How effective are COVID-19 vaccines? A literature review
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This literature review explores the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines through clinical trials, observational studies, and real-world data. It covers different vaccines, their efficacy, and safety precautions. The study also discusses the vaccination program in the UK and EU.
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COVID-19 VACCINE
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Table of Contents TITLE..............................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................3 RESULT DATA..............................................................................................................................4 EVALUATION................................................................................................................................5 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6
TITLE How vaccines against COVID-19 are they effective? INTRODUCTION Covid-19 showing the current outbreak with their spread of infection in which they require medication or management in the term of vaccination. Therefore, the vaccination among the general population is explored in order reduce the rising cases of covid-19. In addition, there are various of data and information well related with the context which show the reliability in term of prevention that vaccination is effective to minimise the risk of covid-19 virus (Baraniuk, 2021). The effectiveness of the covid-19 is also showing the various controversies which show some of the data which justify the vaccination is effective and some of the analysis seek the data that the vaccination is ineffective in various circumstance(Characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults aged 50 years and above in England (8 December 2020-17 May 2021): a population-level observational study, 2022). With this context, the covid- 19 vaccination are usually show their effectiveness in the worldwide where the billions of people are used to take vaccination which help to reduce the effect of covid-19 virus. In this research topic, the discussion follows the concept of effectiveness which is well related with the covid-19 vaccination. Therefore, the report covers the number of people who is taking vaccination and effect of vaccination or immunisation is also investigated with the safety precaution while taking the vaccination. The report focus on covid-19 vaccination which is present within the EU (Fabiani and et. al., 2021). LITERATURE REVIEW In order to calibrate the effectiveness of the covid-19 vaccination there is large number of clinicaltrialareusedtoconductedonthevaccinationbeforeprovidingtohuman.The effectiveness and their trial is well report to World Health Organisation. There are several of covid-19 vaccination which is well validated for the use of WHO in the term of emergency use listing(Effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccines against COVID-19-related symptoms, hospitalization and death in England, 2022). The first mass vaccination program is started in the December 2020 and the number of vaccination are used to provide to the large population and the daily vaccination is updated on the dashboard. The effectiveness of the covid-19 vaccine is monitor with the help of CDC where they used to carry different method in order to examine the 1
potential of vaccination in term of effectiveness and safety within the body (Fiolet and et. al., 2021). Before the vaccination is being introduced to the general public, the FDA and the manufacturer usually analyse the potential and efficiency of the vaccine which is measured with the method of randomised controlled trial(Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford- AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study, 2021). In addition, after the vaccine introduction for the general population, it is usually focus on the context which is showing the aspect that is showing the aspect which is well related with the study of effectiveness of public. The CDC is well measure of the vaccination that is well working in the real world situation through the various type of observational studies which is also showing the impact which is related with the effectiveness studies. Therefore, the studies are usually analysing by vaccine manufacturer by the other government agencies and by showing the investigation which is based on academic. The CDC well focus on the accountability of the vaccine and their effectiveness in the general public which is measured with the recovery of the patient (Galanis and et. al., 2021). The analysis of the immunisation is showing the aspect which is well related with the short duration of the testing and experiencing that provide the term of experts which is saying that the vaccine shows the term of protection to the body which is show the timeframe which is analysed for at least 6 months after the administration of the second dose. It is well defined as the requirement which is showing the more time and testing to see the effectiveness which have away and focus on the aspect which is well related with the regular doses in the term of vaccine which is need to administered(Monitoring reports of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination, 2021). While taking the vaccine, the immune response is usually trigger by the antigen which is present inside the vaccine. The flow of blood in the body is gradually enhance to increase the circulation of the defensive mechanism within the immune cell which is show their presence inside the body. In addition, it usually shows the factor that can lead to enhance the body temperature which can constantly show the rise in body temperature for the few hours or days, whether it is also depend on the individual and their physiology (Glampson and et. al., 2021). According to the World Health Organisation, covid-19 vaccination is defined as the stage which is tested in the large, randomised control trial which majorly include the people with the broad age range, all sexes, different ethnicities and provide the context which may show the aspect which is well focus on the medical condition. Therefore, the vaccination is usually show 2
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the aspect which is effective across the population. In addition, some of the precaution are used in order to take the vaccine which is must be safe and effective with the various underlying medical condition such as high blood pressure, patient with the diabetic approach, asthma, COPD and kidney disease. Therefore, they must consult with the doctor before taking the vaccination with the compromised immune system, such precaution is precisely focus on the older people with the severe frailty, people with the history of severe allergic reaction to vaccine, people with the living in the term of HIV and also focus on the precaution while providing to the pregnant women. Therefore, all precaution is used to taken when provide the vaccination to the people with severity or complication (Hall and et. al., 2021). In the context with EU, there are some of the vaccination is well approved which is taken for the Covid-19. The Covishield is usually provided within the EU which is named as the AstraZeneca vaccine(Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine, 2020). The European commission is usually show the approach which is well focused in the context which is showing the fraction which is related with the 4.2 billion doses of the covid-19 vaccine so far and the negotiation are usually show the aspect which is underway for additional doses. The commission which is also show the aspect which is well related with the manufactured company with the vaccination ability (Kamal, Hodson, and Pearce, 2021). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology is usually focus on the process, procedure which is used in order to analyse the method, approach and choice which is used within the conduction of research. In addition, within the research, the qualitative and quantitative method is used in order to collect the data with the help of secondary method that is showing the aspect where the data collection and selection is configure form the second hand data that is from journals and articles (Westrop and et. al., 2022). In this search strategy are used which is majorly known as the PubMed, Springer Link and Science direct. It is useful website for the collection and selection which is well related with the collection and selection of data. The database is also configuring the information from the PubMed Central, EMBASE and so on which is authentic and reliable for the proper collection of data (Sheikh, Robertson, and Taylor, 2021). 3
RESULT DATA Figure1Effectiveness of covid-19 vaccine Source:https://www.statista.com/chart/25116/new-covid-infection-rates-after-vaccination-uk/ The figure which is well related with effectiveness of the covid-19 vaccination. The data show the use of vaccination in the UK with the respect to 1stand 2nddose. Figure2Comparison of vaccine with efficacy. Source:https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55040635 4
In this figure, the different vaccine is compared with each other and provide the reliable data which is well related with the effectives in the treatment of covid-19 (Stowe and et. al., 2022). EVALUATION The evaluation is well focus on the effectiveness of disease which shown their efficiency with the various of difference in the vaccination of covid-19 (Tang and et. al., 2021). Therefore, the study is usually providing the brief context that there is different type of vaccination with the companies. Usually, the covid-19 vaccination which is used with the approval in the UK. The vaccine is Moderna Vaccine, oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine, Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and so on. these all are drug which is usually used within the covid-19 which may show the impact with their potential effectiveness to support the individual with the infection of Cocid-19 (Wang and et. al., 2022). CONCLUSION Aspertheabovediscussion,itiswellanalysedthattheeffectivenessofcovid-19 vaccination is depend on the vaccine which is analysed with the help of randomised control trials. In addition, it is also show the aspect where people are used to show the aspect where they choose the vaccine within the EU which is mainly associated with the AstraZeneca which may show the aspect which is related with the 95 percent of effectiveness which help to reduce the complication and prevent the spread of virus. 5
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REFERENCES Books and Journals Baraniuk, C., 2021. Covid-19: How effective are vaccines against the delta variant?.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),374. Fabiani, M., Ramigni, M., Gobbetto, V., Mateo-Urdiales, A., Pezzotti, P. and Piovesan, C., 2021. Effectiveness of the Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccine in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers, Treviso province, Veneto region, Italy, 27 December 2020 to 24 March 2021.Eurosurveillance,26(17), p.2100420. Fiolet, T., Kherabi, Y., MacDonald, C.J., Ghosn, J. and Peiffer-Smadja, N., 2021. Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS- CoV-2 and variants of concern: A narrative review.Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsiroumpa, A. and Kaitelidou, D., 2021. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccination uptake and reasons for decline of vaccination: a systematic review.MedRxiv. Glampson, B., Brittain, J., Kaura, A., Mulla, A., Mercuri, L., Brett, S.J., Aylin, P., Sandall, T., Goodman, I., Redhead, J. and Saravanakumar, K., 2021. Assessing COVID-19 vaccine uptakeandeffectivenessthroughtheNorthWestLondonVaccinationProgram: retrospective cohort study.JMIR public health and surveillance,7(9), p.e30010. Hall, V.J., Foulkes, S., Saei, A., Andrews, N., Oguti, B., Charlett, A., Wellington, E., Stowe, J., Gillson, N., Atti, A. and Islam, J., 2021. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection and COVID-19 vaccine coverage in healthcare workers in England, multicentre prospective cohort study (the SIREN Study). Kamal, A., Hodson, A. and Pearce, J.M., 2021. A rapid systematic review of factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination uptake in minority ethnic groups in the UK.Vaccines,9(10), p.1121. Sheikh, A., Robertson, C. and Taylor, B., 2021. BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine effectivenessagainstdeathfromthedeltavariant.NewEnglandJournalof Medicine,385(23), pp.2195-2197. Stowe, J., Andrews, N., Kirsebom, F., Ramsay, M. and Bernal, J.L., 2022. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against Omicron and Delta hospitalisation: test negative case-control study.medRxiv. Tang, P., Hasan, M.R., Chemaitelly, H., Yassine, H.M., Benslimane, F.M., Al Khatib, H.A., AlMukdad, S., Coyle, P., Ayoub, H.H., Al Kanaani, Z. and Al Kuwari, E., 2021. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Qatar.Nature medicine,27(12), pp.2136-2143. Wang, J., Zhu, H., Lai, X., Zhang, H., Huang, Y., Feng, H., Lyu, Y., Jing, R., Guo, J. and Fang, H., 2022. From COVID-19 vaccination intention to actual vaccine uptake: A longitudinal study among Chinese adults after six months of a national vaccination campaign.Expert review of vaccines,21(3), pp.385-395. Westrop, S.J., Whitaker, H.J., Powell, A.A., Power, L., Whillock, C., Campbell, H., Simmons, R., Warrener, L., Ramsay, M.E., Ladhani, S.N. and Brown, K.E., 2022. Real-world data onimmuneresponsesfollowingheterologousprime-boostCOVID-19vaccination schedule with Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines in England.Journal of Infection. 6
Online Characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults aged 50 years and above in England (8 December 2020-17 May 2021): a population-level observational study, 2022 [Online] Available through:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35232787/ EffectivenessofCOVID-19boostervaccinesagainstCOVID-19-relatedsymptoms, hospitalizationanddeathinEngland,2022[Online]Availablethrough: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01699-1 Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-controlstudy,2021[Online]Availablethrough: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33985964/#:~:text=Combined%20with%20the %20effect%20against,preventing%20death%20with%20covid%2D19. Monitoring reports of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination, 2021 [Online] Available through:https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monitoring-reports-of-the-effectiveness-of-covid- 19-vaccination Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine, 2020 [Online] Available through:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33301246/ 7