The Rise of Black Heritage Sites

This report discusses the rise of black heritage sites and the factors that have increased awareness of dark tourism. It explores different types of dark tourism, such as genocide tourism, holocaust tourism, war tourism, nuclear tourism, and medical dark tourism. The report also includes a typology analysis of dark tourism sites and their impact on tourists' decisions. Overall, the report highlights the growing interest in dark tourism and the importance of heritage and history in attracting tourists.

Creative on-line
display: Black
Heritage
1

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
The Rise of Black Heritage Sites................................................................................................3
Typology Analysis......................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
2

INTRODUCTION
A black heritage refers to the places of dark tourism which belong to travelling to the
places of tragedy. The tourism is including dark heritage where there is a reason to visit the
place, the attribute of the heritage is not the only factor that will affect the travelling decision of
the tourists (Allman, 2017). The places are attracting the tourists that have the historical stories
related to the places and the tourists are curious to learn about the heritages. The culture tourism
is the fastest growing tourism in the travel industry where dark tourism is the places to visit
where there is a history related to the people who suffered the tragedy. The UK has many
heritage places which are included in dark tourism. There are many sites, gems and hidden
places to visit that are included in black heritage. The people are visiting for studying the places
that are included in dark tourism for gladiator games, Roman colosseum and every year million
of people visit the places of atrocities and natural disasters. The places are called as dark tourism
because as they have a long tradition. They are dark tourist places because they have human
history related to genocide, assassination, incarceration, war or disaster. It is not related to
supernatural elements but they are the tragedies of the human activities of the history. There are
900 dark tourism places in 112 countries around the world. The dark heritage is important for the
people to travel because they teach us what is to be human and they explain the what evil the
humans are capable of and they will make the world a better place. The report includes the social
and political factors that has impacted the awareness of the black heritage and topology analysis
model of black heritage and the stones dark tourism spectrum.
The Rise of Black Heritage Sites
The dark tourism term was started in 1996 by John Lennon and Malcolm Foley in the
hospitality management. The dark tourism refers to the places to visit that have a history of
tragedy. There are many factors of dark tourisms like nuclear tourism, war tourism and slum
tourism (Collins-Kreiner, 2016).
The political factors that has increased the awareness of dark tourism is that they are
managed by the government of the countries. They are having the factors that are attracting the
guests because of the history. There are many issues in the political factors of the dark heritage
and people have opposed commodifying the places where people in the history have suffered.
They are having the authenticity and ethics of the people of a specific caste and religion. They
have increased the awareness of the dark heritage of the world because they will help the people
3

understand that in such places the humanity prevails. The tourists of the black heritage is
expecting from the places and they have the reactions to them. They have a fear, excitement,
empathy or any other effect from the places they are visiting.
Types of dark tourism are
 Genocide tourism- Genocide refers to the deliberate killing of the specific group of
people because of the caste, religion, ethnicity or they country they belong to. The history
is the proof which has declared that genocide is the result of the difference between rich
and poor. The genocide tourism is the most well explained type of dark tourism in the
history because of the cases of tragedy of the mass population of the world (Fonseca,
Seabra and Silva, 2015). There are many places that are included in genocide dark
tourism in the world and they are the Auschwitz-Birekenau, Holocaust in Europe,
Holodomor in Ukraine, Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, Armenian genocide in Ottoman,
Srebrenica in Bosnia and the Rohingya in Myanmar.
 Holocaust tourism- The holocaust tourism is the type of genocide tourism and they are
visiting the places of holocaust and the places of Hitlers decisions (Hooper and Lennon,
2016). The labour camps, concentration camps and museums are the types of holocaust
places. The places of World war 2 are not included in the holocaust tourism. For
example, Lidice outside Prague.
 War tourism- The war tourism is referred to as the places with are used in the war. The
places of war that was between 1947 and 1991 are included in the war tourism. For
example, Gettysburg in USA, the war memorial at Elephant pass in Sri Lanka.
 Nuclear tourism- The nuclear tourism refers to the places of searches on Nuclear and
atomic energy. For example, Hiroshima, Chernobyl and the Bikini in the Marshall
islands.
 Medical dark tourism- The medical dark tourism is the history of medicines and gross
products in the jars. It includes museums, operating theatre and plague towns.
Timeline of tourisms
Type Places Year
War tourism Gettysburg in USA 1806
Genocide tourism Armenian genocide in 1915
4

