Cost Effective Photovoltaic Batteries for Smart Grid Energy Storage

This article discusses the use of cost effective photovoltaic batteries for enhancing energy storage in smart grids. It explores various journals and studies on renewable energy integration and optimal battery sizing. The integration of renewable energy sources and the challenges faced by designers in Integrated Renewable Energy Systems (IRES) are also discussed.

Cost Effective Photovoltaic batteries with the Enhancement in the Energy storage of the
Smart Grid
Introduction:
In the present years, a substantial increase had been found in the installation of photovoltaic
power generators (PV) due to the increase in the usage of renewable sources as well as
maximum efficiency that could be found due to the usage of solar panels. The complex task
arises due to the integration of renewable energy and the size of electrochemical energy
storage system. Moreover, the designers face the maximum problem in the Integrated
Renewable Energy Systems (IRES) due to its variant nature, their requirement of various forms
of energy needs by which they have to be coupled and site-specific. The advantage arises when
the particular system is said to be stand-alone one. The energy utilization in the smart grid is
also a challenging task. These problems were considered in order to reduce the cost of the
system, maximum energy storage facility and increase in their efficiency. Here, I had mentioned
the following journals as the solution to the above mentioned requirements and certain future
needs that has to be considered to enhance the systems.
J. T. Bialasiewicz, "Renewable Energy Systems With Photovoltaic Power Generators: Operation
and Modeling," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2752-2758, July
2008. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2008.920583
The author had concentrated a model of a unique power system that depends on the PV power
generators. The system is based on the PV array-inverter assemblies with master-slave mode
and the result had been obtained with the modular simulator by the renewable power energy
system. The energy source had been effectively utilized by the PV power generators and when
the system is operating in the master mode then the voltage and the power source is effectively
controlled in the stand-alone applications. Moreover, the switching from the master mode
among the diesel generator and the PV array inverter had also been proposed and analyzed in
this paper. At last the author had compared the simulation results (VisSim1 visual environment-
RPM-SIM Simulator) with the experimental results from the practical systems and showed the
progress of renewable source from the PV power generators.
S. de la Torre, J. M. González-González, J. A. Aguado and S. Martín, "Optimal battery sizing
considering degradation for renewable energy integration," in IET Renewable Power
Generation, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 572-577, 18 3 2019.
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5489
Integration of renewable energy part had been carried out in this paper with the uncomplicated
and robust optimization-based model. This model holds the explicit model for the intrinsic

battery ageing process. This paper seems to be very simple and the author had chosen one
continuous variable say, the amount of energy the battery could store for the optimization
problem. In this paper the results had been presented with an example and further elaborated
this as the real-time case studies.
B. P. Roberts and C. Sandberg, "The Role of Energy Storage in Development of Smart Grids,"
in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 1139-1144, June 2011.
doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2116752
The integration of the smart grid with the utilization of storage facilities had been discussed in
this paper. The storage is based on feeders of the smart grids by placing little amount of energy
storage in the residential areas. The low voltage side of the utility transformer is being
connected in a CES unit that could guard final 120/240 volt circuits. By this process the voltage
could be sufficiently controlled and the service could be highly reliable. By this procedure even
PHEV charging units with the larger load could be added randomly to the grid.
Y. Ru, J. Kleissl, S. Martinez, "Storage size determination for grid-connected photovoltaic
systems", IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 4, pp. 68-81, 2013.
The author had bought out the problem based on the battery storage of the smart grids that is
connected to the photovoltaic system in this paper. The author had concentrated on minimizing
the cost and battery capacity loss by lowering the peak electricity and satisfying the load. The
lower and the upper bounds ofCref
c , had been calculated by the algorithm developed in this
paper. There will be only a small energy loss during self discharging (only to 0.2%). The author
had made an effective algorithm in this paper and the simulation results had been bought out
by stating the future work of improving the efficiency of converters.
C. Lo, M. Anderson, "Economic dispatch and optimal sizing of battery energy storage systems in
utility load-leveling operations", IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 824-829, 1999.
Power saving could be highly achieved by the Battery energy storage (BES) systems for both the
customers and the utilities. The combination of multi-pass dynamic programming (MPDP) with
a time-shift technique had been developed as an algorithm in this paper. Through this two
parameters could be achieved 1) BES economic dispatch and 2) Obtaining optimal BES energy
and power capabilities. The comparison had been made with the EPRI's DYNASTORE and it has
been stated as a result with the reasonable discrepancy in this paper.
R. Ramakumar, I. Abouzahr, K. Krishnan and K. Ashenayi, "Design scenarios for integrated
renewable energy systems," in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 736-
746, Dec. 1995.
doi: 10.1109/60.475847

