This essay discusses the use of hope and placebo effect in counselling and its impact on patients. It explores the importance and advantages of hope therapy in addressing mental health issues. The essay also highlights the role of verbal cues and inert pills as placebos in counselling.
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Running head: COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE Hope and Placebo in Counselling Name of the Student: Name of the University: Author note:
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1 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE Counselling can be defined as the professional assistance and guidance provided in resolving psychological or personal problems. In the words of Bedi et al. (2011), counselling refers to the support and assistance provided to people dealing with different types of personal, professional or psychological problems. In the modern world, counselling has become highly necessary as people are going through various types of stress and that leads to behavioural issues. People go through different types of trauma or shocks, which they cannot overcome on their own. Hence, counselling is required to help these people to overcome the challenge and live a normal life (Young & Lalande, 2011). There are different types of approaches of counselling, suchas,cognitivetherapy,behaviouraltherapy,cognitive-behaviouraltherapy(CBT), psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, humanistic theory, dialectical behaviour therapy, eclectic therapy, substance abuse theory and many more (King et al., 2012). One of the approaches is the application of hope and placebo effect in counselling. It can be said that almost all the counselling approach has the common goal of instilling hope among the clients about a better life, however, in some cases, placebo intervention is required to get effective outcome. Many mental problems lead to health complications for the patients and thus, along with verbal counselling, the placebo effect is also required. This essay will highlight the hope and placebo effect in counselling and its impact on the patients. This is a common practice among the counsellors as it is quite effective, especially in the cases where medical intervention is required. Thus, in this essay the importance and advantages and disadvantages of the hope and placebo effect in the counselling will be addressed and the way of relevant application of this approach will be recommended. Hope and the placebo effect are considered to be elements of effective counselling. This approach aims to improve the mental health of the patients by addressing some physical health
2 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE challenges. Effective therapists have the ability to display skills like appreciating the clients to raise their self-confidence and self-respect, which is known as the propagation of hope and this improves the condition of the clients(Navidian & Bahari, 2014). The main aim of the counsellors are to address the mental health issues of the clients non-medically, however, medical treatment, that is, placebo is required when the situation becomes too complicated and the mental health has started affecting the physical health. The placebo effect works at the psychological level of the patients with the help of a placebo given to the patients in the form of inert medicine. The most distinguished mental health complications include anxiety, depression, mental stress and insomnia (Hofmann et al., 2012). However, it has been found that in addressing these mental health complications, the pharmacological interventions are proving to be ineffective, and hence, the non-clinical approaches of treatment are becoming increasingly important. Counselling is a non-medical approach for treating the mental health issues. However, sometimes both non-medical treatment and placebo effects are required to address the mental health challenges of the patients. The health practitioners use positive language and supportive attitude, display confidence in the treatment plans, and facilitate therapeutic relationships while attending the patients with various physical and mental health complications (O'Hara, 2013). The hope and placebo therapy is one such approach in counselling that includes the application of non-medical treatment. Koehn, O’Neill & Sherry (2012) highlighted that according to the Australian Counseling Association, the hope and placebo effect has been quite effective in comparison to the only pharmacological interventions. Hope therapy is considered to be highly effective approach for addressing the mental health issues like anxiety and depression. It has been found that the hopeful patients demonstrate a better and speedy recovery than the patients without much hope.
