Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Ryanair: A Critical Analysis

This dissertation critically analyzes the effect and ramifications of COVID-19 lockdown on the travel industry in Europe, with a case study on Ryanair. It examines the impact of lockdown on Ryanair and recommends strategies to overcome it.

DISSERTATION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the business world, lock-down is considered as one of the biggest challenging factors
for the companies, whether they are public or private. From current study, it has been
summarized that Ryanair is facing the worst situation, because of pandemic lock-down. It has
deals with number of challenges, which is not that easy for any airline in the travel sector to deal
in appropriate manner, especially those who are operating ventures and running flights at
domestic level. Furthermore, from current research, it has been determined that the implications
of strategic suggestions in term of strategies and plans as well as approaches, airline has
overcome the situation. Along with these points, it has been summarized that researcher has
achieved the aims, by conducting appropriate research related to the topic. They utilized the best
research approaches like thematic data analysis, probabilistic sampling, etc. which helped to
achieve research objectives and aims.

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................5
Background of the research....................................................................................................5
Rationale of the Study..............................................................................................................6
Statement of the Problem........................................................................................................6
Statement of Purpose...............................................................................................................7
Significance of the Issue..........................................................................................................7
Research Aim............................................................................................................................8
Research Objectives................................................................................................................8
Research Question...................................................................................................................8
Background Information of the Company..............................................................................8
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................10
Theme 1 – Studying the situation of Covid Lock-down and its impact on travel
industry.....................................................................................................................................10
Theme 2 - Impact of Covid Lock-down on Ryanair...........................................................12
Theme 3- Analyse the ramification of COVID- Lock down on airline.............................15
CHAPTER 3- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................18
Research type..........................................................................................................................18
Research approach................................................................................................................19
Research philosophy..............................................................................................................19
Research design.....................................................................................................................20
Data collection.........................................................................................................................21
Data analysis...........................................................................................................................22
Ethical consideration..............................................................................................................23
Reliability and validity.............................................................................................................23
Research limitation.................................................................................................................24
CHAPTER 4- ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.............................................................................26
Theme-1 Situation of the COVID Lock-down and its negative impact on travel industry
...................................................................................................................................................26

Theme 2: Covid Lock-down had negative impact on Ryanair.........................................29
Theme-3 Drastic ramification of COVID- Lock down on airline.......................................31
CHAPTER 5- RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................35
CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSION....................................................................................................38
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
Topic - A critical analysis to evaluate the effect and ramifications of COVID- 19 lock-
down on Travel industry in the Europe - A case study on Ryanair.
Background of the research.
In the corporate world, a company or industry has been impacted from varied
factors, including macro and micro. COVID-19 is the best example of external factor,
that effect travel industry, in varied terms (Pandey and Kumar, 2022). The spread of
corona-virus become the main cause behind lock-down, which affect the whole world,
including corporate world, in which different types of and size of organizations working
individuals and in partnership. Lock-down situation increase the level of pressure upon
organizations that are operating under specific industry and running businesses into a
particular market, where growth and success as well as failure factors are available.
Travel and tourism industry has impacted in several terms, due to Covid lock-down, as it
feels a lot of pressure that affect organizational performances. Lock-down as result of
COVID-19, create the worst environment worldwide, which drive the attention of
individual toward taking strategic actions.
Usually this factor impact economy, business world and living standard of local
people. Travel industry attempt to run venture sustainability and profitably, which is
possible when the management consideration towards external and internal factors are
appropriate. COVID lock-down is the best example of external factor that affect industry
in several ways (Škare, Soriano and Porada-Rochoń, 2021). The current research will
be based on Ryanair, which falls under the category of leading airlines in the travel
sector. The study will highlight in-detail information about pandemic lock-down impact
on company. It will also shed lights on key research approaches, that researcher will
take into their consideration, in order to achieve the aim and objectives.
The current research will shed lights on essential parts of a research, including
literature review and research methodology, which will be examined and determined to
address the issue. With the help of information and all the details, there will be key
aspects, which will enable researcher to analyse advancement that are done for

strengthening venture, and enable to handle operational as well as functional practices
after pandemic.
Rationale of the Study
The reason behind conducting the study is to conduct critical analysis, for
purpose of evaluating the affect and ramification of Covid Lock-down on travel industry,
where Ryanair is operating its venture. Lock-down is the main concept which defines
the overall situation of pandemic in the world of business (Munawar and et.al., 2021).
By conducting the research based on selected topic, researcher can analyse the extent
to which lock-down put impact on overall travel sector, including companies like
Ryanair, who are running their ventures in competitive manner, in order to achieve the
aim of business and key objectives.
Another reason to conduct the research based on Covid Lock-down is to identify
and then fill the gap, as research efforts to collect information and cover those data that
has not been earlier covered in previous study about the similar topic. Scholar will
address the gap in the current study, in appropriate manner, with consideration and
utilization of appropriate research methodology. With the help of this study, researcher
can reflect the overall environment of travel industry, that has been impacted from lock-
down as outcome of COVID-19 pandemic (Pan and Yue, 2022). The study will be
conducted for purpose of justifying significance and novelty of research. Along with
above reasons, researcher conduct current study, because of collecting data which
specify ways in which lock-down affect and approaches that company can take into
consideration, for purpose of overcoming that.
Statement of the Problem
Lock-down is the main issue that researcher need to study, because it impacts
the entire travel industry, and companies like Ryanair, establishing venture in the
current sector and taking initiatives to enhance customer satisfaction level. It allows
researcher to collect relevant data about the consequences of lock-down and
ramification related to the same (Rahman, Thill and Paul, 2020). It is quite essential for
the researcher to highlight the impact of Covid Lock-down and its outcomes that affect

travel sector, entirely, in different manners. With the help of current research,
researcher attempting to address the major impact of issue, for which they work harder.
By conducting research based on selected topic, scholar can enable readers to
comprehend the purpose and intent of overall investigation in appropriate and
systematic manner (Rume and Islam, 2020). It is essential for researcher to study the
concept and then draw final conclusion at the end of research in understanding manner.
Statement of Purpose
The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effect and ramification of Covid
Lock-down on Travel industry in the Europe. This helps in concerning the aspects which
are related to addressing the effects due to which the travel industry is been facing such
critical measures being denoted. The purpose of the dissertation is to deliver the
information regarding the topic which helps in enhancing the key concerns related to
evaluating the effects and ramifications of Covid Lock – down on travel industry in
Europe (Depellegrin and et.al., 2020).
The statement of purpose addresses the key concerns related to analysing the
effects caused by Covid – 19 on Europe. Covid – 19 has caused many distractions and
has caused adversities in the travel industry. This research has helped in providing the
key details regarding the analysis of the travel industry which has generated the scales
of effective imply of the travel rules and regulations (Bakar and Rosbi, 2020). The
purpose of the research has helped in developing and initiating the ramifications which
have been used within the processes of removing the restrictions and effects of Covid –
19 on travel industry. This is the basis as to how effectively and in efficient manner the
research has been prepared and the key points are developed within the research.
Significance of the Issue
The significance of the issue which has been addressed within the given report
and this helps in creating value for which the research has been done. The issue which
has been identified is effects of Covid lock – down on travel industry in Europe. This is
the major issue which Europe has been facing is the effects of Covid – 19 and
adversely the impacts regarding the lock – down issue which has been done on the

