Impact of Covid 19 on UK Care Homes

This dissertation investigates and describes the concept of impact of covid-19 on UK care homes. The study will appropriately examine the impacts in detailed manner as currently there are few researches had been done over this special and important topic. The topic was chosen as it highly requires study towards various impacts that has been face by the UK care homes.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON UK CARE
HOMES

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................4
ACKNOLWEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................6
Background..................................................................................................................................6
Aim and objectives......................................................................................................................6
Rationale......................................................................................................................................6
Significance of the study..............................................................................................................7
Structure of dissertation...............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................9
Introduction..................................................................................................................................9
Theme 1: Impact of the Covid pandemic on mortality risks in care homes................................9
Theme 2: Impediments faced by the authority of the care homes.............................................10
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................15
Introduction................................................................................................................................15
Research Type............................................................................................................................15
Research Approach....................................................................................................................16
Research Philosophy..................................................................................................................16
Data collection...........................................................................................................................17
Data analysis..............................................................................................................................18
Ethical consideration..................................................................................................................18
Research Limitations.................................................................................................................19
Research validity and reliability................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................................21

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................27
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................27
Recommendations......................................................................................................................28
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................30

ABSTRACT
This dissertation investigates and describes the concept of impact of covid-19 on UK care
homes. The study will appropriately examine the impacts in detailed manner as currently there
are few researches had been done over this special and important topic. The topic was chosen as
it highly requires study towards various impacts that has been face by the UK care homes. For
the completion of this research, the Caring health centre has been taken in order to finish the
study. For this the impact of Covid on mortality risks in care home has been identified along with
various challenges that have been faced by the centre. This dissertation will appropriately
examine negative impacts of pandemic over care homes as well as alternative solutions to handle
the situation in fruitful manner.

ACKNOLWEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge and give my warmest thanks to all the people who contribute in
completion of my dissertation in appropriate manner. The guidance and information that has
been collected through the journals, books, articles, etc. helped me a lot while conducting my
research over this specific topic through all the stages of writing my project. I would also like to
thank to my friends and family for their continuous support and understanding while I was doing
my research. Finally, I would like to thank god for letting me through all the difficulties and
effectively finish my dissertation.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
Covid-19 is an infectious disease that has been newly discovered which has cause
number of death of people in the society. With increase in spread of coronavirus in United
Kingdom, theoperation in care homes has been changed or impacted adversely.Likewise, as per
the statistic of 2020, there are around 490326 people that are living in the care home that is half
million people. Furthermore, this statistic is higher in England as there are 418 thousand people
staying in home care in order to have necessary support to live better lifestyle.So, with increase
in spread of diseases, people wants to have care homes in order to get support and stay healthy
life (Gordon, and et.al., 2020). This dissertation will cover crucial information related to the
impact of covid pandemic on mortality risk in care homes, identification of the impediments
faced by the authority of the care homes. Furthermore, the negative impact of the Covid
pandemic on care homes and alternative solutions that could be used by the care homes to deal
with the issues in pandemic situation.
Aim and objectives
Aim
To investigate on impact of Covid pandemic on care homes those are operating in United
Kingdom. A study on Caring Homes Group.
Objective
 To identify the impact of the Covid pandemic on mortality risks in care homes
 To recognise the impediments faced by the authority of the care homes
 To understand the negative impact of the Covid pandemic on care homes
 To find alternative solutions for care homes to deal with the issues regarding the Covid
pandemic.
Rationale
The topic of “impact of Covid pandemic on care homes of United Kingdom” is
important to study as it with Covid there are number of people that are suffering from diseases
that require care and support in order to be being treated. Furthermore, the scholar is motivated
to select this topic as it has been recently emerged as Covid is uncertain pandemic that has