Ottoman
Genocide tourism Holodomor in Ukraine 1932
Holocaust tourism Lidice outside Prague 1942
Genocide tourism Holocaust in Europe 1941-1945
Genocide tourism Auschwitz-Birekenau 1945
Nuclear tourism Hiroshima 1945
Genocide tourism Khmer Rouge in Cambodia 1951-1999
Nuclear tourism Chernobyl 1986
War tourism the war memorial at Elephant
pass in Sri Lanka
1991
Genocide tourism Srebrenica in Bosnia 1995
Nuclear tourism The Bikini in the Marshall
island
2010
Genocide tourism The Rohingya in Myanmar 2016
The dark tourism is the issue in the society and the attraction for the tourists is growing
the industry (Korstanje and George, 2015). It is growing the interest of the people in the industry
that is having the suffering of the society. They want visit the places because of the history and
increase in the awareness. The visitors are looking for aesthetics and the places that have history.
There are many interest of the people and they are affected by the awareness of the people. The
places of dark tourism are in the management of the people because they are ethical and having
dilemmas of the people. The social factors are increasing the awareness of dark tourist places and
they have the impact on the decisions of the tourists.
Typology Analysis
The dark tourism spectrum is the virtual process of analysing the places of tourism and
they should include in the typologies of the places. The spectrum of the tourists places are
including the factors like locations, authenticity, ethics and history of the tourism. They will
analyse the places that are included in the tourism of the dark heritage. The tourists should have
5

the knowledge of the factors that are helping them in making the decisions of the places they
should travel (Lennon, 2017). The Stones dark tourism is having the factors that will do the
typologies analysis. There are different levels of typologies that will help the tourists in the dark
tourism.
 Dark fun factories- The dark tourists places includes the fun factories which has the real
and virtual factors of entertainment that are having commercial ethics. For example,
Stone brings Dracula park in Romania as the example of the dark fun factories. It is
located in Medieval fortress and it is the entertainment places that are having the myth of
bloodsucking Dracula and it is the lowest in the Stone dark tourism spectrum. They are
for the entertainment of the tourists (Lin, Kelemen and Tresidder, 2018).
 Dark exhibitions- The dark exhibitions are having products that includes
commemorative, educational and reflective message to the tourists. The places are
focusing on commercial ethics and they are attracting the tourists who are interested in
the history. They are located that they tourists places and they are for the education of the
tourists. For example, the Smithsonian museum of American history is having the history
of the September 11 terrorist attacks. They are in the greater side of the Stone dark
tourism.
 Dark dungeons- The dark dungeons is the place of the prisoners. They are the history of
the tourists that are attracting them to the places. They are at the centre of the Dark
tourism and are in the lowest to highest. For example, the Galleries of Justice in
Nottingham in UK and they are the places in the Family attraction of the Year and they
are the places used as the prisons. They are having the entertainment and educations as
the factors that are attracting the tourists to the places. Merlin Entertainment group Ltd is
the second largest tourists places in London. They have 58 places in many countries like
New York and they are having stories related to the places or the history.
 Dark resting places – These are the places like cemetery and graveyards which act as
tourists places. Interesting architecture are built and they are projected as urban
regeneration tool. Highlighting local ecological environment, dedicated tour guide and
projection as living being charmed by dead is the focus of this type of tourist places.
Therefore, these are placed in mid of dark tourism spectrum. For example, Mount of
Olives in Jerusalem is a famous cemetery cum dark resting place tourist site.
6