travel industry. This is the major concern and the issue which has been identified in the
research (Donthu and Gustafsson, 2020). There are aspects which have been
addressed as important and are initiating the points which are related to the impacts
and effects of Covid – 19 on Europe. This is the basis regarding the issue which is
significant within the research. This is the problem which has been arisen in Europe.
There are concerns which are related to addressing the issues and effects which are
related to knowing the effects of Covid – 19 on Europe. This is the basis which has
been identified for addressing the significance (Guan and et.al., 2020). There are
concerns which are related to identifying the prospects which are mentioned in the
Europe.
Research Aim
The aim of the research is to evaluate the effect and ramification of COVID Lock-
down on Travel industry in the Europe - A case study on Ryanair.
Research Objectives
 To study the situation of Covid Lock-down and its impact on travel industry.
 To analyse the impact of Covid Lock-down on Ryanair.
 To analyse the ramification of Covid lock-down on airline.
 To recommend strategies to Ryanair to overcome the impact of Covid Lock-
down.
Research Question
 What is the situation of Covid Lock-down and its impact on travel sector?
 What is the impact of Covid Lock-down on Ryanair?
 What is the ramification of Covid lock-down on airline?
 What are the strategies to Ryanair to overcome the impact of lock-down?
Background Information of the Company
The background of the company is that the Ryanair company is the Irish ultra-low-
cost carrier which has various platforms in different states and countries and this helps

in knowing the concerns related to providing the services of Airline and this is
determined. It is the airline which is providing the services which are made available to
the passengers in significant manner. There are concerns which are related to
addressing and denoting the perspectives which helps in denoting the importance of
airlines (Fernandes, 2020). The company is also dealing with providing the concerns
which is helping to provide the aspects of airline services in which the passengers are
provide adequate services regarding the airlines services.
Ryanair is also providing the services according to the needs and requirements of
the customers and this also helps in initiating the concerns related to evaluating and
findings the needs so that best airline facilities are made available to the customers and
the passengers. The airline operates more than 400 Boeing aircraft and this helps in
indicating the concerns related to analysing the basis as to how effectively and in
appropriate manner there are aspects which are related to facilities being provided
(Shulla and et.al., 2021). There has been rapid expansion of the aircraft which helps in
developing the concerns related to analysing the basis which has been highlighted by
the company. The network of the airlines serves 40 countries in Europe, North East and
South Africa.

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction – The literature review refers to the brief summary of the research
on the particular topic which has been idealized and this also initiates and frames the
details regarding the concerns related to describing the different themes which have
been interpreted in the research.
Theme 1 – Studying the situation of Covid Lock-down and its impact on travel industry
According to Shulla and et.al., (2021), Travel industry is the industry which is
linked to the idea of people travelling to other locations for leisure social or other
businesses. Due to Covid – 19 many countries were impacted and this also made suffer
the travel industry in satisfying the customers. Covid lock down has impacted many
lives and businesses and this has been the major concern which has impacted the
travel industry. Due to Covid lockdown, the travel industry has been affected much and
this has impacted the business of travel industries. Traveling industry is the major
industry which helps in providing facilities to the customers and the passengers. Due to
Covid – 19 there are major difficulties which the travel industry has been facing and has
faced in the long run. There has been loss of almost 4.5 trillion. The Covid impact has
caused much damage to the travel industry and this has helped in analysing the
concerns related to addressing the facilities being provided to the customers.
As per Guan and et.al., (2020), There has been much decline in the aspects which
are related to the adversities which the Covid has caused. The people are unable to
move from one country to another therefore, the traveling business and bookings were
put to hold and this caused major problems and issues. There is clear scale of how the
travel industry was affected due to the impact of Covid – 19. There has been also risk of
jobs and these are 100 million and have increased. It is also analysed that since the
people were scared of going out and this concerned the perspectives of travel industry
which is facing problems and issues and had also faced the consequences which are
affecting the perspectives of growth and development. Due to Covid -19, there are
restrictions which have been made and this has been the major concern which is
analysed and identified for the perspectives related to identifying the productivity and

the jobs which have been lost. There have bene loss of jobs in the lock down and
people have been facing any problems and issues regarding the lock down period. The
contact intensive services have bene identified and have been addressed as important
which have denoted that the travel industry is facing lot many issues and problems
regarding the benefits and advantages which could have been provided to the
customers but were declined due to the Covid lockdown.
As denoted by Keep and Ward, (2020), Covid – 19 has been the situation which
has been adversely affected the travel industry and this has been the case which has
been the case which is analysed as identifying the key concerns which are affecting the
airline services. There has been social and economic disruption which has caused the
problems regarding the alignment of services in the specific manner. The impact of
Covid – 19 has caused adversity within the services which are being provided to the
passengers through the airlines services. The impact of Covid -19 on travel industry has
impacted the social and economic concerns. There have been the travel restrictions
which has implied the that the major concerns related to addressing the operations and
working are related to analysing the systems within the airlines industry.
As stated by Hudson, (2020), There has been decline in the air passenger travel
which affects the concerns related to knowing the effectivity within the system and this
has been done. The lock down and quarantines have been the major concerns and
problems which have been addressed. There has been this major problem which the
passengers are facing at large. It has become very necessary for the passengers to
abide by the rules and regulations and follow some policies and regulations regarding
the applications of adverse impacts of Covid – 19 impact. The air travelling has been
sharply decreased and fallen sharply and this has been the aspect which is considered
as major and this initiates the problems and issues regarding the providence of services
As per Bhuiyan and et.al., (2020), There are many policies which has been the
concern regarding the practices and policies which has been analysing the practices to
be properly and significantly formed in the concern of Covid – 19 impact. There has
been less impact of airports to the passengers which denotes that the people are
suffering from the adversities which have been caused by the situations created. There
has been economic development regarding the services related to providing the

passengers the services and facilities related to airlines services. The transport has
been affected and this has created concerns regarding the travelling though airlines to
the airports. There has been the target which is set by the government to which the
evaluation has been done by framing the policies and procedures.
As defined Ranasinghe and et.al., (2021), tourism dependent countries are
affected majorly and this has encompassed the concerns related to the lock – down and
this problem which the travel industry has been facing. This is problem and issue which
the gravel industry is being impacted. There is also evaluation which is regarding the
Covid – 19 impact and the lock down has also restricted many of the functions and
operations in which there are aspects related to growth and development which has
resulted in decrease of usage of services within the travel industry in the manner which
has become irrelevant to the aspects of business of travel industry.
Theme 2 - Impact of Covid Lock-down on Ryanair
According to Brouder and et.al., (2020), Covid lock – down is analysed and is
meant to prevent the infection which is spread of infection which is from one person to
another. This is done to protect ourselves and others from the spread. Lockdown is
meant by analysing the consequences of Covid – 19 and keeping the people aware
about the chances of not getting affected by Covid – 19. Due to the increase of Covid -
19 in the environment, there has been impact of Covid – 19 lockdowns and this is
impacting the travel industry. This is the major part which has been addressed and is
concerning the aspects which are related to knowing that there are adversities which
have been identified and are created in the manner of knowing and analysing the basis
of impact and increase in the cases of Covid.
As denoted by Priyadarshini and et.al., (2022), There are most of the EU
countries which have been affected and impacted by the adversities and negative
impacts of Covid - 19. There are most of the EU countries which have imposed the bans
and other restrictions and this has constituted the 99% of Ryanair’s aircraft to be
grounded in the weeks and for months. Ryanair is complying with all the restrictions at
all times. There has been larger impact of the Covid – 19 on the aircraft and the overall
travel industry. The impact has been the major concern on the aircraft and this has