spread across worldwide since 2019 that have negatively impacted each and every sector of UK.
So, in order to understand the manner corona virus has impact on care homes, the study was
necessary to conduct and derive necessary information (Thompson and et.al., 2020). It will help
in finding what all alternative method that could be used by the care homes to delivered better
services to patient for their health and well-being. At the same time, there has been limited study
conducted on the subject matter of “impact of Covid on care home. Thus it will help in pursing
the study that has not done by any other individuals. Therefore, all these are various factors that
help in understanding that the study or research needs to made on impact of Covid on care homes
of UK.
Significance of the study
Care homes are small institutions that are offering accommodation and care services to
people who are not sufficient to look over themselves. So it is place at where people that have
certain problem are look in order to resolve the key health issue that they are facing. With impact
of covid-19, there are various issue as well as challenges that have to be face by the care homes
so, study will help in identifying and planning strategies to overcome the same (Comas-Herrera,
and et.al., 2020). Moreover, the study is significant to study as it will contribute in gaining ideas
related to positive and negative impact of covid-19. Thus helps in deciding strategies that could
be used by care home to deliver best healthcare services to patient.
Structure of dissertation
This is a section that describe about the manner in which the information will be
presented in the dissertation so that it can be easily understand by the users or interested
individuals. The way dissertation will be organized and structured can be illustrate in detail as
follows:
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
This will be chapter first of dissertation that will cover introduction of the topic or area to
study such as aim, objective, why it is rationale and background of the study. Along with it, the
introduction also covers the manner in which the dissertation will be structure and organize so
that necessary information can be easily extracted (Bell and et.al., 2020).
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This is the second chapter that covered the point of view of well-known author related to
the subject matter or area of study so that it can be evident. Literature review can be defined as
scholarly sources on particular subject area that helps in knowing about the subject matter in
detailed for making study fruitful.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The third chapter of dissertation is related to research methodology i.e, different method
that would be used by the research to collect analysis and interpret necessary information.
Likewise, it explains about the weather primary or secondary method will be used or qualitative
and quantitative to complete the study (Greenhalgh and et.al., 2020).
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The fourth chapter is pertaining to the finding and discussion that covered all crucial
information that has been extracted through conducting the study. In another words, it has
discussed about the impact of Covid on care homes.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The last chapter present in the dissertation is of conclusion and recommendation that
summarize the key points that has been identified or extracted while conducting the study. On
the basis of recognized key issue or negative impact, recommendations are being made thus they
are covered in conclusion and recommendation section.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Literature review give chance to be familiar with the subject or topic that is going to be
study so that purpose is to evaluate the current state of research and to have proper understanding
of the subject matter. There are various steps that are taken to proceed with literature review such
as search for literature, evaluate and select sources, identification themes, debates and gap and
finally the literature review is write. It helps in effective reviewing the things that has been
already written by the scholarly author.
Theme 1: Impact of the Covid pandemic on mortality risks in care homes
As per the perspective of Xue and McMunn, (2020), the condition of the care home have
become vulnerable with spread of covid-19 in United Kingdom as it has resulted in causing of lot
of health issue for people living in the society. There are multiple, interconnected issues as well
as challenges that are face by care homes in relation with management and prevention of
outbreaks of covid. Likewise, there are shortage of staff member, inadequate supply of protective
equipment’s and lack of time by staff member to text the patient. Furthermore, the author has
explained that the covid has resulted in adversely impact on people that are living in the care
homes as they have experience more mortality and morbidity. At the same time, it has lead in
disconnection of people from their family and friend and access to the routine healthcare services
so that their health condition might improve to maximum extend.
Another authorGreenhalgh and et.al., (2020), has also supported that there are around
29542 deaths as per august 2020 and maximum of them in care homes. The death of people in
care homes was high in nursing services that are offering services to older people or that are
suffering from dementia. The pandemic does not have only massive impact on care facilities but
also on care workers and visitors as appropriate services are not provided to them for their
overall improvement in health condition. Across United Kingdom or Europe, the government are
adapting more relaxed strategies in order to tackle or manage the pandemic situation. The supply
of testing was also constrained in early pandemic situation that has resulted in increasing the
chance of death that is living in care homes. Therefore, in order to limit the excess of mortality,
the home care needs to make effective policies and procedure so that right of diseases and
subsequent transmission can be limited to more extend.

According to Comas-Herrera and et.al., (2020), there were limited facilities available in
the care home due to number of people admitted so it leads in delay in delivery of services of
patient and many deaths. Such as in England and wales, there is approximately 79% increase in
total number of death in context of 2015-2019. In addition to this, it has been identified that all
the care homes have not equally suffered from the Covid pandemic thus it has different impact
on different care home. Moreover, it has been understand that the infection rate is lower in small
care homes that are around 179 that are having high staff and low bed occupancy rates. On the
other hand, it can be stated that the large care home has experienced high infection rates, all
these consequences were because of limited resources to delivered services to patient.
As illustrate by Ali, Asaria and Stranges (2020),in South east England, the proportion of
care home that has been impacted because of Covid outbreak is 37% that is nearly close to 38%.
So, the total impact of burden of loss of life is majorly in the south- east region. Such as, in April
2020, there are total 15494 care homes with having an capacity of 456862 bed but all these were
not sufficient in comparison to increase in spread of diseases across United Kingdom. So, in
order to cope up with the negative impact of Covid on care home residents they should be
equally distributed across the United Kingdom. The author further states that care homes needs
to find alternative method or strategies to cope up with the current pandemic situation so that
number of death within the society can be reduced to maximum extend.
Theme 2: Impediments faced by the authority of the care homes
From the view of Kennedy and et.al., (2020), the impediments faced by the authority of
the care homes are on-going and had long term impact on companies, staff and patient. The
majority of people that are staying in care homes are over the age of 80, which are suffering from
multiple long term health condition and any other type of physical disability. Limited attention
has been paid towards the social care and older people as there were inadequate funded,
undervalue and are not integrate with British health services. The covid-19 has helped in
understanding that career and support to older people is important in order to effectively
response to the pandemic situation. So, with a motivate to protect the care worker as well as the
patient top priority needs to be given to make investment in social care of people.
The Black and et.al., (2020), explained that there are many issues that the care home of
United Kingdom are facing even prior the Covid such as longstanding financial pressure, narrow

