ProductsLogo
LogoStudy Documents
LogoAI Grader
LogoAI Answer
LogoAI Code Checker
LogoPlagiarism Checker
LogoAI Paraphraser
LogoAI Quiz
LogoAI Detector
PricingBlogAbout Us
logo

Assignment about A Guide to Critical Thinking

Verified

Added on  2022/10/06

|21
|4990
|16
Assignment
AI Summary

Contribute Materials

Your contribution can guide someone’s learning journey. Share your documents today.
Document Page
1
Beyond feeling: A guide to critical thinking
Student name
(Affiliation Institution)

Secure Best Marks with AI Grader

Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Document Page
2
Chapter 1 Summary: Who are you?
Ideas differ from place to place and from time to time. People grown up in Asia and
Europe have a very different punctuality idea.
Place and Time are particular customs, understandings and circumstances which have an
ability to limit the experience of individuals as well as thoughts. Living in diverse culture
or age makes individuals different even if they have dissented values of place and time.
The closely related ideas are simultaneously conveyed inescapably and logically when
one idea is expressed. In addition, the innumerable ideas which have been encountered
by individuals impact their beliefs and behaviour in comparable ways.
Advertising approach creates artificial needs for services and products and also appeals to
various emotions. As a result, various people have developed habit gullibly, impulsively
and emotionally responding to such appeals. The science is currently manipulated as the
way a person asks a question, it can have the potential of changing the available details in
a person’s memory and further manipulate him or her to think about something which has
never happened.
People and advertisers with social and political agendas are not gratified to introduce
ideas or emotions in the minds of others. Furthermore, they are also seeking to reinforce
those impressions through repetition. The more peoples hear a slogan, the more they are
likely to share and the more familiar it becomes.
There are various guidelines ensure that a person can follow to maintain his or her
principles and avoid being influenced by others.
Document Page
3
Chapter 2: What is critical thinking?
Critical Thinking is a situation in which people test arguments and claims that have merit
and others that do not have. Plain and clear thinking is very rare. In the modern society,
critical thinking is applicable to diverse fields such as organizations, medical, firms,
communities among others.
Currently, mental indolence is the commonest of human traits. Neuroscience has ensured
there is a high number of valuable insight into cognitive activities of the brain which
further stimulates critical thinking. Brain and mind are demonstrably different although
the brain is necessary and sufficient for thought.
The main characteristics of Critical Thinkers include questionnaire skills, honesty, regard
of problems, controversial issues, try understanding, exciting challenges, keeping
curiosity active, remaining patient with complexity and time investment in order to
overcome confusion. Mental discipline determines critical thinking. Furthermore,
effective critical thinkers direct their thoughts and have control over their mental life
without the endorsement of the idea.
Judgments they are not based on personal preference but on evidence.
Intuition is an instant perception that involves understanding or sensing something
without using reasoning appropriately.
The basic activities that are involved in critical thinking include investigation,
interpretation and judgment.
The feeling is essential when directing attention of people to matters that they should
think about. In addition, feeling can offer commitment and enthusiasm that is important
for the completion of arduous mental tasks.
Document Page
4
Chapter 3 what is the truth?
The term truth with capital “T” is a complete record of whatever will be, is and was,
beyond doubt or dispute, error-proof and a final test of wrongness or rightness of theories
and ideas of people.
Truth with a capital T, a kind of complete record of whatever was, is or will be, error-
proof, beyond doubt and dispute, a final test of the rightness or wrongness of people’s
ideas and theories. Those who accepted the existence of this Truth believed it was a
spiritual reality, not a physical one. That is, it was not a celestial ledger or file drawer—
yet it was beyond time and space. It was considered
A memory of people often distorts data although their initial perception is flawless.
The information received by people can be incomplete and faulty. However, people can
still be mistaken for what they perceive.
If people only focus on their adulthood, an idea of creating truth without external
influence is very reasonable.
The frequent false memory source is the accounts that individual’s give to their
colleagues in regard to experiences. Such acts of sharing experiences with others make
simpler and more interesting than the truth.
The belief quality depends on the quality of the information being backs it up.
Truth is not created but discovered. Furthermore, Truth is apprehended through discovery
that is defined as a process of favouring diligent and curious.
Truth does not depend on the acknowledgment of people altered by others ignorance or
transformation through wishful thinking.
The confusion about truth comes from complex situations that are hard to express or
ascertain.