 Dark Shrines- The places which are having the history and they are the place so the dark
tourism. They are dark tourism places and they are attracting tourists as they have the
history that are increasing the awareness of the tourists (Miller, Gonzalez and Hutter,
2017). For example, Kensington palace of the Princes Diana is the Dark Shrine.
 Dark conflicts sites- The dark conflict sites are the places of the war and there are
opposed to be in the dark tourism. They are having the places that are in the history and
the war has a impact on the ethics of the people. The focus is on the promotion of the
places to attract customers (Podoshen and et.al., 2015). For example, Solomon Isles is a
dark conflict site.
 Dark camps of genocide – They occupy the position of being darkest sites as they are the
actual sites of genocide death events. They also have political background behind their
terrible tales. They represent symbolism of human suffering. For example, Jews
extermination sites in Germany.
Above spectrum differentiates through intensity of tragic background with tragedy being
created in the lightest range to tragedy being suffered and witnessed by maximum number of
people in the darkest range. Many sites are combination of different attractions over spectrum
which are built up tourist attractions near real dark tourist attractions. They are highlighted
through their educational orientation and historical background. They were once witness to most
tragic scenarios now stands as a medium of local tourism revenue. Tales of tragedies have passed
through generations which act as guide for tourists (Sharma and Nayak, 2019).
CONCLUSION
From the above report it is concluded that there are different types of dark tourism and
the tourists are interested in the places. The tourists want to have the knowledge of the places and
they are interested in the factors that are making them attractive. The places should focus on the
heritage and the tourism. The dark tourism industry is growing because of the social and political
factors which are increasing the awareness of the places. There are many factors that are
affecting the decisions of the tourists to select the place they have to visit and they are focused on
the heritage of the place. The types of the dark tourism is affecting the decision of the tourists.
The medical tourism is increasing the knowledge of the tourists and are making them aware to
attract the customers. They are making the tourists aware of the places that are attracting the dark
tourism and making the places interesting for the visitors. The places are attracting the tourists
7

and they are helping the industry to increase the tourism. The tourism is attracting the visitors as
they are making the visit the places and they should be entertaining the tourists. The dark tourism
should focus on the places that will increase the interests of the tourists.
8

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Allman, H. R., 2017. Motivations and intentions of tourists to visit dark tourism locations.
Collins-Kreiner, N., 2016. The lifecycle of concepts: the case of ‘Pilgrimage Tourism’. Tourism
Geographies. 18(3). pp.322-334.
Fonseca, A. P., Seabra, C. and Silva, C., 2015. Dark tourism: Concepts, typologies and sites.
Journal of Tourism Research & Hospitality.
Hooper, G. and Lennon, J. J. Eds., 2016. Dark tourism: Practice and interpretation. Routledge.
Korstanje, M. E. and George, B., 2015. Dark Tourism: Revisiting Some Philosophical Issues. E-
review of Tourism Research. 12.
Lennon, J., 2017. Dark tourism. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal
Justice.
Lin, Y., Kelemen, M. and Tresidder, R., 2018. Post-disaster tourism: building resilience through
community-led approaches in the aftermath of the 2011 disasters in Japan. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism. 26(10). pp.1766-1783.
Miller, D. S., Gonzalez, C. and Hutter, M., 2017. Phoenix tourism within dark tourism: rebirth,
rebuilding and rebranding of tourist destinations following disasters. Worldwide
Hospitality and Tourism Themes. 9(2). pp.196-215.
Piché, J. and Walby, K., 2016. Dark tourism, penal landscapes, and criminological inquiry. In
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
Podoshen, J. S. and et.al., 2015. New approaches to dark tourism inquiry: A response to Isaac.
Tourism management. 51. pp.331-334.
Sharma, P. and Nayak, J. K., 2019. Dark tourism: tourist value and loyalty intentions. Tourism
Review.
9

10