market, limited services and workforce to deliver services to the patient. Along with it, the home
care sector of UK is responsible for employing people around 1.5 million in England thus
contributing in growth of economy by £40.5. Thereby due to covid, 19 all these may have
negative consequence or impact on home care as the staff or career does not have sufficient
income to stay their life in better manner. For example: it has been estimated £6.6 billion extra
costs incurred by the home care with impact of covid-19 in staffing, deep cleaning and PPE.
Moreover, Black and et.al., (2020), states that there has been regularly force by the
people to reduce the fees of care home that resulted in decreasing in disposable income of the
staff member. Quality of services that needs to be provided to each of the patient is also one of
the major in Impediments face by care home authority in context of Covid. Therefore, alternative
solutions need to be finding to overcome the challenges and provide better services to patient.
The nurses share their views that it is essential to establish close collaboration with the patient
and family along with providing them complete emotional support for the family who are highly
in requirement of getting support. The health care staff members states that it is highly beneficial
to do collaborative meetings between the patient as well as their family members, it will
beneficial for both of them to take care of the patient along with understanding the requirements
of the patient who is highly in need of care and support.
Ventura, Molinelli and Barranco, (2021), identifies that providing quality care services
and high level of satisfaction is the basic responsibility of health care organization and this is the
top priority of the firm to provide effectual services to their patients. But apart from this, certain
challenges has been faced by the firm in unintentional manner. Primary is the attracting and
retention of talented staff members as they are main reason for the success and failure of any
healthcare center. It is basically identified that, maintaining sufficient staff within the centre is an
important task for the establishment and thus, the organization is unable to serve various patients.
Turning down patients can also be negatively affecting the relationship with their referral
partners. In the current pandemic situation and health emergency is causing a dramatic loss of
revenue. Poor documentation can also sometimes lead to revenue loss to the firm as well. The
agencies will able to efficiently sync visit documents including certain verification.
Radwan, (2020), illustrates that this helps the firm to reduce documentation errors which
improves the accuracy and saves the time spent on the documentations. The rating of the

enterprise is completely based on the quality care and patient satisfaction. Without this, the
agency reputation could be at high risk which makes referral sources unhappy and causing a
decrease to sample. Thus, in order to retain health care nurses certain steps have been taken by
the health care centre such as providing them effective professional development programs so
that they are able to develop various opportunities for the health care agencies in order to
empower nurses and other staff members to improve their skills and address certain challenges
with complete confidence.
Theme 3: Negative impact of the Covid pandemic on care homes
As per the view of Jones and et.al., (2020) the Covid 19 highly impacted the social care
services within the UK. It has been identified that majority of health care workers died because
of providing their effectual services to the patients who are highly at risk level. Thus, in order to
give efficient services to their patients, the health care centers exclude the staff members who are
above the age of 65 years in order to provide nonstop services to their patients in most
appropriate manner. The impacts that have been faced by the health care centers are that during
the crucial times the patients stay within the hospitals are increased which indicates that the
healthcare association heavily burdened themselves with the huge amount of financial and well
as other services in order to make their management appropriate and provide their patients
efficient services so that they are able to fulfill all the requirements of their patients in most
effectual manner.
As per the view of Greenaway and et.al., (2020), the considerable length of stay among
Covid patients at the time of pandemic suggests that unmitigated transmission of the virus could
able to threaten the hospital staff and management. Measures of social distancing have acted as a
stop gap in reduction of transmission and protecting their health systems but it has been said that
hospitals would do well to ensure the capacity in the upcoming months or years in a manner that
responsive to changes in social distancing measures. The challenges have placed a financial
burden on health care center that cannot be overstated. From the beginning of the situation, the
health care staff members has been shown their complete support and gratitude than ever before
towards the patients or the people who are highly in need of such services.
Guessoum and et.al., (2020), describes that with the introduction of Covid-19, health
system provides immense pressure and stretched others beyond their capacity. As being

responsive towards this public health emergency and successfully minimizing its negative
impacts that are highly required by each and every health care service providers. The pandemic
situation creates hostile environment for health care providers who have reported significant
incidents of violence and harassment for the people who are working within the care centers.
With the inclusion of this crucial situation, the centers have to postpone their major public
screening special programs for example breast and cervical cancer as this was the primary
instructions for the health care centers to stop or postponed non urgent facility based care whilst
tackling the challenges.
As per the Baena-Díez and et.al., (2020) it has been identified that most of the common
reasons for discontinuing or reducing the services were cancellation of planned treatments,
reduction in public transportation available and lack of staff members because health workers
has been reassigned to support Covid situations and services. In majority of countries, it has been
evaluated that shortage of medicines, diagnostics as well as other technologies are the primary
reason for discontinuation of services. In order to evaluate the exact conditions about the
country, surveys are the alternate strategies that have been established in most countries in order
to support the people who are at highest risk in order to continue receiving treatment for their
patients.
Werner, M.T., and et.al., (2020), illustrates that this also extremely affects the financial
system of health care center the government has had to commit resources to the impacts of the
pandemic, the government has had to commit resources to support preparedness and response
with the establishment in order to promote selected industry and the health care center is one of
them. It also impacted the donor support as the number of donors or development partners
respond to the pandemic situation by assemble resources to finance the global efforts at
developing certain measures that provide support during such crucial situations. The donor
support also gets diminishes and it highly impacts the health care financial system in complete
manner. With the outbreak of pandemic situation, many people seem to be shying and get away
from seeking healthcare at the hospitals due to the fear of contracting the virus.
According to Kumar, K., and et.al., (2020), many of the hospitals specially the public
health care centers are converted into isolation centers which also restrict their offered services to
their patients and stop them from visiting these facilities. This is the major reason that majority