Paraphrase This Document

Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
Document Page
5
Chapter 4: What does it mean to know?
Knowing implies abilities that people have of expressing what is already known and how
they came to know about it. Knowledge can also be doing something with full
consciousness or awareness. Indeed,
Knowledge is achieved either through passively or actively. In addition, Knowledge can
also be achieved actively by scientific experience that involves providing and testing or
through reasoning.
People do things by reasoning by analyzing their problem, considering all the facts,
providing any possible interpretation and drawing up the logical conclusion.
Passive learning makes people accept uncritically what they are told although the
information is rumour or hearsay. Furthermore, people acquire knowledge passively by
being told something by another individual who is more knowledgeable. Through passive
learning, learners don’t get feedback from instructors although people receive
information and internalize it.
People should know that one generation succeeds another and therefore knowledge is
frequently unwisely rejected or forgotten.
The relationship between knowledge, faith and religion is both subtle and complex.
Religious faith is a belief in something which is impossible to prove. It is not easy to say
a person believes are not true although its truth cannot be demonstrated conclusively.
Obstacles to knowledge include things like guessing. Furthermore, guessing is defined as
a way of taking a chance on an answer without any confidence or offering a correct
judgment on a hunch.
Document Page
6
Chapter 5: How good are your opinions?
When people act on their opinions, they carry even less assurance. Critical thinking has a
fundamental principle that ideas are seldom of quality, problem-solution varies from the
impractical to practical, arguments from the illogical to the logical, and opinions from the
unformed to the in informed
Critical thinking serves to identify wealthy the best. Even if people are busy making a
special effort to judge objectively, they can still mistake.
People can be mistaken even when they are making a special effort to judge objectively.
Every Nation around the globe is governed by laws with set penalties for violators. Some
countries even have international laws governing ideas and affairs. Laws have excellence
notation and goals for bringing great harmony with others. In ethics perspective, laws are
specific notions helping people to maintain respect with each other.
Consequences are harmful or beneficial results of an action that impact the performing
and action of an individual. Different organizations, societies and even countries have
different ways of handling consequences. Poor opinions lead to heavy consequences.
Experts believe that a bad social environment is the main cause of crime. In addition,
they are also convinced that to handle issue of social environment, millions of dollars
must be poured to the poor neighborhoods for diverse social programs. Furthermore,
other experts are convinced that emotional disorder is the cause of crime which can be
addressed through psychological counseling.
Document Page
7
Chapter 6 what is evidence?
Critical thinkers have learned value of resisting temptations although sometimes they
face temptation of committing self-deception that ends up offending others.
The important evidence types include personal experience, unpublished report, published
report, eyewitness testimony, celebrity testimony, expert opinion, experiment, statistics,
survey, formal observation, and research review. The arrangement of these types of
evidence is not in descending or ascending order of reliability. The arrangement is in
rough order of familiarity with research review being less familiar as compared to
personal experience which is more familiar.
The personal experience involves type of experience a person does not go to internet or
library. Unpublished stories are the stories people hear from others. In Published report,
the evidence is found in published work like journals. Internet source evidence is found
in various published or broadcast works, from television commentaries or radio, news
broadcasts or newspaper articles, encyclopedia articles, scholarly books to professional
journals in scholarly works. All the material of Internet sources is cited. In no scholarly
works, the documentation can either be fragmentary, informal or even nonexistent since
eyewitness testimony the most reliable.
Progressively, celebrities are seen as endorsing services and products in infomercials and
commercials. In addition, when celebrities are guests on mass media like television and
Radios, they are motivated to pour their views.
There are two types of formal observation. In detached observation, there is no
interaction between individuals being studied and observer. Detached observation study
is usually undertaken in a situation where research body has already been accomplished.

