Criminology - Issues in Criminal Justice History
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Added on 2020-06-04
Criminology - Issues in Criminal Justice History
Added on 2020-06-04
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Criminology - Issues in CriminalJustice History
TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1PART 1 (1800-1914).......................................................................................................................11.1 Changing patterns of crime and punishment in 19th and 20th century Britain: Class,gender and age criminal profiles.................................................................................................11.2 Founding the police: crime, public order and state...............................................................21.3 Ideas of prison and prison reform form theory to practice....................................................3PART 2 (1914-1939).......................................................................................................................42.1 Crime and punishment: penal policy and penal experience..................................................42.2 Police and policing: tradition, reforms and power and campaign for women police...........42.3 Gender, crime and justice: Vice and virtue...........................................................................52.4 Crime and young: social class, gangs and juvenile delinquent.............................................6PART 3 (1939-1960).......................................................................................................................63.1 Gender and regulation: state regulation, public morality and policing of sexuality.............63.2 Penal policy and prisons: continuity, change and campaigns for reforms............................73.3 Police powers, corruption and reform: policing in post war period......................................73.4 Youth crime: Teddy boys, mods, rockers and new moral panic of 1950-60........................8CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTIONCrime and criminal activities are very much increasing nowadays in Britain and this isnot new to the economy of Britain. Crime is very serious threat to the public, innocent peopleand for the policy makers of the government. It is important for the government and the rulemaker of economy to regulate the flow of justice and equality in state so that all the people ofcountry are living in peaceful way. The present module will be providing a framework forexamining the development of criminal justice system and construction of crime problem inthe period of 1800 till the time of 1960 in Britain into three parts. It will cover various typesof crime and there justice system like that of gender, class, age and the ideas of prison and itsreform in 1800-1914 (Tompson and Edwards, 2015). Report will also cover institutionaldevelopment with socio historical analysis of changing problem of crime. The aim of reportis to provide a broad historical survey of central aspect of crime and criminal justice in 19thand 20th century Britain. PART 1 (1800-1914)1.1 Changing patterns of crime and punishment in 19th and 20th century Britain: Class, genderand age criminal profilesBritain in early and mid 19th century saw a very different type of rule and regulationand the type of punishments were also different for all. Like it was divided on the base ofclass, gender and age criminal profiles. The main was influenced by gender and behaviouraldocumentation in the Old Bailey proceedings (History of Crime in the United Kingdom,2017). There was changes in crime and punishment of 19th and 20th century Britain as theindustrial revolution was occurring which was mitigating people from countryside todeveloping industrial towns. These people who were regarded to as factory workers wereliving in the slum houses which were all over crowded and this poor condition lead tocriminal activities. All the different types of criminal were given their nicknames accordingto the crime they were involved in. At that time there was lack of formal police system in theover crowded areas and tenement blocks which means that there was very little efforts to stopthem. All the punishment was based on gender, class and age of the criminal who wasinvolved in particular crime. And because of this the role of gender, particular responsibilityof each sex were shaping everyday live and pattern of crime (Authority, 2014). The genderinequality was mainly derived by classical thought, Christian ideology and contemporaryscience. Both of them were considered as different as men as stronger sex was regarded to asintelligent and women on the other hand was more dominated by emotions and controlled by1
men of the house. In between 1674-1913 women were regarded to only 21% of the totalcrime in Britain and this changed in the year 1690-1740 to that of 40%. Women were onlylimited to certain small crimes like that of pick pockets, shoplifting and theft or kidnappingfrom the houses (History of Crime in the United Kingdom, 2017). And only woman weretaken as the accused in the cases of crimes like rape, infanticide, concealing a birth andunlawful abortion.Also, the criminal were simply regarded as to the lower class of people who wereinvolved in crimes as they were poor and low paid workers who want a life of luxury. Theywere called to as dangerous class who were like waiting for the opportunity for crime ordisorder. The upper class people who were generally rich did not want to steal or murdersomeone as they were already leading a luxurious life (Sherman, Neyroud and Neyroud,2016). At the Victorian time in Britain only capital crime like that of murder and rape weregiven punishment and the small crime like of theft were not given any punishment. As thesmall crimes were almost done by the age group of below 18 and there was not specifiedpunishment which was decided by power in Britain for them.1.2 Founding the police: crime, public order and state.The word police in the 18th century Britain was not that much used as this was notintroduced to any particular institutional as there was the rule of Victorian at that era. TheEnglish men saw themselves as living in the land were there was social liberty to do as pertheir need. So there was no need of law and order in the country and police was only tomaintain the records (Choy and Farrington, 2017). The term police and policing was thentaken up into three phases and there was also many debates on the work and operations ofpolice in Britain.1750-1850 was the time of old police who were all local and informal one.1829-1890 was the period of new police whose work was to do patrolling in their areaand to prevent the rule break.1890-1950 was the golden age of policing which they actually came out as they are inthe present times.According to the traditional view in policing and police there was inevitable developmentwhich was mainly driven by economic and urban changes. According to Whig view policingwas the sign of progress within society and it was also product of rationality andhumanitarianism. There are always debates on history of policing and as per the revisionist2
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