of people tries to begin to opt for self medication or home treatments for themselves in order to
avoid paying for certain services inclusion of elective surgeries, reproductive health services, and
many other similar kind of services. It also had impacted the employment level which in turn
affected each and every individual and thus the overall household incomes. This also affects the
people’s ability to afford to pay for healthcare which thus reducing healthcare facilities.
Sometimes it has been identified that on the personal costs, health care staff made certain
arrangements for the betterment of the patients.
Watterson, (2020) states that it has been analyzed by various researchers that there are no
immediate signs of the pandemic regression due to which the conditions are become tenser than
ever before. Health care centers whether small or large have limited reserves and thus require
support from the government of the United Kingdom. Hence these circumstances, there is an
increased focus on monitoring the day to day budgets of the health care centers so that they can
appropriately able to provide services.
Conclusion
From the above chapter, it has been concluded that pandemic situations had substantial
impacts on health care workers or staff members. Again during the critical situation, the health
care and social care sector have proven their interdependence when the shortages encountered
within the healthcare facilities that are provided by the nurses and other care givers to the
patients who provide their services to their patients. Lack of standardized guidelines,
discrepancies between public as well as private sectors create situations which arise more
challenges for the health care segments. In order to overcome challenges faced by the health care
centers the firms have to take support from government so that they are able to appropriately
handle the adverse and most crucial situation along with avoid any kind of problems that are
related to handling the pandemic situations.
The private sector of the centers also has been encouraged in order to provide their
complete and detailed support in order to reduce damages that have been faced by the people
living in the society and facing such critical situations. At the facility level, the leadership and
management of hospitals and health care centers need to become proactive while identifying
revenue resources for the staff members as well as the establishments. In order to ensure the
efficiency which should become the top priority for hospital management, the centers tries their

maximum to opt for certain strategies that effectively able to fulfill the desires and requirements
of the patients.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Research methodology is the specific procedure or technique which is used to select
process and analyze the information regarding a topic. In the dissertation, the present section
assists to critically evaluate the student’s overall validity and reliability. However, with the help
of effective research methodology section, scholar will evaluate, predict and describe the
phenomenon in order to make a proper work of flow. Similarly, in the present research, scholar
also describes different key elements which in turn help to meet the defined aim of the study.
This phenomenon includes research type, approach, philosophy, data collection, analysis and
ethical considerations that assist to accomplish the defined aim.
Research Type
It can be divided into 3 types which include qualitative, quantitative and mixed. Under
qualitative research type, scholar considers only theoretical concepts and framework in order to
generate the best outcomes. Along with this, it can be used to determine how an individual
perceives and provide proper meaning regarding the social reality. Whereas, quantitative
research is a process of collecting and analyzing only numerical information (Snyder, 2019).
Through this, scholar determines or finds pattern and average in order to make prediction and
ascertain the casual relationship between the variables from wider population. Last is mixed
research method, which is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative. Also, researcher
usually did not use this method because researcher involves collecting and interpreting both
qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study which is time consuming.
In accordance with the chosen topic, it has been analyzed that scholar uses qualitative
study as compared to other methods because it helps to determine the mortality risk in care
home. Along with this, the chosen research type also helps to attain the defined aim and examine
different negative impact of Covid pandemic upon the care homes. As the entire study belongs
to theoretical aspects and that is why, quantitative study does not used because it might affect the
results in opposite manner.

Research Approach
It is the plan and procedure which consists of different steps that helps analysis and
interpretation of the study. Along with this, it assists the investigator to maintain the consistency
between methods in order to determine the valid logics between the researcher and respondents.
There are three types of research methods which are used by the researcher as per their defined
aim. Such that deductive research methods which explore a known theory if that theory is valid
in specific circumstances (Mohajan, 2018). Also, the method explains the casual relationship
between concepts and variables in order to measure the concepts quantitatively. On the other
side, another research method is inductive approach which is deal with qualitative research
method. Also, with the help of this method, scholar establishes a clear links between research
objectives and summary findings that is derived from a raw data. Therefore, this method is
actually used in order to condense extensive and differ raw text data into a brief. Last type is
adductive research approach which is actually designed by considering the weaknesses identified
under inductive and deductive.
From all the above methods, scholar uses only inductive research approach because it
helps to determine the challenges faced by care home in the current situation. Further, this
chosen approach also assists researcher to generate the best outcomes and also helps the
researcher to derive best outcomes by considering the research objectives. Moreover, another
research approaches are not suitable for the present study because the chosen topic is based upon
qualitative study and that is why, inductive approach has been preferred over other. Hence, the
chosen strategy further helps to explore and finally end with specific conclusion and theories.
Research Philosophy
It is a belief or notion about a way through which information should be gathered and
analyzed. With the help of research philosophy researcher’s view regarding the world can be
changed and assumed as per the situation. Also, the assumptions will further determine the
research strategy and methods of that strategy. There are four main types of research
philosophies used by the research. First is, Positivism which complies with the view that only
factual knowledge is gained through an observation, however the role of researcher is limited to
data collection and interpretation (Dźwigoł and Dźwigoł-Barosz, 2018). Next is, interpretive
philosophy which is depend upon the researcher’s interest and does not deal with fact. Also, it is