resulted in the usage of more disinfectant on daily purposes. There has also been
increase in the social distancing aspects which have bene concerned and this depicts
the information regarding the policies and regulations to be followed. In such difficult
times, it is very necessary for the passengers to cooperate with the services and
facilities which are to be provided to them.
As stated by Verschuur, Koks and Hall, (2021), there have been actions which
are taken by the governments and this displays that there are certain rules and
regulations which have been framed to follow in an effective manner. There are
concerns which are regarding the consequences. There has been observed decrease in
the number of passengers in the year 2019 and this has been stated as most crucial
period for the airlines. The period of Covid -19 has been the most difficult way for the
Ryanair airlines to create value for the services and facilities which are being served to
the passengers. The travel industry and the Ryanair airlines has been facing larger
impacts and due to this there has been the concerns which is related to knowing how
the airlines had to stop their aircrafts to serve the passengers to make their travel
easier.
According to Kumar and et.al., (2021), There has been worse circumstances
which have been identified and this indicated the aspects which are related to Covid
lock – down situation. The situation in which Ryanair airlines had faced the problem was
that they had to face the issue regarding the refund to passenger with cancelled flights.
This has been found as the major problem and issues with the Ryanair airlines. This
situation created problem with the airlines as they still have not refunded the
passengers which have bene counted as 8 out of 10. These travellers are still expecting
their refund. Due to this problem there has been poor image which has been known of
the company and the employees working in it. This has also reflected poor image and
reputation of the airlines in the market.
As per Chowdhury, Khan and Dhar, (2022), the European travel restrictions have
caused the Ryanair airlines to schedule to only 1% of normal level flights. This has
caused major cash burn which has been represented and identified in the issue of
Ryanair airlines. There have been full mechanisms which have caused major cash burn
and financial loss. There has been the concern which is evaluating the points regarding

the reputation and this is damaging the future perspectives of growth and development.
Apart from this there has been fuel hedging mechanisms which have cost Ryanair
airlines 300 million Euros. This is the major concern which is related to addressing the
points which have been identified and have created problems and issues regarding
serving the passengers and customers.
As stated by Koh, (2020), The major issue which has impacted on the Ryanair
airlines is due to the lock down of Covid and this has resulted in decrease in the image
of the airlines. This has been the major concern for the airlines as there are points
which have been known and identified as major points to be addressed and identified
due to lock down which has caused problems and issues with the operations and
servicing the airlines. There are many problems which the passengers have been facing
and this is known and understood by the means of addressing the aspects which have
been understood by the means of reporting the concerns regarding the perspectives of
major issue.
According to Higgins-Desbiolles, Bigby and Doering, (2021), There has been
also disturbances which have been identified in the operations and processes of the
airlines. There are also concerns regarding the policies and frameworks which have
been framed for the progress and identifying the aspects of growth and development.
Therefore, it is also idealized from the basis that the Ryanair airlines should refund the
passengers so that they are able to book their tickets and get their refunds as soon as
possible. This is the major problem and issue which has been caused due to the impact
of Covid lock down. This has been the concern which has been identified and noted so
that the airlines are able to initiate such strategies which helps in creating value for its
progress. It is very important the airline provides and frames a back – up plan so that
they are able to refund the passengers.
On the other hand, Prados-Peña, Crespo-Almendros and Porcu, (2022)
contradict that Covid lock-down put direct impact on EU airline industry in varied terms.
The major impact it put on overall sector and companies that operates under that such
as Ryanair, is related to customer base. As it leads to decrease the arrival of
passengers in the airport, which affect customer base of airline that also lead to
decrease its sales and profitability. Due to spread of infection, individual person prefers

to stay at home and do not travel across national boundary. Thus, their decisions have
been impacted major, when governmental bodies in the whole world announce lock-
down, because of COVID-19. It drives the attention of each passenger of Ryanair
toward taking safety measures, such as in house isolation.
In the view of, Liu, Kim and O'Connell, (2021) airlines in the travel and tourism
industry faced issues and challenges, because of pandemic Lock-down, that affect
adversely upon their ventures in certain manner. Ryanair and its management
experience, intense work pressure upon venture, because of lock-down, due to which
they have to manage everything related to business, such as operations and functions
management, sales, performance, staff, etc. It is one of the biggest challenge for the
airline to deal with the sudden impact of pandemic, which outcome in form of lock-down.
It leads to increase work pressure and burden upon administration about how they can
keep internal business environment safe and secure, for everyone, including
passengers, staff and all. According to, Joshi and Bhaskar, (2020) lock-down leads to
decrease the effectiveness of business operations and drive the attention of
management toward experiencing the worst situation. It also impacts the value chain of
Ryanair and other airlines as well, in form of developing challenges between supply and
demand.
Theme 3- Analyse the ramification of COVID- Lock down on airline.
It is quite essential for the airlines such as Ryanair to consider the outcomes of
pandemic, which drives the attention of governmental bodies toward announcement of
shutting-down the whole world, in term of lock-down. Harchandani and Shome, (2022)
defines that loss of passengers, is the best example of ramification related to Covid
Lock-down, which impact airline in adverse manner. International air transport
association, analyse that airlines from national to international level lose in passenger
revenue of more than 113 billion, because of pandemic crisis. It is one of the biggest
aviation loss that defines in form of outcome or ramification of pandemic lock-down.
According to, Ezeh and et.al., (2020) high performance management pressure, is an
example of ramification of lock-down on airline. As airlines, along with other category or
types of ventures, also come under pressure because of nearly 330 % drop in bookings

to virus impacted destinations, such as China, India, Italy, etc. Before pandemic the
percentage of airline bookings to several destinations, as compare to 2020, is far better.
Lock-down decrease the interest level among passengers, to travel a specific location,
for different reasons, because they aware about spread of infection, which put direct
impact on their health at high extent, as it become a reason behind death.
In the view of, Otunko and Ndubuisi, (2020) new policy formulation and
compliances of practices, policies and other terms related to legal concept, become a
ramification of COVID-19 lock-down. As in each and every nation, government bodies
take strategic decisions, in term of forming new policies and making chances within
existing, related to employment, business, health & safety, etc. Along with other
outcomes, the current ramification as stated by the author also increase the level of
stress and pressure upon airline, which it attempts to overcome, in appropriate manner,
by applying for key strategies development and plans. Sun, Wandelt and Zhang, (2022)
stated that new policy compliances in the business, with some major or minor changes
in the current employment and other terms are quite challenging for the airline. It
requires a lot of hard work, efforts, focus and resources, which is not possible for the
aviation industry and airlines as well, to arrange at short term period, especially during
lock-down, when they need support and good managerial performance.
Bidaisee, (2021) contradict that sales decrease is the worst ramification of lock-
down on airline, which lead to affect its growth and success in the world of business,
from domestic to international level. The behaviour and pattern of passengers to book
airline and aviation services has been changed, which put negative impact on their
decisions, that outcome in form of decreasing sales of Ryanair, more than last few
years. It is fact that the lock-down had leaded to decrease the interest level of
passengers to visit any place, where they prefer the most to travel, from long time ago.
Pandemic crisis, provide the worst outcomes, as it reduces or decrease the passenger
traffic, due to which airline sales and profitability suffers. It can be said that disruption
began in some nations such as Asia-Pacific, but rapidly the spread of corona-virus and
containment measures taken in response. For example, government in the nations
suggested avoiding travel and also recommend airport closures. It leads to drop 22.9%
in global air traffic in the month of February and 53.1% in the March.

