Should Criminological Theory Address Only Legal Crimes or Broadly Focus on Harms?

This essay explores the debate on whether criminological theory should only address crimes defined by legal codes or focus more broadly on harms. It discusses critical race theory, feminist theory, and green criminology in relation to issues such as pervasive violence and sexual harassment against women, systematic racism and criminal justice, and global warming. The essay concludes that criminological theories should address both legal crimes and broader harms.

CRIMINOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Criminology is defined as the study which is associated with the crime and deviant
behaviour which related with the any individual. In addition to this, the chosen question for the
essay is pervasive threat of violence and sexual harassment against the women, systematic
racism and criminal justice and causes of global warming and damage to the world environment.
The systematic racism and criminal justice is also act as an issue which is made up with the law
and regulation which reduce the racism (Ball, 2019). The women are facing various challenge
and act of crime which is related with the violence threat and sexual harassment which is
common now days for the women. In this, it is crime which damage the respect and country
decorum due to unprotected response for the women. In the legal aspect and laws area regulated
which may provide benefits to women in term of safety. With this, chosen question the
discussion is used to made which is based on the criminological theory which address crime with
the help of legal code or they also focus on the harm which include but are not limited to just
crime. As per the today scenario, due to various of factor the environment get may harm due to
the pollution and so on. the global warming is also a problem which is related with the
environment and originated by human. In order to prevent the legal code are regulation for the
protection of environment. This all perspective is used to understand by using the approach of
green criminological theory, critical race theory and feminist theory (Bell, Meriläinen, Taylor
and Tienari, 2019).
MAIN BODY
The critical racism and criminal justice is referring the distinguish which is related with the
colour and many more. Whereas, the criminal justice is defined as the law, procedure, initiation
and the policies which may play role before and during the commission of crime. Moreover,
critical racism is now day on peak and they are act as crime when any harm is occurring. In this,
the critical race theory is a cross sectional disciplinary intellectual and the social movement of
the civil right which is associated with the scholar and the activist that they used to seek the
evaluation which is based on the intersection of the race and the law. It usually helps to challenge
other who create injustice in term of racism. The critical race theory used to create is three main
tenets which is related with the critical race theory. In addition, the Camara Jones is usually help
to define that the racism operate which is based on the three different level which include
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institutional and structural racism that different influence access to the goods, service and the
opportunities which is associated with the social group and communities by the race. Therefore,
personally mediated racism that is associated between the individual which majorly include
intentional and the unintentional prejudice (Boratto and Gibbs, 2021).
Moreover, the standpoint of criminal justice also play role in development of provide right
and opportunities in order to take legal approach which is based on the division of racism. While
taking the contrast of critical race theory, the intellectual and the social movement and loosely
organised framework of the legal analysis that is related with the premise that they associated
with race which is not natural, they are biologically grounded feature of the various age group
that have distinct and socially construct group that used in the oppress of people colours. In
addition to this, the critical race theorist is usually hold that follow the aspect of inherent in the
law and legal institution. The function of the criminal justice is used to maintain, social,
economic and such inequalities which is also related with political relation with white and non-
white as an example. The critical race theorist is usually dedicated in order to applying for
creating understanding that is based on structural nature of the racism which help to concrete the
goals of eliminating all the race and other unjust mentioned with the hierarchies (Brisman and
South, 2019).
As per the above discussion, it is defined that the critical race theory implicit the factor
which is associated with creation of race respect to individual colour like white and non-white.
The theory also state that the racism is part of day to day life. In this, people says that white and
non-white who do not intend to be a part of racisms or called as racist that can nevertheless to
make their choice that fuel racism. There are some of the other critic that the theory indicates
inequalities or discrimination that against white people in such a way that they achieve equity.
They have aim which is based on the accusation at the theorist who used to advocate for the
policies which is explicit in order to take the race into the continuation of account. There is some
author named Ibram X. Kendi who wrote in their popular book How to be an antiracist that the
discrimination which is formulated equity are used to considered anti-racist. The critical race
theory also shows the outcome which is based on the outcome which is merely on individual
belief and their values. it is also state on these outcome is that they are examined and rectified. In
this, it is well analysing that the people create racism called as crime and due to this if any
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causalities is occurring then the harm is recorded which is taking under the legal factor. The legal
code is used in order to prevent such issue or the situation (Brisman, South and Walters, 2018).
The criminological theory focus on the explaining of causes which is associated with the
crime. Moreover, they also used to elaborate about the people who used to commit crime. In
addition to feminist theory, they broadly explain about the research which is associated with the
women, girls and crime. In this, the feminist criminology shows that due to the gender and
socialisation background, they are facing issue with the threat of violence and sexual harassment.
In addition, they also help to identify the risk factor for committing a crime and they are focus on
the ways and method that used to focus on the law and create which make them proper enforce.
However, they are used to make overlap sense which completely focus on the theories that
provide and make proper prediction (Campbell, 2020).