completely rely on interpreting and understanding the human actions. Third type is Realism
which is based upon the idea of independence of reality from a human mind. Also, the
philosophy is based upon assumptions of scientific approaches to a development of knowledge
and it also portrays the world through their personal human senses. Last is pragmatism that is not
used by the scholars frequently. Further, it takes a view from best research methods in order to
meet the defined aim of the study. Thus, it is a way that evaluates the beliefs and determines
truths in a practical manner.
From all the above, scholar uses interpretivism research philosophy because it helps to
determine the assumption pertaining to pandemic and its impact over the care homes. This in
turn also assists to show how different practices configure to derive observable outcomes
effectively. On the other side, the entire research is based upon the qualitative research and that
is why, using an interpretivism research philosophy scholar can easily conduct the research in
more precise manner. Overall, it can be stated that through the chosen methodology researcher
also able to answer the defined research questions effectually.
Data collection
Data collection is the method of collecting, measuring and analyzing the insights for a
research using a standard technique. Through this, scholar is able to answer the research
questions and test hypothesis as required in order to evaluate the outcomes. Moreover, this in
turn also assists the researcher to store and analyze the important information regarding existing
data (Nayak and Singh, 2021). There are two methods through which the researcher can collect
the data in order to generate the best outcomes. Primary data collection method which is also
known as first hand data collection where investigator collects fresh data as per the chosen
research method. There are different ways through which data can be collected which includes
survey, interview and focus groups. Apart from this, secondary data collection is another method
which is also used by the scholar in order to generate the best outcomes. Here, researcher uses
previous conducted research in order to develop a deep understanding and provide valid
outcomes as well. There are many sources which can be used in order to derive the results and
conduct research which include books, scholarly articles, journals, online websites etc.
From all, only secondary data collection methods have been used by the researcher for
the present study where different articles and websites can be reviewed in order to generate the

best outcomes. Along with this, it has been further evaluated that in order to determine the
impact of pandemic upon care homes secondary research has been more fruitful because it
provide recent information and experience which are shared by the people through previous
research (Basias and Pollalis, 2018). Overall, it can be stated that with the help of such method
scholar can easily determine the answer of the research questions and conduct the study in more
precise manner.
Data analysis
Data analysis is the process of systematically applying logical technique in order to
describe as well as evaluate the data. Further, it is essential component of the research
methodology which ensure about the data integrity and appropriate analysis of research findings.
Thus, it is the key element where researcher can understand the problem that are face by during a
research and also assists to meet the defined aim. There are two ways through which data can be
analyze such that SPSS and Thematic data analysis (Ragab and Arisha, 2018). Under SPSS, only
quantitative data can be analyzed where software has been used in order to derive the data
effectually. With the help of this method, scholar can analyse the data by using inferential
statistics that provide a valid outcome. However, with the help of thematic data analysis scholar
can also analyze the data in an effective manner by using graphs and images pertaining to chosen
topic.
Between both data analysis method, only thematic data analysis method has been used by
the scholar in order to analyze the findings in an appropriate manner. For that, effective images
and graphs can be used in order to generate the findings so that the results can be presented
effectually. Also, it can be stated that through the chosen data analysis method, scholar is able to
present the entire findings in an effective manner and also with the help of secondary sources,
the researcher can conclude the results pertaining to impact of pandemic over the home care in
UK.
Ethical consideration
This is considered one of the most important key aspects within the research
methodology section. With the help of ethical considerations, scholar is able to derive the best
outcomes. The entire research is based upon the secondary research and that is why, reference
list must be added at the end of the report which reflect that the research is not copied from

anywhere. In this, data must be de-identified before release to researcher and use of data must
not result in any damage or distress. Apart from this, scholar should also make sure that all the
sensitive data must be protected from the third party because it might affect the results as well.
For that, Data Protection act must be complied that helps to prevent data from any other and that
is why, must be complied to provide effectual outcomes (Kumar, 2018). In addition to this,
researcher should also ensure that all the selected articles must be unbiased so that results can be
generated that helps to answer the research questions. That is why, it is essential for the scholar
to comply with all the essential ethical considerations so that it will assists to determine the
positive as well as negative impact over the home care in UK due to Covid-19.
Research Limitations
For the present research, time, money and unavailability of the sources are considered
some of the key research limitations that need to be minimized. Due to limited time frame and
money, scholar uses qualitative study and this can be assists to meet the research aim. However,
quantitative research type is more effective and helps to derive better outcomes as compared to
qualitative. Apart from this, unavailability of the sources also leads to cause negative impact over
the research because there are many sites which are access denied and this might affect the
results (Turnbull, Chugh and Luck, 2021). This also lead to consume lots of time that might
delay the deadline of the project. In order to improve such limitation, scholar uses key words that
helps to search effective and relatable articles pertaining to chosen research. Through this
method, scholar may easily generate the best outcomes and also though thematic data analysis
method, research questions can be answered.
Research validity and reliability
This is also plays an important role in the research where it assists to determine whether
the selected data collection method is appropriate or not. Also, in the context of research validity,
researcher should select secondary data sources which were published after 2017 onward. This in
turn assists to generate the best outcomes and also helps to meet the defined aim. Apart from
this, in the context of reliability aspects, it can be stated that investigator chooses only copyright
protected articles that helps to provide valid outcomes pertaining to impact of pandemic over UK
home cares. This in turn shows that there is a need to consider this aspects that helps to generate
the best outcomes.