From above analysis and discussion, it has been founded that pandemic lock-
down has decrease the sales, profits margin, customer base, passenger traffic and
revenue of Ryanair. It put the negative impact on its operations and operations
management practices, which is not suitable for the company unpredictable success
and progress in the aviation sector, where competition level is high. It impacts in varied
terms; which consideration is quite essential for airline to do that.

CHAPTER 3- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction - Research methodology refers to way or method of explaining how
a scholar intend to carry out their research in effective and systematic manner. It plays
important role in the context of study, in term of making researcher capable to find,
gather and then interpret data related to topic, which they study for.
Research type
Research type is first and most important element in the research methodology,
this allow researcher to collect data according to the chosen topic. Every research
depends on one type in which researcher either focus on thematic collection of the data
considering qualitative research type or researcher consider statistical facts and figure
in their study considering quantitative research type. Both methods of selecting type of
research is valid, researcher need to understand what type of data they will include in
the study. There are two research type, these are: qualitative research type and
quantitative research type. Qualitative research type simply means those data and
information which do not include facts and statically element, data in qualitative area is
purely thematic and include viewpoint of participant from direct observation of the
individual.
Whereas, quantitative research type means inclusion of facts and figure in the
form of numeric and statistical data. This allow researcher to consider those graph and
data which include current information and trend of the chosen topic, quantitative
research type allow researcher to bring validity in their study by including relevant
published information (Pandey and Pandey, 2021). For the completion of this study,
researcher has considered quantitative research type allowing researcher to consider
statistical data and information in the form of facts and figure, researcher have carefully
reviewed these data before including in the study. Quantitative research type helped
researcher to explore chosen topic in depth and allow researcher to bring knowledge
and improvement in their researching process.

Research approach
Research approach is another important element in the research methodology
which allow researcher set a plan and proper procedures for the study. Researcher
consider broad assumption including detailed methods and steps to collect data, an
approach is one of the most important element in the study, researcher need to adopt
best approach allowing them to collect reliable and valid data for their study. There are
two type of research approaches, these are: inductive research approach and deductive
research approach. Inductive research approach simply means researcher will consider
careful observation of the topic and will find better data and information, researcher will
follow pattern and series of pattern to test their hypothesis. In Inductive research
approach, researcher will craft brand new theory to test their hypothesis (Rinjit, 2020).
Whereas, deductive research approach allow researcher to consider existing
theory to test their hypothesis, researcher focus on scientific investigation of the chosen
topic by examining existing theories, researcher also consider existing phenomenon.
For the completion of this study, researcher has considered deductive research
approach allowing them to test their hypothesis with the help of existing theory and set
of phenomenon. Deductive approach helped researcher to carefully examined existing
set of theories to gather reliable and valid data, researcher also have considered
different approaches in deductive research approach to make the study more reliable
and valid. Researcher selected deductive research approach because it is part of
quantitative research type and study flow in that direction.
Research philosophy
Research philosophy is one of the most important element in the research
methodology, it is very important for researcher to consider a set of belief before
collecting data and information for their study. Research philosophy is set of belief that
allow researcher to consider a phenomenon that help in gathering data and information,
researcher build a set of knowledge and belief while exploring chosen topic. There are
two type of research philosophies, these are: positivism research philosophy and
Interpretivism research philosophies. Positivism research philosophy simply means
researcher will consider factual information from direct observation, researcher will

consider best way to explore their feeling and behaviour. Positivism push researcher to
build an assumption that denote social world can be observed with objective ways,
which means observation is one of the most powerful sense of researcher while
collecting data and information for the study (Mishra and Alok, 2022). In positivism
research philosophy, researcher believe that individual shape behaviour of society.
Whereas, Interpretivism research philosophy simply means researcher will
believe that society shape behaviour of individual. Interpretivism involves interpretation
of data and inclusion of these data in the study, interest of researcher does matter when
it comes to selecting Interpretivism as method or belief. For the completion of this study,
researcher has considered Interpretivism research philosophy allowing researcher to
interpret the study and find data from different pattern, researcher's personal interest
helped them to examine the chosen topic briefly and explore the topic in better and
advance way.
Research design
Research design can be described as strategy which is generally used by carrying
out research with logical plan for research questions through process of interpretation,
collection, analysis and discussion of data. Similarly, there are three major types of
research design which can be stated as – descriptive, exploratory, case study. These
are explained in manner to address the study in lucrative ways and conducting it in
more systematic order. Exploratory research is usually utilized in terms to investigate
specific problem which is not described in detail. In this study, researcher has
considered exploratory research design as it helps to address the answers to various
problematic concerns and favouring them with effective solutions. This method has lots
of competent aspects which aid researcher with flexibility measures and adapting with
changes formed in the research as stating them most advantageous.
Moreover, researcher has access to investigate fundamental aspects and issues
which are not specified in clear terms to make research with convenient factors and
determining significant terms. There are several benefits which has been provided to
the researcher to answer the relevant questions and topics that could be studied further.
There are some theories which helped researcher with adequate measures in findings

and move further in his study. Specifically, it also helped researcher as it requires low
cost and assist researcher with better understanding at early phase as it would be
easier for them to conduct the research in significant manner. They are provided with
approach to collect and analyse the data effectively and it enables to change hypothesis
on the basis of findings. Thus, it is fundamental process for researcher which has
served several advantages to researcher in order providing solutions to the problem and
better ways to investigate previous unexplored problematic concern.
Data collection
Data collection refers to the process of gathering and gauging the data as it
serves to answer relevant questions and assist in further assessment of outcomes. In
this way, there are two specific types of methods for data collection likely to be known
as primary and secondary. Primary data collection process can be termed as the way in
which information is collected getting a suitable help from surveys, interviews and
experiments. On the other hand, secondary data is collected with the help of primary
sources and it is available by other researchers who have conducted the study before
and it supports individual to effectively utilize it for their own research. secondary
sources have two major components such as internal and external. Internal are the
ones from which researcher can make effective use through data available from
accounting or reports. External are the sources available from outside of organization
and such group of sources are broad and varies rapidly. In this current research, the
researcher has made use of secondary data collection method to identify gaps and
deficiencies in the study and solving them individually.
By following secondary method researcher have saved their time and conducted
their research in superior terms. Similarly, by saving time researcher has also saved
their majority of efforts, money rather than having primary study to further analyse
output as it is already accessible to them and serve them with similar purpose by using
secondary sources. It has served with credibility concerns as researcher add some
additional perspectives to raise some new questions or expanding research formulating
innovative ideas. Thus, major value in utilizing secondary research is figured out that
researcher enable to get early phase of investigation to execute various gaps and