3 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE The patients who have hope are seem to be better aware about the health issues, types and severity of the stress among the other elements and they also display better self-care. These aspects are mostly missing for patients with low hope. Thus, according to experts, hope therapy has incremental positive impact on the mental health of the patients along with awareness and their ability in coping with the mental disorders, which in turn helps in reducing the issues like anxiety and depression of the individuals. According to Rustøen, Cooper & Miaskowski (2011), hope therapy was highly useful in effectively reducing the mental stress among the patients having tumor. The authors found that the impact of the hope therapy remain for 3 to 12 months after the implementation. The findings of the study says that around 95% of the oncology patients claimed that hope therapy helped them to cope with the extremely mental stress. The findings are similar to the findings in the study by Shekarabi-Ahari et al. (2012), which showed that hope therapy has a significant positive impact on the mental health of the parents of children suffering from cancer and after the therapy, the parents were in a better condition to cope with the stress. Thus, hope is quite significant in influencing the mental health issues like anxiety, depression and insomnia and thereby positively improves the quality of life. Thus, it can be said that hope therapy is beneficial in influencing the perceptions of the patients regarding their treatments and health care, and hence, the outcome of the treatment becomes faster and effective while the progression of the chronic diseases can be limited. However, the effectiveness of the hope therapy can be best understood from its impact on the psychological approach of people for addressing the weaknesses and frailties of the individuals (Larsen et al., 2014). It is also proved that hope therapy in counselling can create protection
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4 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE against various severe mental health issues, such as, anxiety and depression and can prevent them from recurring. On the other hand, placebo effect refers to the therapeutic impact on the subjects given placebo. As stated by Meissner et al. (2011), placebo effect represents the changes in the individuals due to placebo manipulation. Kirsch (2013) defines placebo as a substance or a procedure which has no inherent power for producing an expected effect or outcome, that is, it is a sham medical intervention exploiting or influencing the effect of hope or expectations from the treatment. Placebo has a significant impact on the psychology or belief of the patients. The pill is given to the patients that they are given a pill that would improve their condition, while the pill is inert but the belief of the patients help them to recover. Thus, according to Meissner (2011), placebo effect works as a psychological or physiological impact on the individuals due to implementation of a substance or a procedure, but nor due to the inherent power of the substance of procedure. Hence, placebos have indirect impact on the subjects. In the counselling works, the placebo intervention is required to control the beliefs of the patients to get effective outcome of the treatment. Placebos are used by the doctors for a long time. Until the 1930s, the doctors used the placebos as substitutes of the pharmacological interventions with high risks or reassuring the patients when no pharmacological interventions was possible (Benedetti, 2013). Hence, placebos were a part of the clinical treatments for a long time. However, with the improvements of the medical science, the definition of placebos included inert control groups along with the inert pills and the scope of placebo effects increased. Expectancy effects and context effects are also considered as placebo effects and hence, as stated by Colloca et al. (2015), any particular medical or non-medical therapeutic intervention that brings placebo effects is known as placebo.
5 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE The size and the direction of the placebo effect can be determined by different types of non-specific aspects of the clinical therapy, such as, using positive words, surgery, gesture, pills, devices etc. These elements play an important role depending on the nature of illness of the patients as these display the ability of the practitioners in showing empathy with the patients, their professional standing and confidence on the treatment given to the patients. However, placebos are not high risk pharmaceutical pills and have impact only on the beliefs of people. Thus, as stated by Colloca et al. (2013), using right words can help the patients to gain faith on the treatment and that can bring positive outcome on their physical or mental health and in that case, the right words act as placebo. These placebos are therefore used not only for mental health treatment but also for physical treatment. Although placebos affect the patients psychologically. It affects the belief system of the patients. In case of counselling, instilling hope among the patients and maintaining that hope is highly critical to bring improvement among them. In the hope therapy, the patients are required to build a hope about their recovery and about the treatment given to them. Hence, there is a high expectation from the hope therapy or counselling process, and hope is an effective therapeutic element. It has been found that in the hope therapy, verbal cues are very important and these verbal cues act as placebos. Verbal cues are helpful in bringing a positive change in the mental health of the patients. Cooper et al. (2012) also stated that other non-specific facets of the placebo therapy can bring similar expected outcomes as in case of verbal cues and in case of counselling, the verbal cues are emphasized more. Hyland (2011) highlighted the placebo effects through expectancy theory, where the patients have the strong belief that their treatment is right and would bring positive outcome and hence, expectations work as placebo. On the other hand, Mommaerts & Devroey (2012)
6 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE addressed the conditioning theory, in which individuals gain the belief or hope on the basis of some placebos, such as, any inert pill, which looks similar to any pharmaceutical pill. Thus, in many cases of mental health treatment, the practitioners have to use the pills as placebos for instilling the hope among the patients about their treatment process and expected outcome. Thus, it can be said that hope is strongly connected with the placebo effect. On one hand, hope itself acts as a placebo in many cases, on the other hand, under hope therapy, to build up confidence among the patients about their treatment and bring positive outcome, placebos are used in terms of verbal cues or pills. In the counselling, it is important for the patients to have a positive expectation from the treatment. When the counsellor and the patients share similar positive expectations from the psychotherapy, positive outcomes can be achieved, and in this process hope acts both ways, as a therapeutic element and as a placebo. In line with the above discussion, it can be said that to treat mental illness of individuals, the counsellors have a major role to play in utilizing the power of hope. They must design or formulate a plan in which the facets of hope can be implemented to bring the maximum positive outcome. The expectation of the clients must be built on by using verbal cues and gestures, which can be termed as placebos and while using hope therapy in counselling critical patients, they should try to avoid high risk pharmacological pills and rather use inert pills as placebos. This would help to build a strong belief of the patients regarding the effectiveness of their treatment and thereby bring positive outcomes in their situation. Itcanbeconcludedthathopetherapyandplaceboeffectsworkbestwhenthe pharmacological intervention in treating mental illness such as depression, anxiety, insomnia etc. does not work. The hope therapy and placebo effect have been found quite useful in bringing positive outcome among the patients as these mostly use verbal cues to increase their confidence
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7 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE about themselves and also on the treatment plan. As seen from the literatures, hope works both as treatment and as placebo and hence, has similar impact as other non-verbal aspects of the placebos. However, sometimes, the therapists need to implement non-risk inert pills as placebos during the hope therapy to make the patients more confident. Thus, it can be said that the placebo effects are crucial in assisting the patients in developing a confidence about the treatment plan, while the hope therapy helps the patients in developing strengths and positive outlook towards their illness and coping those with positivity.