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
From the above report and detailed discussion, it has been evaluated that mortality in care
homes has had a well-known focus during the Covid-19 outbreak. Caring homes group are
specifically susceptible to the spread of infectious and non curable disease which may lead
towards the enhanced mortality risks. There are numerous challenges that are interconnected and
faced by the Caring home groups and similar sector in the prevention and management of
outbreaks of Covid-19, including enough supply of personal protective equipment, staff
shortages and insufficient and lack of timely Covid-19 testing (Bell and et.al., 2020). It has been
evaluated that care homes such as Caring homes group is adequately provides accommodation
and care for those who are in higher need of substantial help with personal care but apart from
this, they are the people who take care of patients just like home people taking care of them. Care
homes are owned by local authorities including large as well as small operators.
Health care association infections
Within the care home people live in closeness and many people live with frailty along
with different health conditions making them susceptible to outbreaks of infectious disease. The
impacts of Covid 19 on the overall population have been reported widely in both international
and UK. There are varied challenges that has been face by the Caring home groups in which the
prevention and management of outbreaks of Covid 19 occurs. The challenges related to the
shortage of staff members in order to handle the serious conditions at the hospitals or home care

centers, insufficient and lack of timely Covid-19 testing which delay certain situations that lead
to sometimes death of the patients, poor access towards personal protective equipments are faced
by the Caring home centers at the time of critical situations of pandemic (De Biase and et.al.,
2020). Apart from this, some other challenges that includes are older adults with Covid 19 being
asymptomatic or not displaying expected symptoms may result in huge amount of problems for
the ones who are not aware about their diseases.
Patients newly in hospital with Covid-19
Once after the outbreak of sudden virus, the disease can spread very quickly within care
home setting and be difficult to contain. Apart from all above explained challenges, it has also
been analyzed that managing the impacts of practices in order to shield Caring home residents
and isolated patients those who are infected by such dangerous disease and require special kind
of care services (Lewis and et.al., 2021). These practices can result in social isolation from
families, communities as well as friends who also provide negative impacts over the health
conditions and well-being of an individual. Set against these challenges is the caring perception
which enables an individual through their innovative and resilient response of care home staff
and residents while managing the situations they are facing during that particular point of time
frame. From the detailed evaluation of the situations of Caring home center, it has been analyzed

that mortality risk in care home has increased drastically with the introduction of pandemic
situation as compared with previous various years (Greenhalgh and et.al., 2020).
Severe Covid-19 cases
The conclusion about the mortality rate and their related risks states that it describes the
impacts of Covid-19 on mortality and inform national efforts in order to prepare for potential
waves that are also might have come in future time duration. Apart from this, it is important to
note down that the life expectancy estimates presented are the average all across the care home
residents and for individual residents the age at which death occurs will vary considerably.
Furthermore, strategies related to vaccines are effectively able to provide care to this vulnerable
group as social care staff through which the Caring home center have experienced excess
mortality rate during the pandemic situation (Comas-Herrera, Ashcroft and Lorenz-Dant, 2020).
From the recognition of various challenges and problems that has been faced by the
authority of Caring home centre described that there are numerous factors such as long-standing
issues and more recent developments, contribute to the precarious financial status in which the
heath care centre find itself. The home care centre also faces local authority funding pressure and
global financial crisis and faces continuously under pressure from the government to slash down
budgets (Mills and Salisbury, 2021). Apart from this, the cap on an individual’s contribution
towards the cost of their care which will place further pressure on local authorities in order to
cover the shortfall among the Caring home center. They are also facing employment issues as

huge amount of low wage staff members are introduced within the required sector in order to
enroll them in a workplace where pension scheme has had damaging financial consequences for
care home operators.
This is compounded by a scarcity of skilled care, highly qualified nurses and experienced
caring home center managers which has led the towards significant make bigger usage of
existing resources and the need in order to rely on the usage of more expensive agency staff and
further wear down ready tight operating margins (Johnson and et.al., 2021). The center also faces
lack of nursing and experienced care home managers because of the critical situation of
pandemic. With the lack of experienced managers in order to handle the situations that are highly
critical in nature by the Caring home center sometimes arises certain conditions that sometimes
they have to operate without registered manager for several months or years at that particular
point of time duration (Ciminelli and Garcia-Mandicó, 2020). Due to this shortage, experienced
home care managers of caring home center often attract increasingly high amount of salaries
which also places an extra burden upon the caring home center as their retention is highly
necessary and significant for them in order to operate in most effectual manner.
In absence of full time care home manager, the caring home center also have to face
challenges regarding the drop in standards and the consequent regulatory and reputation issues
that are arising from the lack of managers during that span of time. Various studies described
that half of the registered managers within the Caring home center are aged over 50 years which
could see that various staff members retire over past few years as fewer people appear to
consider elderly nursing as a viable career option for them specially at the time of low wages
(Allwood and Bell, 2020). However, Brexit also affects the staffing method as it has been
evaluated by certain researches that various non British EU workers of the adult social care
workforce has been recruited by the home care center. The caring home center also has to focus
on enhanced regulations in the light of high profile incidents in relation to care levels and is seen
as important in order to protect some of the most vulnerable members of society.
According to the critical situations, various buildings converted into care homes rather
than building proposed care homes are often most likely to fail due to the higher long term
maintenance costs required to make sure that the home complies with ever enhanced regulation
standards. Moreover, various converted buildings are also providing similar kind of services just

like Caring home center. Irrespective of such critical situation, the financial position of various
care homes all across the country is critical as even Caring home center also have to struggle
with the introduction of the activities which promote auto enrollment and the workplace pension
schemes within the hospitals (Murphy and et.al., 2021). Operators of Caring home center as well
as similar kind of home care are need to be monitored on a regular basis along with the
evaluating early signs of financial distress to be able to consider available options and mitigate
any kind of damage to the business and its residents.
New cases per day
In context of negative impacts of Covid-19 situation over the Caring home centre, the
sector is poorly prepared for such kind of devastating and pandemic situation. With the
involvement of poor planning the response that has been provided by the health care centers are
not appropriate in nature. From the initial stages the managers of the Caring health center faces
inaccurate guidance and late support for funds as they are facing problems related to insufficient
funds along with highly slow to arrive in order to resolve issues (Sykes and et.al., 2021). In
situation of preparation it has been heard that the years of under-funding had left the entire sector
as they are facing lack of equipment and estates that are primal requirement for any person to
start taking care of the patients.
For instance, apart from caring home center, various other care homes had insufficient
space to safely isolate people who are suffering from Covid 19 disease and contain the spread.