deficiencies in study area. It has provided them chance to present initial ideas before
boarding over longer research and collection of primary data.
Data analysis
Data analysis is the procedure which is applicable systematically into logical
tactics to assess and illustrate information towards competent and influential ways. Data
analysis is performed within thematic analysis as framing relevant themes for topics that
is effect and ramification of COVID Lock-down over Travel industry aiding in this
research (Raskind and et.al., 2019). Whereas themes which are generally framed
provide adequate support to address information being analysed at broad scale. There
are several methodologies as well as theories which has influence in thematic analysis
an and further correct conclusion is obtained in study. The validity of research carried
out in the aspects of theme based analysis will always support better understanding of
text. Researcher has made prominent use of thematic analysis as it serves them with
basic concept to know about how interpretation of theme is usually associated with
relevant data. This is rapid and easiest way to get access to learn when information by
data is made available. By the help of thematic analysis researcher had been favoured
to come across with various themes on provided text which are subjected to this
research. Such themes are formed and understood through applying experiences as
well as several strategies to qualitative research over data collected for desired goals.
After carefully formulating themes and sub theme it has been reviewed as its relation
with real data (Lester, Cho and Lochmiller, 2020). Also, researcher has considered
alignment with research questions as most significant process providing suitable
justification to them. Each theme caters meaning in itself which describes the specific
situation. By using statements for such themes it clarifies the concept for themselves
and other audience as well. Reviewing themes enables researcher to get brief
understanding of such themes as containing real meaning of data as well. Thus, it
assists researcher with adequate support as it is one of the most convenient way of
doing the research for any text in qualitative way. Data analysis has lectured
fundamental aspects within research in more suitable way at broad scale and data
analysis is undertaken effectively by the researcher (Azungah, 2018). It is accessible to

them having no or few experience in qualitative research and it is fruitful method to get
holistic approach towards any kind of text by favourable research.
Ethical consideration
It is foremost part of the research that has been taken into consideration and it
aligns with ethics of conducting research (Robertson, 2021). It is very essential that
research should be ethical, reliable and viable as research is done by filing consent
form by participants. Furthermore, inclusion of references assists in providing credibility
to other scholar ensuring that data is not paraphrased and copied. Research also
indicates that collected data does not reveal such information to participants and privacy
always will be maintained. It is observed that ethics is one of the most salient aspects
that has been addressed within study in appropriate manner. There are several aspects
which are having major influence in the research and ethical consideration aids in
addressing them how efficiently ethical terms are being followed in the overall study.
These considerations are supportive throughout the research which is to be followed as
seeking attention towards all the significant measures which is be addressed at broad
scale. The secondary data is collected by research from the latest availability of source
of information. All the standards have been considered by researcher in order to make
better efficiency for maintaining the quality of output (Kiani and et.al., 2018). Such
ethical considerations are advantageous for conducting research systematically as well
as analysing crucial aspects which is essentially required for fair practices in overall
research.
Reliability and validity
Reliability and validity are core concepts which is used to judge the research
quality. It reflects over methods, techniques used in the research process. Reliability is
all about consistency of measures while validity relates to accuracy of measure. The
research has been verified to be reliable and valid, in this research both the aspect has
been covered to cover the fundamentals terms in this research. It has make efficient
use of latest data sources which complies several aspects that how research can be
prepared and undertaken in sequential terms. It has been assured that all the data is

gathered from copyright sources as making better efficiency and conduction of the
research. whereas the latest articles over the topic impact of COVID Lock-down on
Travel industry has been taken by considering all major aspects. It is crucial part of
research which indicates overall research is performed as well as undertaken
considering to validity and reliability concerns. Although, current study has farmed in
more reliable and valid terms by recognizing chances of copyright being restricted to
occur in the research. Also, it is conducted in systematic order to minimize the negative
impacts in the overall study and making it convenient by following the efficient factors. It
is ensured that methods and some techniques are utilized with higher quality and target
to measure basic concepts.
Research limitation
It is crucial aspect in entire research and this has provided moral support to
researcher in terms of determining limitations of research to be addressed in efficient
terms. Research limitations serves with ability to figure out various constraints impacting
overall research and needs further improvement. Researches have various limitations
but it is significant to cover those having direct relation with major problems (Kumar,
Dubey and Pandey, 2021). Most of the researchers prefer to not discussing limitations
as it might minimize the value in the eyes of other audience. It is essential to form
attention towards limitations about their impact they have on research. It is essential to
support explanation of each research limitations reflecting how these can affect over
conducting research. Similarly, limitation of this research are identified in systematic
order by concerning with time, money and resources are key aspects for constraints
that have been addressed within research. Time constraints can negatively impact
research due to early deadlines or several other aspects which might create difficulties
to conduct the research systematically. It has been figured out that there was lack of
availability for resources whereby the necessitate data and information has been
collected and interpreted for research. Referencing to prior studies organises basis of
literature review for further study. Whereas relying on the further studies relevant with
thesis can be limited which would create various difficulties to conduct the research.
Another specific limitation was money constraint which has been identified (Patari and

et.al., 2021). It assists in getting in touch with fundamental aspects of research
limitations supporting to determine and addressing the aspects of study is being
conducted at broad scale. Furthermore, it can be stated that having biased view
regarding to personal views or cultural backgrounds can create chances of conflicts and
further it might impact the research. Apart from this, researcher with such views only
choose results which assist the main arguments.

CHAPTER 4- ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Theme-1 Situation of the COVID Lock-down and its negative impact on travel industry
It has been reviewed from the secondary sources that COVID lock down has
created the drastic impact over the travel industry. The travel industry experiences the
success and growth when number of visitor moves from one place to another place. As
a result, it creates opportunities for travel industry in context of earning large profit
(Abbas and et.al., 2021). However, in order to assure the safety at the time of COIVID
social distancing has been introduced which has resulted in reducing the visiting rate of
the customers and that impacted the travel industry on a negative note. Thus, the
present theme is concerned with analysing the situation of COVID lock-down and its
impact on the travel industry. Thus, the major impacts created on travel industry due to
COVID lock-down was-
Drastic impact on growth and development of travel industry
It has been found from the various sources that, Before COVIDP- travel and
tourism industry was one of the important sector that was contributing in world economy
on positive note. However, pandemic has created drastic impact on the travel industry
within impacting the growth and development opportunities in the travel industry. The
tourism dependent country has experienced the negative impacts of the crisis which has
resulted in impacting the tourism industry and their number of bookings by the
customers and this has further lead to create lack of profit for the travel industry ( SHT,
2020). The crisis has presented the permanent shock for the travel industry which has
developed the lack of opportunities for tourism. The visiting rate by the customers
decides the rate of growth and development in travel industry. Lockdown has reduced
the movement of people from one country to another country and due to this the
bookings have been reduced that has created the concern in regards to lack of growth
and development in travel industry.
There are certain challenges has been created due to pandemic for travel
industry. The major challenge was concerned with the development challenge. The
crisis has mainly crystallized the development path for travel industry which has ruined
the success of the companies. The situation was so worst that, development in the
industry has become one of the most challenging task. Often, it has been found out that,

