Criminology: Study of Social Behavior in Criminals

This document provides an introduction to the study of criminology, its scientific methods, and its sub-portions in sociology. It explores the causes, responses, and tactics used in law enforcement. The document includes two case scenarios to illustrate the application of criminological principles. It discusses the correct use of powers of stop & search and arrest in the scenarios, as well as the possible offences committed by the parties involved. Additionally, it examines the need for authority under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 to plant a covert recording device and the penalties and implications of improper use of RIPA-restricted powers.

CRIMINOLOGY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
CASE SCENARIO-1.......................................................................................................................1
CASE SCENARIO-2.......................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Criminology is a study which is done with several scientific methods and it will have all
sorts of causes, responses which are given by enforcement and tactics to prevent them. It is also
studies in sub portions of sociology which actually is a scientific study and research. In simple
terms it is known as the study of social behaviour but only form criminals or people in suspect of
it. The file mentioned below will explain its several elements with help of case scenario's
CASE SCENARIO-1
Case Scenario: PC Smith approaches the two young people and asks what they are
doing. Neither responds, but they do not run away. After further questioning, the male tells PC
Smith that they have been celebrating a friend’s engagement and are on their way home. At this
point, PC Smith states that he is detaining both parties for the purpose of a search based on his
suspicion that they have been involved in handling stolen goods. He gives them his rank,
surname, and the name of his force. Upon searching the pockets of both parties, he finds that the
female is in position of a 2.4 inch folding knife. He finds nothing on the male, whom he then
asks to remove his shoes and jacket. The male complies, but PC Smith still finds nothing. He
then checks the skip and finds that it contains a can of black spray paint.
Whether PC Smith correctly used his powers of (a) stop & search and (b) arrest
First of all in this whole case, first thing which needs to be clarified is that one cannot
arrest any person without any cause as they have to be as per the demand and cause. These shall
be inspected but just on the grounds of some speculation, no legal authority or any other person
can arrest any person. Here, they need to have some solid profs which will stake that the defined
case or crime is being performed upon them. In this case scenario, the accused are just checked
upon the fact that they looked suspicious to officer on the basis of they were little scared and got
anxious as several questions were asked to them by someone they don't know. These elements
are no where the cause of inspecting any person or searching them without any sure speculation.
This can only work in case if a person is matching the description of a suspected person, then
only a person can be suspect on ground of doing a crime. In any of the situation there is not right
with PC Smith to arrest Asian male and a young black female. As, there was lack of evidence
available for PC Smith. But, the grounds which were selected to arrest them was not appropriate
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and even it was against the law. It simply shows the power were misused due to which legal
action can be taken against PC Smith.
This searched which is performed by the officer will fall under illegal search as one needs
to have a proper stipulation under the act and unless this they do not have any rights and cannot
compel any person just on the grounds that they have to correctly stipulate as per the department.
In this case, the officer is wrong in all such work as they have to get stipulated as given in cases
scenario. Here, the behaviour of a human beings cannot always be judge correctly and needs to
be stipulated as per the requirement. The powers he wanted to use were incorrect as legally he
only have the authority to patrol around the corner and make any kind of gestures for people to
understand his outcomes but he cannot make such attributes. Just in case if he wanted to allow
certain types of stipulation or suspicion just on bias of suspicion on an individual. Also, there are
number of instance were people uses the knife during night time which simply doesn't means that
he/she has performed criminal activity. Also, black spray is not an illegal activity within the
premisses of UK due to which arresting on this ground will not be a valid point. There are certain
laws applied on such which are given below:
False imprisonment: Here, claim can be made by innocent prisoner who has been
arrested for the criminal activity which was not performed by them. This has directly influenced
them for harassment. This has even revolved around the basic cause of implementing basic
purpose that they need to be involved as per the requirement. The main aim here is to get
stipulated that anti discrimination, equality law and anti discriminatory laws are to be applied
over them.
Power to Arrest: The power to arrest any of the person is given in that respective stage
where people has breach any of the duty and created problem for public at large. In this situation,
suspected people can be arrested on the grounds that they might create issues in future time
period (Powers of arrest, 2020).