The pervasive threat of violence is usually associated with the aspect of crime where an
individual develop some of the aspect which is related with the commitment of crime such as
create chaos of the threat to kill someone and develop threat of committing crime. In the context
of criminological theories, the threat of violence is as the major cause of crime. In this, there are
various factor which completely focus on the attempt to crime not even include any harm.
Therefore, the threat of violence comes under the category of crime as aspect with the legal
codes and they are approached to harm the attempt is used to taken and commit any harm.
Whereas, the harm is broad term which cannot defined appropriately with the help of legal aspect
of crime which is formulated by the theory of criminology (Moeller, 2018).
Whether, the sexual harassment against the women is consider as the harm with the aspect of
criminological theory because the harm which is create or damage the people dignity and respect
while taking the contrast of women in term of sexual harassment. The sexual harassment is also a
harm which is faced by women because their reputation and the dignity is damaged due to such
kind of behaviour with the contrast of criminological theory. The criminology theory is focus on
the causes elaboration which make the standpoint towards the factor which provide the sense of
observation. With this, the sexual harassment against the women relation with feminist
criminological theory show the cause which is based on crime and it is prevented with the legal
code. Unfortunately, they also focus on the harm which may render due to the sexual harassment
where the harm is associated with women dignity and respect. With this question in aspect of
criminological theory, it provides sense of harm which is broad topic but they followed under the
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aspect of crime which is associated with the legal code and they prevented with such type of
legal code (Moosavi, 2019).
Overall, the green criminology is associated with the legal code which is help to reduce
the damage of environment. It is helpful for the environment in order to control the arising issue
of environment that include pollution, and many more which impact the environment and their
process such as formation of oxygen and maintaining the climate. Whereas, the green
criminology is defined as the branch of criminology which help to involve with the study of
harms and the crimes the environment broadly conceived, including the study of environmental
law and policies. Moreover, the study is based on the corporate crimes against the environment
and the fact of environment justice which associated from the criminological perspective
(Williamson, 2018). In addition to this, the harming of the current environment with the various
ways which include deforestation, fish mining and so on which is shows the category of crime.
There are various law and regulation which is refer for the safety of the environment. In addition
to this, green criminology also states some of the matter which is related with the study of crime
which is occur nowadays with the repetitive manner. It must be prevented with the use of legal
aspect which have set of responsibilities to reduce the harm which is happen with the
environment. Moreover, the law and legal aspect follow various principle that provide proper
safety regards with the environment. The green criminology theory is used to formulate in order
to discussed and maintain the harmony and atmospheric shuffle of the environment. While taking
the aspect of regulation and law they are used to made in order show potential factor that is
provide a benchmark for the safety of environment which may lead to create various issue that
include global warming and damaging of environment. It is fairly shown that the rising pollution
and other factor that properly contributed towards unhealthy environment. The green
criminology theory discussed that all which require proper accountability which shown number
of measurable feature which is validated a reliable with the green criminology.
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is analysed that the criminological theories are used to
explain the causes of crime and they also focus in the broad spectrum of harm which is included
and address in the legal code. With these theories such as green criminology for the issue of
global warming provide the rationale to reduce the and make understanding that they have set of
legal factor which contribute within crime and harm. The critical race theory shows various
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implication regards with the study of racism which is based on discrimination and inequalities. In
addition, the pervasive threat of violence and sexual harassment is also an act of crime and
mischief of harm which is usually faced by women that is investigated with help of feminist
theory.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Ball, M., 2019. Unsettling queer criminology: Notes towards decolonization. Critical
Criminology, 27(1), pp.145-161.
Bell, E., Meriläinen, S., Taylor, S. and Tienari, J., 2019. Time’s up! Feminist theory and activism
meets organization studies. human relations, 72(1), pp.4-22.
Boratto, R. and Gibbs, C., 2021. Advancing interdisciplinary research on illegal wildlife trade
using a conservation criminology framework. European Journal of Criminology, 18(6),
pp.777-798.
Brisman, A. and South, N., 2019. Green criminology and environmental crimes and
harms. Sociology Compass, 13(1), p.e12650.
Brisman, A., South, N. and Walters, R., 2018. Southernizing green criminology: Human
dislocation, environmental injustice and climate apartheid. Justice, Power and
Resistance, 2(1), pp.1-21.
Campbell, S.J., 2020. Feminist theory as it relates to business leaderhip content: a case of
patriarchal dominant society structure (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri--
Columbia).
Moeller, K., 2018. Drug market criminology: Combining economic and criminological research
on illicit drug markets. International criminal justice review, 28(3), pp.191-205.
Moosavi, L., 2019. A friendly critique of ‘Asian Criminology’and ‘Southern Criminology’. The
British Journal of Criminology, 59(2), pp.257-275.
Vazsonyi, A.T., Ksinan, A.J. and Javakhishvili, M., 2021. Problems of cross-cultural
criminology no more! Testing two central tenets of Self-Control Theory across 28
nations. Journal of Criminal Justice, p.101827.
Williamson, S., 2018. Creating the American carceral state: the evolution of liberal
criminology (Doctoral dissertation).
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