small tourism-dependent countries have locked their economic destinies due to fear of
COVID and this has resulted in creating huge loss for airline industry (Richards and
Morrill, 2020).
Lack of operations in travel industry
It has been analysed from the secondary sources that, operations are the major
element in the travel industry that needs to be done on consistent base. The rate of
operations determines the rate of success and profitability. In case, there is lack of
operations have been performed then, it directly impacts the profitability of the business.
Same situation has been witnesses at the time of pandemic in travel industry (Bulin and
Tenie, 2020). The operations of the travel industry have become less and which has
resulted in creating lack of profit for travel industry. Travel industry perform major
functions which are concerned with travel planning, accommodation and transport. The
several components have been performed by the travel industry. These components
have been considered as the major operational element of travel industry.
Large number of people has get infected due to pandemic that has made them to
stay at home. Often, the fear in the people of getting infected was so high that, even
after lock-down people did not move out from their house. Further studies have shown
that, travel industry have shown surplus in the year 2019 whereas in the year 2020 and
2021 the industry was affiliated with the deficit (Fotiadis, Polyzos and Huan, 2021). This
clearly depicts that lock-down has impacted the operations of the travel industry on a
drastic note which has become one of the major barrier in the development of the
industry. The collapses in the flight capacity has been developed across the many
regions which has created the major concern in context of unprecedented under the
history of the aviation.
COVID lockdown has created huge loss for travel industry
The airline industry has faced the headwinds due to the adverse impact made on
containment measures. The Air transportation has been determined as the largest
share of transportation approached by the passenger and it has get impacted due to
crisis. The large part of the profit has been earned by the airline industry for travel
industry. The deduction in the profit of airline industry has created the deduction in the
profit of the travel industry. Thus, huge loss has been created for the travel industry.

The capacity of the flight has been significantly reduced after the COVID (Yeh, 2021).
The number of flights that are scheduled on regular basis has been decreased as there
was no bookings has been made by the customers. Thus, lock-down has created major
impact on the travel industry’s profit within impacting the airline industry.
The lockdown has resulted in impacting the countries who are heavily relied on
the tourism for their economic development. The international tourism has experienced
more severe impact in comparison of the tourism dependent country. Huge loss has
been faced by the international tourism that has creates the lack of opportunities and
operations for the tourism industry (Ma and et.al., 2021). The drastic growth shock has
been experienced by the tourism industry and many stakeholders of the tourism
industry has got the major shock and they often faced huge loss. Thus, it has become
like a cycle as there was lack of operation which leads to lack of profit and this again
lead to lack of investment by the investor in the travel industry.
COVID- lockdown has created the revenue gap in travel industry
Findings have shown that, COVID lockdown has created the higher revenue gap
for the travel industry. Before crisis, travel industry was earning high amount of profit
and therefore, there was no change of revenue gap in the travel industry. The revenue
gap leads to create the higher issues in the smooth working scenario and same has
been witnesses in the travel industry. Revenue gap at the time of COVID resulted in
impacting the post COVID practices of travel industry. It was hard to cover the revenue
gap in short span of time and therefore, negative effect has been experienced by travel
industry in context of experiencing growth and success.
The major focus of the travel industry was on recovering the losses and
therefore, no further operations have been performed (Sharma, Thomas and Paul,
2021). The revenue gap has resulted in creating deficit amount for travel industry and
therefore, it has become hard for tourism business to regain the marker share. Effective
amount of profit helps in designing the services for customers and when there is no
profit has been earned then, it automatically impacts the service pattern of the travel
industry. In similar manner, pandemic has created revenue gap that results in lack of
profit and this has often impacted the service quality of the tourism industry.

Theme 2: Covid Lock-down had negative impact on Ryanair
From the results, it has been found that Covid Lock-down had an adverse impact
on the overall management and performance of the Ryanair in the transport industry.
The organization has found it difficult to manage its profitability as the mobility got
affected due to several restrictions which were imposed by the government on these
businesses (López, 2021). There have been several changes in the policies and
procedures of the government in the pandemic times. In order to control the spread of
Covid-19 appropriate measures have been taken which has limited the business of
Ryanair. Due to these factors the organization had to face several issues in order to
manage their sustainability in the industry.
It has been understood from the findings that fear among people to procure
services which are related with travelling to another place also created a hindrance in
the overall growth of the company in the pandemic times. There have been challenges
which has been faced by the Ryanair to persuade their customers and motivate them to
take and effective use of the travel services which are provided by the organization.
There were trust issues among people which were related to proper hygiene and
protection from the contaminants which can have a negative impact on their heath
(Ding, Wandelt and Sun, 2021). This created a psychological influence among the
customers which has been inappropriate for the business to gain benefit in the industry.
The crisis created difficulties for the business to gain the trust of their customers as they
were several incidents that took place due to the inconvenience which has been caused
to the passengers due to Covid-19.
Travel restrictions led to financial loss for the business
From the analysis, it has been found that different nations had imposed travel
restrictions for following safety measures in the pandemic times. It has been important
for countries to restrict the flow of travel and tourism in order to stop the outbreak and
reduce the medical emergency in their region. These restrictions have forced Ryanair to
drop down their schedule and operate with only one percent of the normal flights. This
had a major influence on the profitability of the travel organization and increased the
losses and cash burn for the business in the industry. Furthermore, there have been
changes in the policies and procedures of different countries regarding their travel

decisions which has also reduced the profitability for Ryanair. Governments have
adopted effective strategies in order to eliminate the possibility of the outbreak which
has imposed new changes which have to be made in the daily services of the airline.
This has led towards expenditure in better infrastructure for the business which has an
adverse effect on their profitability in the business environment.
It can be understood that Ryanair had faced difficulty to rebuild their customer
base due to the Covid Lock-down restrictions all over the world. The negligence of the
customers towards taking the services of the company had a serious effect their
financial growth and sustainability. It has been difficult for the company to face the
consistent losses which were experienced by the business in the tough times (Jiricka-
Pürrer, Brandenburg and Pröbstl-Haider, 2021). Various challenges that had been
created due to these restrictions has acted as a major hindrance in the overall
performance of the business in the industry. These issues are considered to be creating
restrictions for the businesses in the tough times which has a significant influence on
the business environment.
Loss of passengers due to cancelled flights
It has been analysed from the results that the number of passengers have
decreased for the business in the pandemic times which had created a negative impact
in the financial stability of the company. Flights have been continuously cancelled in the
Covid Lock-down times which created difficulty for the management to withhold their
customers. The organization had to disperse refunds to their customers due to these
cancellations which created issues for them to manage their overall profitability. Due to
these factors, there have been issues for the company to organize travel of their
passengers and improve their financial position in the market. The consistent
cancellation and chaotic business environment created a negative image of the
business among the customers and their employees as well.
From the findings it is understood that cancellations of flights is considered to be
a major factor which had been inappropriate for Ryanair to sustain in the travel industry.
The company has found it difficult to manage their future endeavours. The regular
cancellations created discomfort for the customers to maintain their trust and continue
their association with the business successfully. Around 80% of the customers were