Local supplies within the health care center such as personal protective equipment were low or
non-existence in some places left many care workers exposed to the virus. The social care system
is extremely complex and uneven with provided care to different organizations working at
diversified locations. Good practices has been developed in one part of the care sector is difficult
to share easily with another part (Chan and et.al., 2020). During the first few weeks of the
pandemic, all the people are highly scared about the overall situation as it has been analyzed that
the disease is incurable in primal duration of their coming, and they felt highly isolated and
frightened. While some authorities such as caring home center tries their maximum to get in
touch with needy people in quick manner.
In other areas people did not hear from their key workers for many days (Brooke and
Jackson, 2020). Although there are various local authorities that helped caring home centre and
provide their complete support in order to help them to share their proper and effective services
to the needy people within the external environment. It has been analyzed that the centers faces
growing emergency about the morale of the staff working in social care. Despite of many
contributors towards the center, workforce shows immense flexibility in total manner. Apart
from this, the morale is considered as low in adult social care and care staff members also have
felt that they are undervalued as compare with their healthcare counterparts (Sandhu and de
Wolf, 2020). In order to get rid of various challenges, it has been analyzed that it is very much
significant to control the infection with proper utilization of PPE kit in order to control infections
in most appropriate manner during the Covid-19 situation.
It is also necessary that local health and social care providers work with the caring home
center to ensure that they have full access to training on the usage of PPE kits. All the staff
members those are working within the center whether they are residents or not must complete
their testing regarding the pandemic. It has sometimes been evaluated that Covid-19 among some
people often asymptomatic and for this, regular testing are essential part (Cash and Patel, 2020).
Staff members who are decline regular testing must not be involved in direct care of residents.
Caring home center develops a strategy for supporting various residents who make informed
choice of not to be tested and this will involve discussions with their family members or other
relevant consulters. During such critical situation it has also become challenging for patients to
get admission within the care centers as under normal circumstances admissions of the patients

accepted from hospitals or other community until they have been informed of a resident Covid
status. Thus, there are various challenges and impediments have been faced by the caring home
centre in order to get or overcome from such critical situation and help various people as well in
order to get rid of such situations.
From the above report it has been evaluated that there are various discussions had been
done within the whole study that in order find alternative solutions for home care in order to deal
with certain issues regarding the Covid. The caring home center worked with local authorities,
health protection teams and families in order to establish visiting policies which takes into
account the benefits and risks to each and individual residents and potential risks to the wider
care home population (Moreno and et.al., 2020). The staff members of caring home center
should be aware constantly alert for both typical and Covid symptoms. The residents who are at
the symptoms of Covid 19 has been tested immediately by the caring home center and isolated
from other residents who are pending at their test result. The caring home center also faced
challenges regarding quarantine recommendations. Such residents may be distressed by the
changes to their routine due to Covid-19.
Childhood Hospitalization
On the other hand the residents will vary as per the individual. All caring home center
staff members have access to medical grade thermometers to measure temperatures of both

residents and staff and are trained to interpret the results (Black and et.al., 2020). The caring
home center extremely ensures that their all staff members have skills and equipment to be able
to conduct pulse oxymeter on residents and other staff members. Oxygen and various other
therapies have been utilized successfully in the caring home center so that they are highly able to
provide their efficient services to their patients. In order to do something more for the betterment
of their patients, the caring home center adopts advance care planning which is the ultimate way
to understand residents preferred priorities of care and make sure about the adverse conditions
within the center.
These advanced care plans enables the residents in order to value and find what is
important according to them which includes ideas about important activities and interests along
with spiritual care needs. The care plans that have been prepared by the caring home center are
individualized in nature. They also offer end of life care to the people who are at their serious
stage because of Covid situation (Boin, Lodge and Luesink, 2020). Although, this kind of
services requires huge amount of arrangements regarding such kind of critical situations. Care
home residents have complex healthcare needs which must be attended during the Covid-19
pandemic situation. There are certain policies and guidelines that have been prepared by caring
home center for their patients with confirmed Covid-19 or suspected disease will be
implemented at a level through which they are easily able to resolve issues of their patients in
appropriate manner.

Corona virus deaths
They have to adopt health and social system guidelines which are build on the basis for
the betterment of the community as well as hospitals health services including social as well as
private sector. The contacts related to the patients has been managed in order to stop spread of
disease. Contacts actually described the situations in which one can face exposure during one or
two days before or within the 14 days duration of probable symptoms whether face to face or via
doing direct care for the patient who are probable or confirmed with pandemic disease (Jarvis
and et.al., 2020). Under such situations, apart from the patient, the probable contact persons also
remain quarantine at home and monitor their health for next certain days. The center also
effectively has to manage their patients and the drug supply management for such kind of
chronic disease. The caring home center appropriately ensures the adequate amount of supply of
medication such as older people have at least 2 weeks supply of critical medicines and supplies.
From the above illustrated various diagrams, it has been identified that the pandemic
infection of Covid-19 has been entered within the environment of UK from 31st January 2020
most probably stays up-to 8th September 2021 in their most crucial phase. During this phase,
huge amount of deaths had been registered as the virus does not have any kind treatment.

