE)78.7-44.5147.3 Opening balance of cash307.6374206.2 Effect of Exchange rate in year2.6-21.920.5 Closing balance of cash388.9307.6374 The cash flow statements are produced for three years starting from 2015, 2016 and 2017. It can be assessed that receipts are increased constantly as it was 4315.6 in 2015, 4350.5 in 2016 and maximised to 4824.1 in recent year. This means that organisation has extended credit but also receiving amount in the best possible manner. Payments to suppliers and employees have increased as well in past periods. The bank borrowings are increased as it was 9.1 in the financial year 2015, -4 in next year and reached to 42.2 in 2017 (Grain Corp Ltd. 2017). Moreover, interest income is being maximised as it was 2.6 in 2015, increased to 1.3 in next period and 2.4 in 2017. On the other hand, payments of PPE has been maximised in these years. Computer software payments is increased. It is evident from the fact that in 2015 figure was 12.8, decreased to 7.9 in 2016 and maximised to 26.5 in later year. Moreover, proceeds from sale of PPE has been accomplished as it was 6.2 in 2015, decreased to 4.4 and hiked to 34.8 in 2017. Proceeds from sale of investment has been attained in 2017 amounting to 106.6. Investment payments are made in three years which are increased as it was 2.3, 5.9 and 35.6 in past years respectively. Loans repaid by parties was made in 2015 amounting to 19.1. Proceeds from borrowings are increased as it was 679.8 in 2015, 801.1 in next year and 941 in 3
2017. Loans are repaid by Grain Corp Ltd as figure has been hiked in 2017 to 1080.7 while it was 561.8 in 2015. Dividends are paid by company to shareholders as it was 28.6 in 2015, 22.9 I later year and increased to 42.3 in the latest financial year. Non-controlling Interest is 1.5 in 2017. Treasury shares are purchased amounting to 4.1 in 2017. Thus, ending cash balance of organisation is more than opening balance in 2017 which shows position is enhanced from past years (GarcÃa-Meca, López-Iturriaga and Tejerina-Gaite, 2017). 2. Analysing cash flows of previous years It can be analysed from the cash flow statements that cash position of company is overall good. Cash is properly used in various operational activities quite effectually. It is clarified by the operating activities that it was 271.1 in 2015. However, it was decreased to 151.5 in 2016 and again hiked to 300.5 in recent year. On the other hand, investing activities are also favourable as cash is being generated in the past years by selling of investments and fixed assets in the best possible manner. It is evident from the fact that in 2015, figure was 213.2 and increased to 277.6 while again reduced to 37.2 in 2017. On the other side, cash flows from financing activities were 89.4 in 2015, decreased to 81.6 in 2016. While, -184.6 of outflow is attained as cash has been utilised in paying bank borrowings and dividends. However, it can be assessed that overall cash position is good as closing balance of cash is favourable (Agrawal and Cooper, 2017). OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME STATEMENT 3. Discuss items of other comprehensive income statement Particulars201720162015 Profit125.230.932.1 Othercomprehensive income Itemsnotto reclassifiedtoProfit and loss account Retirementbenefit12.7-17.4-1.1 4
obligations (Remeasurement) Incometaxonabove items-2.92.60.6 Items to reclassified to Profit and loss account Changes found in fair valueofcashflow hedge in year28.64.6-21.6 Sharesofincomeof joint ventures-0.10.1 Incometaxonabove items-6.8-2.15.2 Exchange difference of foreign business2.1-78.489.2 Othercomprehensive incomeobtained(Net tax)33.7-90.872.4 Totalcomprehensive incomeavailableto equity holders158.9-59.9104.5 Totalcomprehensive 5
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income available to: Parententityequity shareholders'158.9 Non-controlling interest (NCI) 158.9-59.9104.5 4. Understanding of each item in the statement Other comprehensive income statement is prepared for Grain Corp Ltd for the three years. In this statement, those items are recorded which are not yet being achieved by organisation (Häcker and Ernst, 2017). It implies all gains, losses and revenues that are not realised actually are reported in it. The profit was 32.1 in 2015, reduced to 30.9 in next year and increased to 125.2 in recent year. There are items not to be classified to income statement such as remeasurement of retirement benefits which were -1.1 in 2015, increased to -17.4 in 2016 and became positive in 2017 amounting to 12.7. Taxes are paid on above items as well. On the other hand, there are items to be classified to Profit and Loss account such as changes in cash flow hedges which were -21.6 in 2015, maximised to 4.6 in 2016 and further maximised to 28.6. Income from joint ventures are realised and income taxes are paid as well. Exchange differences were 89.2 in 2015, -78.4 in 2016 and 2.1 in 2017. Net tax other comprehensive income is realised amounting to 72.4 in 2015, -90.8 in 2016 and became positive in 2017 to 33.7. Thus, income has been attained in 2017 amounting to 158.9. 5. Items not recorded in income statement There are various items which are not recorded in income statements. This is because these items are not actually realised and thus, cannot be reported in regular Profit and Loss account. This is evident from the fact that items like remeasurement of retirement benefits, fair value changes in cash flow hedges, share income from joint ventures are classified in this statement. Hence, these items are not recorded in the income statement (Lerner and Seru, 2017). 6