expending a refund at a particular time which was not appropriate for the company to
manage their capital freely (Elhini and Kafafy, 2021). The delays in these refunds further
created a difficult situation where the customers had to wait for their clearances in the
industry. The customers started being in distress due to these problems which created a
possible situation for the company where the profits started to be decreasing for the
business.
Resources and fuel procurement issues due to restrictions in different nations
From the analysis it has been understood that it became a tedious task for
Ryanair to procure the required fossil fuel which is necessary for them to undertake their
daily operations due to various restrictions in different countries. This was a major factor
which restricted the business to manage their stability in the business environment. The
access to fossil fuel and other important equipment was less for the organization which
created difficulties for the company to manage their overall productivity in the travel
industry. Changes in the policies and procedures of different governments had a major
impact on the relationship between the organizations which were dealing in these goods
(Hořínka and Kontriková, 2020). The demand for fossil fuel started fluctuating and the
market was unstable. It became inconvenient for Ryanair to gain benefit in these tough
times and conduct their daily operations freely.
It has been understood from the results that changes in the global business
environment had lead towards restrictions in the trading of various goods which are
required for the airline business to manage their daily practices. These goods and
services were unable in the market sue to less mobility and high demand which had
created discomfort for the organization to maintain their overall sustainability in the
industry. It became a tedious task for the company to enhance their productivity due to
unavailability of these practices which are subjected to be having a significant role in the
overall management of the organizational activities.
Theme-3 Drastic ramification of COVID- Lock down on airline
The consequences of the COVID lockdown on Airline was highly ineffective that
has impacted the services of airline. Along with this, it has also created negative impact
on the revenue and sales. Thus, the major ramification of the Pandemic on airline was-

The major ramification of COVID lock-down on airline is affiliated with high
performance management pressure
It has been found from the secondary studies that, the major consequence of
COVID on airline was associated with the pressure of performance management as
there decrease in the performance of the airline services and therefore after the COVID
there was pressure on the airline to manage their performance. The excessive pressure
on the airline industry has created the ineffective working environment which has often
impacted the quality of the services in the airlines. The employees were burdened with
the excessive work which has resulted in creating level of dissatisfaction in them (Kim
and et.al., 2022). As a result, there working capability has been impacted on a negative
note. Thus, this can be stated that after COVID, pressure of managing performance was
so high on the airline industry that it has created heavy burden on the employees who
are working in the airlines industries.
There was high level of competition among the airline industry and in order to
face the competition it was mandatory that each organization must assure their effective
service. Thus, this has created cut-throat competition in the airline industry and
therefore, this resulted in impacting the services of the airlines as well. In was not easy
to bear pressure for the people working in airline industries and therefore, the quality of
the services has got impacted in negative manner and this was one of the major
ramification of COVID lockdown on airline industry as it was a challenging task to bear
the competition and pressure by the people working in airline industry.
The Loss of the passenger’s revenue
It has been found from the secondary sources that, there was loss of
passenger’s revenue in the airline industry and which has created the major loss for the
industry. The number of bookings have been made by passengers results in creating
the major revenue for airline industry. However, lack of booking by the passengers has
resulted in creating lack of revenue by the passengers and therefore, it was become a
tough task for airline industry in regards to cop-up with the situation (Mohajan, 2020).
The major concern lies with the fear of the people after the COVID as well extent of fear
in the people was so high that, they were worried in terms of travelling and therefore,
they were not making bookings with the airline industry.

This has resulted in impacting the industry on drastic way. Due to Pandemic
already there was huge loss has been faced by airline industry. In order to bear the
loss, it was important that revenue has been earned by the airline business. However,
lack of passenger’s revenue has created the major issue in regards to lack of
investment (Singh, Kaur and Rana, 2021). It was hard to bear the loss and this was
impacting the airline business in ineffective manner that has resulted in lack of quality
services. Also, the prices of the tickets have been fall down and it was also one of the
major demerit of pandemic which is being faced by airline industry as the prices was
already low and customers was not making bookings. Thus, the loss of passenger’s
revenue has impacted the profitability of the airline industry.
There was decrease in the sales of airlines
From the results, it has been found that sales have significantly decreased for the
Airlines industry in the Covid Lock-down situation. The demand for travel and tourism
significantly decreased as general population was more focussed on the procurement of
essential goods and services. Less interest from the customers have been experienced
by the businesses in the airline industry due to the outbreak situation. There had been
changes in the business environment where people have to follow certain guidelines
and rules in order to travel in emergency situations. The regular outgoing of passengers
was highly affected due to the pandemic which made it difficult for the business to have
a control over their performance in the business environment.
Further, it has been evaluated that number of death in the global environment
significantly increased in the global environment. This situation created fear among the
population to restrict themselves for travelling to places away from their nation. Airports
became the primary source of spread of virus which increased the number of people
which got infected from this place (Jiricka-Pürrer, Brandenburg and Pröbstl-Haider,
2020). This had a negative impact on the overall performance of the airline businesses
in the industry to grow and sustain their position. People developed a negative image of
the travel environment and started to restrict themselves from flying to other places.
It can be understood from the analysis that government guidelines have forced
airline businesses to cut down their capacity and operate with fewer passengers in the
flight. These practices had a negative influence on the sales of the airline businesses to

manage their financial stability. The business environment in the Covid lock-down era
was not hostile for the businesses in Europe. Several changes have been made by the
businesses to undertake these practices and create better opportunities for them to
grow in the industry. The global economy got affected due to these practices as the
airline industry has a significant contribution in the overall development of the business
environment.
Negative impact on the quality of the services
From the analysis, it has been determined that airline industry has faced several
challenges to manage their profitability in the business environment due to the Covid
lock-down period. There have been changes in the overall composition of the services
which were provided by the businesses in this industry. The quality of these airline
services significantly decreased die to the less availability of capital with the businesses.
These activities had an adverse impact on the overall performance of the business to
grow and achieve better sustainability in the business environment. Ryanair had to
compromise on the extra services and care which is provided by the organization to
their customers due to these factors (Poulaki and Papatheodorou, 2021). This created a
negative image of the organization among the customers which decreased its
dominance in the industry. There was a loss of opportunities for the airline industry in
the Covid lock-down era as every maximum number of restrictions were implemented
by businesses towards the businesses in order to protect the environment to get
infected from the virus.
From the above study, it had been analysed that several changes have been
made by Ryanair in their operational management in order to sustain in the business
environment. Changes in the policies and procedures of the business on a regular basis
created a negative impact on the overall success of the business. There were possible
issues which has reduced the performance of the business in the Covid lock-down era.
Challenges have been faced by the airline business to manage their daily tasks
effectively and enhance their overall performance in the business environment. Loss of
capital due to cancellations and neglect of customers had been a major contributor in
decreasing the overall quality of the services which are provided by the business.