8 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE References Bedi, R. P., Haverkamp, B. E., Beatch, R., Cave, D. G., Domene, J. F., Harris, G. E., & Mikhail, A.M.(2011).CounsellingpsychologyinaCanadiancontext:Definitionand description.Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne,52(2), 128. Benedetti,F.(2013).Placeboandthenewphysiologyofthedoctor-patient relationship.Physiological reviews,93(3), 1207-1246. Colloca, L., Jonas, W. B., Killen Jr, J., Miller, F. G., & Shurtleff, D. (2015). Reevaluating the placebo effect in medical practice.Zeitschrift für Psychologie. Colloca, L., Klinger, R., Flor, H., & Bingel, U. (2013). Placebo analgesia: psychological and neurobiological mechanisms.Pain,154(4), 511. Cooper, L. A., Roter, D. L., Carson, K. A., Beach, M. C., Sabin, J. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Inui, T. S. (2012). The associations of clinicians’ implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care.American journal of public health,102(5), 979-987. Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitivebehavioraltherapy:Areviewofmeta-analyses.Cognitivetherapyand research,36(5), 427-440. Hyland, M. E. (2011). Motivation and placebos: do different mechanisms occur in different contexts?.PhilosophicaltransactionsoftheroyalsocietyB:Biological Sciences,366(1572), 1828-1837.
9 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., Griffiths, M. D., & Gradisar, M. (2012). Cognitive‐behavioral approachestooutpatienttreatmentofInternetaddictioninchildrenand adolescents.Journal of clinical psychology,68(11), 1185-1195. Kirsch,I.(2013).Theplaceboeffectrevisited:Lessonslearnedtodate.Complementary Therapies in Medicine,21(2), 102-104. Koehn, C., O’Neill, L., & Sherry, J. (2012). Hope-focused interventions in substance abuse counselling.International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,10(3), 441-452. Larsen, D. J., Stege, R., Edey, W., & Ewasiw, J. (2014). Working with unrealistic or unshared hope in the counselling session.British Journal of Guidance & Counselling,42(3), 271- 283. Meissner, K. (2011). The placebo effect and the autonomic nervous system: evidence for an intimate relationship.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,366(1572), 1808-1817. Meissner, K., Bingel, U., Colloca, L., Wager, T. D., Watson, A., & Flaten, M. A. (2011). The placeboeffect:advancesfromdifferentmethodologicalapproaches.Journalof Neuroscience,31(45), 16117-16124. Mommaerts, J. L., & Devroey, D. (2012). The placebo effect: how the subconscious fits in.Perspectives in biology and medicine,55(1), 43-58. Navidian, A., & Bahari, F. (2014). The impact of mixed, hope and forgiveness‐focused marital counselling on interpersonal cognitive distortions of couples filing for divorce.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(7), 658-666.
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10 COUNSELLING THEORY AND PRACTICE O'Hara, D. (2013).Hope in counselling and psychotherapy. SAGE Publications Limited. Rustøen, T., Cooper, B. A., & Miaskowski, C. (2011). A longitudinal study of the effects of a hope intervention on levels of hope and psychological distress in a community-based sample of oncology patients.European Journal of Oncology Nursing,15(4), 351-357. Shekarabi-Ahari, G., Younesi, J., Borjali, A., & Ansari-Damavandi, S. (2012). The effectiveness of group hope therapy on hope and depression of mothers with children suffering from cancer in Tehran.Iranian journal of cancer prevention,5(4), 183. Young, R. A., & Lalande, V. (2011). Canadian counselling psychology: From defining moments to ways forward.Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne,52(4), 248.