Sample Assignment on Criminology (PDF)

Running head: CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1CRIMINOLOGY
Crime is a major and growing social problem
Introduction
Crime is considered to be as a violation of the given law where there are existing
penalties that can be incurred after the occurrence of violation. The objectives and purpose is
that crimes presently is increasing the social problems. Crimes play the role in representing a
certain kind of formal deviation from the social customs that has been administered by a
special type of authority. There was a research that was conducted between criminology and
public youth. However, crimes can be evaluated from the modern social trends in the world.
Crimes are generally segregated depending on the authority or countries. As per the law, the
decision is taken thereafter. The categories of law deal with the exact age of the offender,
intensity of the crime and the punishment that will be undertaken as a result of violation of
law. Presently, society has witnessed plenty of people and crimes that have been established
in the community. The social pattern of crime suggests that there are ways to explain the
pattern of social crimes. It also increases the number of crime rates in the society. According
to the theory of social structure, majority of the crimes is due to the fall of the society norms.
Such norms include organizations and the major cause of the crime problems.
As observed from the research, society has been disorganized in a way that a few of
social features experienced is the chief contributor of the high crime rates. These features
usually consist of population density, population and the population turnover in the society
(Lewis 2017). However, the society encompasses of people belonging to different ethical
background. This somehow forms desire for power and controlling the resources. Crime
therefore establishes from the society itself. Generally, crime occurs from the social
problems since it has an effect on the entire society. Crimes are chiefly influenced based on
difference in opinion and ability to control the resources (Brickey and Taub 2017).
Analysis
 The topic of the essay how white-collar crimes has an effect on the society and
growing the social problems. The concept of white-collar crimes refers to those
crimes that are committed by respectable individuals. These pupils belong to a high

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status office in the professional environment. The office workers can only commit
white-collar crimes (Akers 2017). Over the years, such crimes have evolved in
different ways. The individuals committing these crimes have been called white-collar
thieves. However, the Australian government had planned on increasing the terms of
prison for these crimes to strengthen the enforcement powers of the corporate
regulator (Eck and Weisburd 2015). Companies and the Commonwealth Bank of
Australia have been accused of breaching the process of anti-laundering and counter-
terrorism of financial law. Therefore, the human society faces the people who have
been located in the political positions, business associations and leaders. It has been
argued that human society witnesses in a country with the cultural ethnic and other
resources. Human society has not noticed the actions that were considered the white-
collar crimes (Sutherland 2017). Thereafter, these crimes were identified. The white-
collar crimes have direct effect on the society and it is growing drastically. Plenty of
white-collar crimes are referred to as frauds. It is treated as a general type of crime
that involves the process of monetary gain. Securities fraud is also known as a white-
collar crime.
 The purpose of this essay states that white-collar is a crime due to which the social
problem has increased. It shows and proves how this crime has an effect on the
society and individuals surviving in the society. It was observed as per the research
that there has been differential association theory to replace the concept of social
disorganization (Rothman 2017). There have been reactions against this particular
concept of white collar and this theory can help and reduce the probability of white-
collar crimes. Plenty of strategies have been researched for examining the white-collar
criminals. Groups that in the research of white-collar crimes consist of all the criminal
justice officials and the members of the public have surveyed it. Employees of the
corporation suffer more while working in such unsafe workplaces. The workers are
exposed to all the hazardous and risky conditions because the companies fail to take
appropriate measure in eliminating the exposure. White-collar crimes are treated to be
as both violent and financial. It is however, been observed that white-collar crimes
have resulted in an annual economic loss and injury. Sociology has been used to
categorize the workers of white-collar as it has an impact on the career of the
individuals (Short 2018). The white-collar workers bend towards the discriminated
workers while on the other hand they face difficulty to be a part of the specific
groups.