Any offences that may have been committed by any of the parties mentioned in the
scenario
The officer has arrested those two people without having any such grounds which needs
to become as per requirement. He did not have any rights which will make them eligible as per
the required reasons and shall be done as required in this case scenario. The officer needs to keep
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proper solution and shall be done as per the required skill work. One needs to manage all such
works and keep proper working categories as per requirement.
CASE SCENARIO-2
Case: Jack has been arrested and charged with the murder of his wife, Jill. He is also
currently on remand awaiting sentencing for a driving offence, for which he is likely to receive a
community sentence. It is thought he tried to kill Jill because she was preparing to leave him, and
had been stealing money from their joint bank account. Believing that Jack might ‘confess’ the
crime to his solicitor, Superintendent Jones from Lintshire CID arranges with the prison in which
Jack is incarcerated to put a covert recording device in an interview room, which the police will
monitor.
Whether the police needed to seek an authority under the Regulation of
Investigatory Powers Act 2000 to plant this covert recording device. If so, explain why this
is, what type of authority would be needed, who would need to authorise it. You should also
discuss the possible penalties and implications of an improper use of RIPA-restricted
powers.
There are certain amount of powers which need to be converted and created as per the
required mentioned the regulatory investor bill which has been regulated needs to be done in the
mean while the main cause which shall be updated is to be credited in the zone and shall be
converted ion the bias of the fact that one percent the uncertain attainment needs to be done as
per requirement.
1.The interception of communications: the communication is very important for them to
get sort out and needs to be created as per the requirement in the nation. The main issue needs to
be converted as per requirement and shall be done as the main issues here has to be done in the
regulated section. Theses things shall not be regulated in this credential things.
2. Intrusive surveillance: this is very important but shall be done at a d=keen distance
even for any person who is considered to be greeted in issue and need to be converted on the
grounds of located work. If any person is even suspected in some case they cannot be questioned
again and shall never me to gain any such issues.
3. Directed surveillance: this surveillance will actually work upon the fact that there
needs to be several issues which need to be servilience in this case. This servile is actually
granted by the government and they have proper evidence on which they can surely get credited
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in nature. the main issue here is that such permission takes a lot of time and can be adopted as
per nature.
4. The use of Covert Human Intelligence Sources: using such intelligence system needs
to get covered as per the government authority, this is generally used on the basis of the fact that
certain issues need to be issues and in case some person who is actually needed by the
government is spotted in this case scenario then they have to use this hi-tech technology as per
the acquirement.
5. The acquisition of communications data: this type of technology is used in cases where
the person who is actually being accused is the person who has committed the crime, but they are
being surveillance as there is no evidential prof that they have been. 1n remunerating on the fact
that in case of this justification they need to actually provide the case laws and issue the crime in
the foreseen issues. The main reason one needs to organisation all such factors they have to get
inclines in the nature.
6. Access to encrypted data: the encrypted data which is available at the time of
encrypting and as per there requirement in the area they have to get available in service.
CONCLUSION
Summarising the file mentioned blow it has briefly justified with explanation related to
criminology. Case laws have defined its basic elements with help of laws and regulation. Proper
recommendation & solutions are also provided on basis of case guideline.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Brisman, A. and South, N., 2020. Routledge international handbook of green criminology.
Routledge.
Carrington, K., Hogg, R. and Sozzo, M., 2016. Southern criminology. The British Journal of
Criminology, 56(1), pp.1-20.
Cohen, S., 2017. Against criminology. Routledge.
Goyes, D.R. and South, N., 2017. Green criminology before ‘green criminology’: Amnesia and
absences. Critical Criminology, 25(2), pp.165-181.
Hayward, K.J., 2016. Cultural criminology: Script rewrites. Theoretical Criminology, 20(3),
pp.297-321.
Jamieson, R., 2017. The criminology of war. Routledge.
Lanier, M.M., 2018. Essential criminology. Routledge.
Lynch, J.M., 2017. The greening of criminology: A perspective on the 1990s. In Green
Criminology (pp. 165-170). Routledge.
Naffine, N., 2018. Feminism and criminology. John Wiley & Sons.
White, R., Haines, F. and Asquith, N.L., 2017. Crime & criminology.
Online
Powers of arrest. 2020. [Online]. Available Through: <https://www.inbrief.co.uk/police/power-
of-arrest/>
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