Confirmed cases had been registered by the government of UK are 7094600 of people have
faced this deadly virus trauma (Shefali, K., 2021). This extremely affects the mental state as well
as the economic level of an individual in all contexts. Initially, there are no treatments had been
available but after certain period of time i.e. around 8 January 2021 after that, the society people
felt somehow relaxed as they are aware about the vaccine advantages as well as other safety
measures in order to prevent themselves from such pandemic situation. However, the vaccines
are available among the age group of people who are of 18 years and above. Although, the
research upon the vaccines are still under procedure and hopefully after some duration, the
vaccines are also available for each and every age group of people, even for the children's as
well.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
From the above report it has been concluded that the pandemic Covid-19 situation has
affected the vulnerable people in care homes ok UK more than any other category. Most of the

deaths occurring are because of the lack of facilities within the economy because nobody is
ready for such kind of critical situation. But apart from various challenges that have been faced
by the heath care centers, the health and social care sector have proven their independence in
most appropriate ways when the shortages encountered in health care became obstacles in
providing protection (Walker and et.al., 2020). Lack of standardized guidelines, discrepancies
among the public as well as private sectors, under funding status and many other well-
established irregularities have led to dramatic outcome for the nursing home residents.
It has been evaluated that nursing homes are extremely faces crisis because of the Covid-
19 pandemic situations. These facilities require immediate support from policy-makers and
various clinicians which includes testing, PPE kits and support for their staff members. When
nursing homes are able to reopen, the requirement for clinical support also has been arises.
Currently, various care home centers require Medicare beneficiaries. Maximum number of
patients can recover from the adverse conditions because of the facilities that are able to grab
while hospitalized in the care centers. Those patients are highly stable enough for rehabilitative
care but most of the nursing homes are not admitting these patients because of an inability to
care for them safely. It has also been analyzed that some home care centers are also facing severe
problems or issues such as bankruptcy due to decreased revenue and the enhanced costs of
managing patients with Covid-19.
The data that has been collected through the medium of secondary research states that
nursing and residential care facility shows that among responding facilities there are major
requirements of changing the practices that has been adopted by general people who are living
within the society. The practices of washing hand, use security measures, PPE kit, and other
changes to the facility such as the installation of partitions and regular testing of residents and
staff members (Markus and Brainin, 2020). However, it has also been evaluated that majority of
facilities also reported challenges such as increase in amount of absenteeism among staff
members. This issue creates tough situations for the caring health center in order to handle such
critical situation and thus certain practices have been adopted by the center in order to handle the
situations in most effective manner.
Moreover, it has been also analyzed that this topic is endless and requires huge amount of
research in future terms as well. However, apart from various researches, it has been difficult to

analyze the exact impact of the corona virus have on the world’s economy. But it is extremely
clear that the impact is clear, considerable and persistent in nature.
Recommendations
From the detailed evaluation of the exact situations that are arises because of such
pandemic situation governments needs to act accordingly and prepare certain policies that will
help an individual as well as the home care centers to deal with this critical issue appropriately
(Bahmanyar, Estebsari and Ernst, 2020). In order to handle these harsh conditions, it is necessary
to protect people and places that are left behind untouched by the virus, supporting small health
care centers in order to promote them for providing better facilities by helping them even
financially as well and being responsive and coordinated in governing all the significant
requirements in order to deal with such kind of critical situations.
The protecting people considers the social protection of each and every individual which
includes quarantine facilities, handling of excess number of requests, technical difficulties, usage
of digital tools in order to deliver social services, provide appropriate screening, advice, reaching
remote and helpless communities (Lucas and Bamber, 2021). Introduction of temporary support
for non-standard workers and people in the informal economy, who are not covered or entitled to
social protection. Proper organization of delivery of essential supplies to socially isolated groups
and persons in quarantine and treatment but only for cases that does not require hospitalization.
Coordination of regular check-ins with the people who are at higher risk of isolation and
loneliness for the advantage of psychological and physical well-being of people.
The role of public services and organizations must be extended during the situation of
crisis. Alleviate pressures on the health system by implementing measures to contain and
mitigate the spread of disease including public health services to prevent people from infection
and starting of public information campaigns for practicing personal hygiene and social
distancing. The government should implement well targeted policies in order to support the heath
care system and workers (Lewer and et.al., 2020). They have to provide additional funding for
health care to help rapid deployment of resources and higher capacity. The canters have to
recognize and reward overtime work in health care and emergency response sectors.

The services that are significant for such pandemic situation but hard to reach over there
are the ones who deserve special attention through which the health care and testing services
both become affordable and accessible to defenseless groups. Take necessary steps in order to
promote positive mental health during the pandemic including during social distancing and
confinement measures (Platt and Warwick, 2020). For example providing patients’ online
resources as well as online advice on how to get help for the public provide detailed advice to
general practitioners as well as other front line care workers about identifying those at risk of
mental and physical condition issues.
Even loneliness as well as other options to support, treatment and referrals through which
they are able to monitor work stress burnout in health as well as other key workers who offer
medicine consultations and allow them for continuity of psychological treatment through internet
facility (Wilcha, 2020). Apart from all this, whole actions require huge amount of coordination
among all then actions that has been taken in order to resolve the issues related to the critical
pandemic situation of Covid-19.

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