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 The social status of the offender is treated to be a major pint of contention when
related to the definition of white-collar. The social status of the offenders should
include the definition of the features of white-collar crimes. There have been
arguments based on the concept of white-collar crimes (Waring 2018). It has been
argued on the fact that the white-collar crimes are generally influenced by the macro-
economic and social factors (Payne 2016). On the other hand, it has argued that there
has been establishment of mens-rea when these crimes have been commissioned. It
has been particularly been in the area of regulatory crime area where exists the
concept of negligence. However, white-collar crimes have been growing with its
effect on the society. Criminologists have highlighted on the white-collar crimes as it
has majorly occurred in the interest of the corporate crimes. Other have argued that
the concept of white-collar crimes have been diminished drastically since there has
been social credibility of the business (Clinard 2017). The diminishing factor has
raised the rise of right leaning the commitments to the market economies. However,
corporate crimes are observed as the illegal acts that are usually punishable by the
criminal law. White-collar crimes have involved the deliberate violation of the law by
the companies. The focus was on the crimes committed by the businessmen.
Therefore, corporate crimes are also known as white-collar crimes. On the impact of
white-collar crimes on society, the perception of the citizen in the country gets
affected. Therefore, this kind of crime has a heavy impact on the society. Thus, there
are innumerable factors that make the statistics of white-collar crime difficult to
comprehend. The accurate statistics is difficult to allocate as since the crime goes
becomes unpunished. The society gets affected because the individuals of the society
are harmed due to these crimes. Since the individuals associated in commit these
crimes, a company will automatically affect the other ones who are engaged with the
company or the organization. Every individual are therefore a part of the society and
get affected because of these crimes occurring in the corporations.
 The crime that has been focused on is white-collar crime. It had been established into
the society in the last hundred years. Society fixed itself in the monetary matters. Due
to the white-collar crimes, the individuals of the society had diminished the crimes
related to white-collar (Cressey 2017). It is treated as a criminal offence because of
the difficult issues arising in the society. This is because of the facts that they are not
that harmful or hazardous to the society as compared to other crimes existing in the
society. Therefore, society does not generally approve the importance of white-collar

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crimes. However, the punishment of white-collar crimes is considered less severe as
compared to the crimes of violence. Usually the white-collar crimes are treated to be
as non-violent crimes that are carried out by the members of the organizations and
corporations. This concept is associated with negligence, acts of dishonesty and fraud.
White-collar crimes revolve around the illegal financial transactions that occur in the
company and within the employees. Over the years, it has been influenced due to the
arrival of the new technologies (Gottschalk 2017). On the other hand, it had also acted
as an advantage. It is a benefit for the criminals who are involved in committing the
financial fraud within the organization. The new technologies help them to extract
important data and other relevant documents from the corporations. Therefore, the
pattern and manner of how crimes are committed and their frequencies have changed.
On the other hand, these technological advancements can be beneficial for the law
enforcement officials in the process of tracking the illegal activities occurring in the
company. The white-collar crimes are generally committed for the purpose of the
financial gain. The individuals who commit these crimes does not have any kind of
history evidently. Hence, the society is not safe when such kind of crimes occur in the
environment. The white-collar crimes have a major affect on the society because of
the monetary effects. Thus, the defendants who have an experience in defending the
white-collar crimes and therefore there have been uncertainty in the future looms.
Conclusion
In addition to criminal penalties, many white-collar offenses may give rise to civil
lawsuits, brought either by the federal or state government, or by the victims of the offense
(Benson, Van Slyk and Cullen 2016). Any civil liability imposed as a result of these suits is
in addition to, and not a substitute for, the penalties imposed in the criminal case. A white-
collar defense attorney can give you specific information on the possible penalties in your
particular case. The criminal laws authorize most of the penalties that are severe in nature.
Defendants without a significant criminal record may be sentenced to probation, a suspended
jail sentence or a jail sentence far shorter than the maximum (Holtfreter 2015). They may
have fines levied against them, and may be required to forfeit any profits or pay restitution to
their victims.

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References:
Akers, R., 2017. Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and
deviance. Routledge.
Benson, M.L., Van Slyke, S.R. and Cullen, F.T., 2016. Core themes in the study of white-
collar crime. The Oxford of White-Collar Crime. Oxford University Press, New York, pp.1-
21.
Brickey, K.F. and Taub, J., 2017. Corporate and white collar crime: cases and materials.
Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
Clinard, M.B., 2017. Criminological theories of violations of wartime regulations. In White-
collar Criminal (pp. 3-19). Routledge.
Cressey, D.R., 2017. The poverty of theory in corporate crime research. In Advances in
criminological theory (pp. 31-56). Routledge.
Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D.L., 2015. Crime places in crime theory.
Gottschalk, P., 2017. Convenience in white-collar crime: Introducing a core concept. Deviant
behavior, 38(5), pp.605-619.
Holtfreter, K., 2015. General theory, gender-specific theory, and white-collar crime. Journal
of Financial Crime, 22(4), pp.422-431.
Lewis, D.A., 2017. Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem.
Routledge.
Payne, B.K., 2016. White-collar crime: The essentials. SAGE Publications.
Rothman, D.J., 2017. The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the new
republic. Routledge.
Short Jr, J.F., 2018. Poverty, ethnicity, and violent crime. Routledge.
Sutherland, E.H., 2017. White-collar criminality. In White-collar Criminal (pp. 3-19).
Routledge.
Waring, E., 2018. Co-offending as a network form of social organization. In Crime and
social organization (pp. 49-66). Routledge.

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