The formulation of design with the design scenarios with the IRES-KB, the aid of the
development tools of KAPPA®-PC had been discussed in this paper. The author had not chosen
any electric grid connection for the study due to the high impact made by these renewable in
such location. The result is being discussed with the versatility of IRES-KB. Several scenarios
had been discussed in this paper:
Scenario 1: All the natural resources is being present in this village (water, biomass, isolation
and wind)
Scenario 2: With the low wind speed in one season.
Scenario 3: Low cost of about $0.60 per peak watt with biomass not utilized in this design.
D. Pudjianto, C. Ramsay and G. Strbac, "Virtual power plant and system integration of
distributed energy resources," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10-16,
March 2007. doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg:20060023
The virtual power plant (VPP) structure into the existing system, which is said to be primary
vehicle for distributing cost effective DER integration is presented in this paper. This concept
was made to increase the control and the visibility of the operating systems, which is done by
the system components that offers commercial interface and appropriate technical support to
the market actors. Through this concept market access for the DER is enabled which forms the
greatest advantage and the author had presented the optimal power flow algorithm to
characterize TVPP with the case studies benefiting the aggregation.
C. Chen, S. Duan, T. Cai, B. Liu and G. Hu, "Smart energy management system for optimal
microgrid economic operation," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 258-267,
May 2011. doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2010.0052
The optimization of the microgrid is bought by the smart energy management system (SEMS) in
this paper. Moreover, it consists of Energy Storage system (ESS) module, Optimization module
and power forecasting module. The strategies regarding the optimal operation are bought out
by the ESS module. The author had also made the economic performance of the ESS in this
paper. ESS management system along with the economic load dispatch with the distributed
generation is bought in one single-object optimization problem in SEMS. The practical method
for the load management that includes several operation policies is bought out by the matrix
real-coded genetic algorithm (MRC-GA) optimisation module
J. Xi, H. Geng, S. Ma, Y. Chi and G. Yang, "Inertial response characteristics analysis and
optimisation of PMSG-based VSG-controlled WECS," in IET Renewable Power Generation, vol.
12, no. 15, pp. 1741-1747, 19 11 2018.

This study paper deals with the permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG)-based
wind energy conversion system (WECS) with several schemes of Virtual Synchronous generator
(VSG) that are compared and analyzed in detail. The synchronous generator follows the energy
sources for inertial response (ESIRs) property. In this paper a generalized optimal WECS-VSG
control strategy that could integrate with several WECS-VSG schemes had been proposed with
the examples for different ESIRs are designed and finally the proposed framework is confirmed
with the simulation results.
Q. Zhong and G. Weiss, "Static synchronous generators for distributed generation and
renewable energy," 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Seattle, WA,
2009, pp. 1-6. doi: 10.1109/PSCE.2009.4840013
The idea for the operation of an inverter as a synchronous generator had been developed in
this paper. A synchronous generator model is established in this paper with the entire dynamics
and no signals have any assumptions. The power could have certain oscillations during
synchronization. With this model the power system stability could be investigated especially for
those which are subjugated by the parallel converters in the DG (Distributed generators). The
load is shared automatically with the built-in frequency and voltage drooping mechanism.