Criminal Justice Research 2022

Running head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
Criminal Justice
Name
Institution

CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
Q1. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Child pornography- this is a type of child exploitation through depicting minors under the
age of eighteen in a sexually explicit manner. It exploits minors for sexual stimulation and can be
produced through assaulting the child or through direct involvement (Findlaw, 2019)
Commercial speech- it is writing or speech that is done on behalf of a business so that it can
gain profit or earn revenue. It can be done through advertising the product using various methods
such as broadcasting on the internet or through print material. Commercial speech is different
from political speech since it regulated so that the consumers are not mislead by advertisements
(Cavanagh et al, 2016)
Expressive conduct- it is conduct which is depictive of speech. It involves behavior which
conveys a particular message and is mostly conveyed through use of symbols rather than words
to communicate a message. It is similar to speech and protected by the first amendment.
Fighting words- they are provocative or insulting words that are offensive racially, ethnically
or sexually. They are phrases or words that are abusive and directed to another person, do not in
any way express ideas or inflict injury through utterances or cause a breach in peace and may
lead to violence.
Hate speech- this is threatening or abusive speech that prejudices a people from a vulnerable
race, color, sexual orientation or other vulnerable groups (Brown et al, 2019). It is usually in the
form of a statement and aims to brutalize or belittle another person or a particular group of
people through the use of cruel language. There is no law against hate speech since it is protected
under the law of freedom of speech (Sponholz, 2017)

CRIMINAL JUSTICE 3
Non- public forum- it is a forum that is not designed for or opens to public opinion. They
occur in restricted areas such as police stations and jails. These forums are restricted based on the
subject matter of speech.
Obscenity- these are language or words that are extremely offensive. The utterance of an
obscene word or portrayal of an obscene act offends the morality which prevails at that particular
time.
Panhandling- they are unlawful forms of begging publicly. It is mostly depicted through
begging on the streets.
Public forum- a forum that is open for the public to express themselves. It takes place in an
area that for a long time in history has been used by people to exercise their right to free speech,
where public debates and assemblies can be held
Public forum by designation- a public forum designation is an area that is specifically
identified as a place where the right to free speech can freely be exercised. The forum is usually
set aside by the government for expressive activities.
Symbolic speech- it is a form of non- verbal communication where actions are used to
convey a particular belief. Symbolic speeches are protected under the first amendment (Vile,
2013).
Traditional public forum- it is a public forum with speech restrictions depending on its
content. It can take place in street walks or parks. The traditional public forum is similar to a
designated public forum but the government has a reasonable limit as to who is allowed to use
that forum (Epstein et al, 2012).