CHAPTER 5- RECOMMENDATIONS
Travel industry has faced unpredictable challenges, in the corporate world, because
of a specific factor and that is covid lock-down, which put impact upon whole world, in
the adverse manner. On the bases of overall situation, there are some strategic
suggestions specified below, in the context of travel sector, which it can take into its
consideration, to overcome the situation that affect ventures growth and success. Each
suggestion below, given in the context of above research objectives, in appropriate and
systematic manner, that help in varied terms.
 Recommendation related to objective 1- It is recommended to travel industry,
and its management to adopt advanced technologies, that can help to measure
the adverse impact of lock-down and then take decision to handle the situation,

in appropriate and systematic manner. By taking the current suggestion into
consideration, the whole sector and administration, can eliminate the causes
behind lock-down, which is quite essential for them to do so (He, Zhang and Li,
2021). According to the recommendation, travel industry can take initiative to
utilize advanced digital technologies such as, large online datasets, low cost
computing resources, mobile phones, social media channels, and IOT. All these
technologies are useful, in the context of businesses, in term of making
organizations capable to find out the key information related to ramification of
lock-down, so that they can take action further accordingly. This suggestion can
help to achieve the first objective and allow firm to deal with current and in the
future situation that has been affected because of pandemic lock-down. New
technology implementation in the workplace, can make decision making process
much better than the last few years or months, especially in case of lock-down. It
can contribute to increase organizational performance, productivity and
operational efficiency, better than recent time.
 Recommendation related to objective 2- due to lock-down, the customer base,
profitability, operational effectiveness or efficiency, and business performance
has been affected in the negative manner at high extent. Therefore, strategic
recommendations in term of approaches, techniques and ways, are quite
essential for the Ryanair to consider. For example, firm can communicate with
target market, during lock-down and update them about flight re-scheduling,
which helps to maintain the trust and relationship between target market and
management. It can utilize social media marketing, for purpose of generating
awareness among individual passenger about flight re-scheduling, that help to
stay connected with company and always become their loyal passengers. It can
put positive impact on airline growth and success in the travel sector, in term of
building and maintaining wider base of passengers, among which each
passenger is capable is promote airline, in term of conducting word of mouth
promotion. It is important for the management to keep individual target audience
retain and aware about any form of changes in their flight timing. If Ryanair
aware people about, during and after lock-down situation, due to which their

flights timing has been impacted, it makes their passengers loyal. It gives them
reason to stay with airline, that help to increase sales, profitability and revenue,
as well as enable management to gain unpredictable competitive advantages.
 Recommendation related to objective 3- in the context of objective third, a key
and useful suggestion is accessible that enable Ryanair, to deal with ramification
of pandemic lock-down and make capable to overcome the entire situation (Fraij,
2021). Airline and its management can take initiative to build a strong and
effective workforce, through training and development session, that they can
arrange for existing and new candidates. The main motive behind this kind of
arrangement is to overcome the negative impact of lock-down outcomes upon
venture, that leads to decrease revenue and create barriers to increase the
same. With training and development plans, Ryanair can build a strong
workforce, among which each candidate is able to engage themselves in training
procedure, through which they can develop new skills and knowledge about the
new policies and practices of their chosen profession. As government issue new
guidelines, for employees and employers, who are working in an organization.
training is the only source that teach each candidate about any guideline, which
drive their attention toward conducting appropriate practice that aid to run
venture profitability, ethically and sustainably.

CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSION
On the basis of above discussion, it has been concluded that researcher has
achieved the key aim and objectives of current research, by using appropriate research
methods. First objective of the study was to study the situation of COVID lock-down and
their impact on travel sector. From above analysis, it can be concluded that lock-down
has created the worst situation for travel industry, as it has decreased their performance
and productivity as well as profits margin. It has been determined that operations
effectiveness has also decreased because of lock-down, which considered as outcome
of pandemic. Along with above one, the second objective of study has also been
achieved by the scholar and that is analysing the impact of covid lock-down on Ryanair.
Management has faced the situation of decreasing customer base, which impacted
negatively upon its further success and progress. It leads to decrease the competency
or capability of airline to gain competitive advantages, as each and every organization is
facing the same situation, which decrease their effectiveness of gaining competitive
benefits. Instead of going that thing, airlines in the travel sector is focusing on managing
business performance and operations as well as functions in appropriate manner.
The third objective of current research is to analyse the ramification of pandemic
lock-down on airline. The scholar has achieved this objective, in appropriate way. As by
summing up above discussion and analysis, it has been summarized that firm has faced
a lot of pressure, because of shutting down the whole world, due to pandemic, which
drives the attention of government, from national to international level, for lock-down.
The above ramifications of pandemic lock-down have impacted airline in varied terms,
as it leads to increase stress level and decrease effectiveness, which firm attempt to
handle, with consideration of key approaches, in form of suggestions.
Researcher has achieved the objectives, by using thematic as data analysis
method, which make them capable to interpret data systematically and appropriately. By
following the ethical terms, they had contributed to make research ethical and reliable,
through which they had generated awareness among other researchers and readers
about the adverse impact of pandemic lock-down upon travel industry and Ryanair, as it
operates under similar sector, from longer time ago. By using secondary data sources,
they have gathered useful and essential information related to chosen topic. With the

help of books and journals, scholar has determined that impact of lock-down on airline,
which has been defined the different terms.
Moreover, above discussion, it has been identified that airline has faced major
impact of lock-down, as it losses loyal passengers and faced situation of decreasing
revenue more than last few years, before pandemic, because of some other external or
might be internal factors. Ryanair has handled the overall situation, by developing the
best strategies and plans. It has overcome the impact of lock-down, by collecting actual
data about the pandemic, as it affects human life and business world. Organization has
losses its passenger and because of that, it faces challenge of decreasing revenue. It
affects management practise of managers in the airline, who always focus on making
venture profitable and productive as well as competitive, which is not that easy for any
other airlines to do so, because the overall process required hard work and key
resources. More impact of lock-down has been highlighted in the study, such as impact
on quality of services. It has been analysed that airline face issue to serve its quality
and satisfactory services to passengers, as it faced restriction to reach target market,
which is important for the management to do that. It leads to reduce the effectiveness of
management and operational practices. Along with above analysis, it has been
identified that airline and management has achieved organizational objectives as they
had taken key approaches and methods into their considerations, that help to manage
everything according to the stakeholder’s expectations and requirements.
From the above analysis, it has been identified that airline has loss passengers,
who are effective and useful, but it has gained the attention of loyal and trustworthy
passengers too, after lock-down by using advanced technologies. It has improved and
increased operational effectiveness, by making candidates stronger and productive
through training programme, that management can organize in the workplace so that
employees can learn how to keep workplace and overall infrastructure hygienic. With
the key recommendations, airline has deal with some critical issues that arise due to
lock-down in the bulk. Along with above benefits, organization has improved their
performance, better than the rivals who are existing in the same sector and effort to
reach desire outcomes. It has also focused on developing plans to deal with the further

pandemic situation, as the lock-down create more challenges, which is essential for firm
to deal with in appropriate and successfully manner.

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