ACCOUNTING FOR CORPORATE INCOME TAX 6. Firm's tax expense The tax expenditure is required to be ascertain as it brings liability on the side of company to pay taxes to the government in a particular year. The current year tax expense of Grain Corp Ltd is 59.5. The amount has been segregated and includes prior periods provision amounting to -0.9, deferred tax of 50.8 and current tax amounting to 9.6. On the other hand, from this tax expense, effective income tax can be calculated by implementing formula. It can be accomplished by dividing tax expense by EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) and thus, 32.2 % is attained. Hence, this amount of tax is reported as current liability because it needs to be paid in current year. 7. Is figure same as company tax rate times of firm's accounting income It can be said that accounting income is generated from the normal business operations as estimation of performances are done (Liu, Li, Zeng and An, 2017). In relation to this, gains and losses which are actually realised are only accounted for. It is clarified that unrealised losses or gains are not taken. Income tax expenditure of Grain Corp Ltd is 59.5 and effective tax rate amounts to 32.2 %. Thus, it can be said that tax expense figure is same as tax rate of accounting income of organisation. 8. Commenting on deferred tax assets/liabilities Deferred tax assets are favourable for the organisation as it helps to reduce income tax liability in the future. This figure is attained when company has overpaid taxes to the government or advance payment is being made. It can be analysed from balance sheet of Grain Corp Ltd that in 2017 deferred tax assets were 37. However, it was 63.8 in 2016 and increased to 71.2 in 2016. Thus, it can be said that figure is reduced in 2017 and taxable income is required to be fully paid and only 37 may be reduced from the same. Deferred tax liability is opposite of deferred tax asset as when differences are observed in future and current tax amount, obligation to pay in the future arises (Harris, Kinkela, Arnold and Liu 2017). The amount was 78 in 2015, increased to 80.6 in 2017 and liability is increased to pay tax. 9. Providing current tax assets or income tax payable reported by firm Financials such as balance sheet is scrutinised and figures of current tax assets are found out in the same. It can be assessed that amount of 1.1 is recorded in 2015, maximised to 2.5 in 7
2016 and 16 in the financial year 2017. The taxable income and accounting income are not same. Moreover, it is analysed that income tax liability will be increased in the future as current tax assets are maximised. 10. Is income tax paid same as income tax expense The income tax expense reported in the income statement is not same as income tax paid listed in the cash flow statements. The main reason behind difference is that accounting rules and regulations in relation to the financial reporting is way distinguished when tax computation is done and as such, figures attained are different from each other. Final amount of tax can be accomplished which must be paid on profits will be different from actual tax bills. It can be assessed from financial statements that income tax expense is 59.5 reported in income statement. On the other hand, income tax paid by Grain Corp Ltd in 2017 is 21 which is distinguished from one another and thus, these are not same (Tahat, Omran and Dunne, 2017). 11. Treatment of tax of firm The treatment of tax is differently treated by companies as per accounting rules and policies adopted by it. It can be analysed that Grain Corp Ltd has followed different tax computation for latest financial year. The method of depreciation chosen by organisation is straight line and as such, fixed assets are depreciated accordingly. The income tax is regarded as current liability as it has to be paid in current year. The treatment is made by applying 30 % tax rate as per the rates applicable by Australian government. Deferred tax computation is not made on items such as identification of assets and liabilities, goodwill having no impact on income of firm (Warren and Jones, 2018). Moreover, consolidated tax group has been headed by having agreement in tax and thus, overall treatment of tax is interesting to understand. CONCLUSION Hereby it can be concluded that financial statements are effectively utilised by the parties to take enhanced decisions. External users of accounting information and management of organisation are benefited by scrutinising financials. Thus, they are able to take better decisions quite effectually. 8
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REFERENCES Books and Journals Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., 2017. Corporate governance consequences of accounting scandals: Evidencefromtopmanagement,CFOandauditorturnover.QuarterlyJournalof Finance.7(01).p.1650014. GarcÃa-Meca, E., López-Iturriaga, F. and Tejerina-Gaite, F., 2017. Institutional investors on boards:Doestheirbehaviorinfluencecorporatefinance?.JournalofBusiness Ethics,146(2),pp.365-382. Häcker, J. and Ernst, D., 2017. Corporate Finance Part I. InFinancial Modeling(pp. 501-622). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Harris, P., Kinkela, K., Arnold, L.W. and Liu, M., 2017. Corporate Accounting Malfeasance and Financial Reporting Restatements in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era. 9