Secure Best Marks with AI Grader

Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Document Page
8
Chapter 7: Arguments
An argument has various definitions such as a quarrel, exchange of information or people
between two people like informal groups.
Just like in mathematics, mistakes are also common in logical thinking.
Inappropriate attitude towards reasoning process and ideas leads to diverse errors that
occur in an argument.
Lack of background experience to meet challenge or aptitude makes the people who are
very hardworking to end up failing to make impacts in their lives. Moreover, as a result
of influence and /or wealth, makes some people who do not work hard to succeed.
Evaluation of any argument is effective when people hear from both sides (supportive)
and consideration of criticisms people on each side of an argument.
The common principles used in arguments include: premise can be either true or false,
reasoning is either valid or invalid, a sound argument is equal to valid reasoning and
correct premises and argument cannot be rendered unsound by either invalid reasoning or
incorrect premises.
Errors in an argument can be led by inappropriate attitudes towards reasoning process
and inappropriate attitudes.
To approach or evaluate an approach, a person needs to provide an effective conclusion
of whether premises are false or true and reasoning.
An argument can become difficult when an individual is evaluating opposing arguments
or it has more than two premises, uncertainty regarding which statements are conclusion
and argument and when argument is longer than a paragraph.
Document Page
9
Chapter 8: The basic problem: mine is better
Individuals acknowledge enthusiasm for personal, professional development and growth.
Furthermore, upon acknowledgement, individuals end up spending too much on seminars,
tapes and self-help books. With knowledge, people are able to turn their minds towards
what is right and ethic in a society.
The “mine-is-better” is balanced by people being aware that they think about others more
often than themselves. After awareness, many people see themselves special, different from
everything, and whatever they associate with themselves turns to them in their minds.
People who realize that people are special and different in away are reasonably secure and
self-confident hence they are able to control the tendency. Psychologists classified these
types of people egocentric or ethnocentric.
Egocentric is the ability of an individual to focus on interest, views and needs of
themselves. Egocentric has challenges in seeing issues from diverse ages due to the ability
of ego thinks being limited.
Ethnocentric on the other sides are being excessively focused or centred in one group.
People who are ethnocentric are eager to provide a challenge to other group views although
they are not in a position of questioning their own group. Therefore, ethnocentric people
tend to respond through the use of oversimplification to complex situations.
Ethnocentric people have prejudice. They fill and blame an out-group for imagined and real
problems in society. The preferences of people own thinking can prevent them from
identifying flaws in ideas, seeing and building others.
Document Page
10
Chapter 9: Errors of perspective
Perspective errors are like seriously distorted lenses.
Errors of perspective shape the habits and attitudes that people bring when evaluating
diverse issues and creating expectations that seem to bias thinking.
Assumptions are ideas which are not produced by conscious thought but merely taken for
granted. A person coming up with assumptions is enough. Many assumptions are helpful
or harmful and they are implied rather than expressed directly.
To identify assumptions, an individual can develop the habit of reading and listening
between ideas lines which might not be expressed but implied clearly.
Conformity is behaving like others. Many advertisers encourage mindless conformity.
The way of avoiding mindless conformity is through a resistance of prodding, pleading
and teasing others exert to make an individual speak and think like others.
Absolutism is a belief there are no exceptions but rules. Furthermore, absolutism expects
simplicity and certainty in the truth about issues when in reality it is complex, uncertainty
ambiguous, and complex. People who have absolutists, they tend to be impatient in their
thinking as a result of unexpected reasoning. Furthermore, they are vulnerable to
oversimplification and quick conclusions.
Relativism believes the existence of the exception proves there are no rules. In addition,
relativism believes that truth is created rather than discovered. To overwhelm variety of
bias toward change and people must monitor their reactions to new opinions.

Paraphrase This Document

Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
Document Page
11
Chapter 10: Errors of procedures
Bias occurs innocently without people being aware. In addition, bias is prejudice or
inclination against groups or individuals, especially in a way considered to be unfair.
There are various ways people can avoid a biased selection of evidence. The procedure of
avoiding biased selection of evidence include: a person seeking out people who are
opposing the ideas and considering going to the one supports it. Furthermore, a person
may opt to choose the most reasonable interpretation, regardless of whether it flatters a
bias.
Double standards involve the use of single standard of judgment for an individual’s idea
which is compatible with them. People who exercise double standards have a tendency of
ignoring inconsistencies, contradictions and outrageous overstatements in arguments and
further engage themselves in nitpicking during the process of evaluating the arguments of
opponents’.
In issues of speech, the error of double standards is usually very common as some groups
are treated better than others. For example, men might get paid better as compared to
women although they work the same kind of job. To avoid double standards error, people
should decide in advance the judgment criteria apply consistently; a person needs to resist
the urge to force individual people, places, or things into rigid categories.
Generalizing is the mental activity by which people use a particular experience to draw
conclusions. A stereotype is an overgeneralization which is change resistance.
Stereotypes exist in several types that include ethnic and religious. Stereotypes and
overgeneralizations deter critical thinking due to their abilities to prevent people from
identifying people’s differences.
Document Page
12
Chapter 11: Errors of expression
In errors of expression context, the two categories of errors include errors of creating
obstacles of critical thinking and those occur in the process of addressing a specific issue.
Generally, errors of Expression,” are very important as they help a person to recall when
to be alert. A contradiction is a term used in the definition of errors of expressions. Errors
of critical thinking occur as a result of beliefs that might justify past actions, people
failing to recognize their own perceptions as well as their beliefs.
A contradiction is a key logic principle which states there all the statements cannot be
true or false at the same time.
To avoid contradiction, people need to monitor effectively what they are writing or
saying. Once people detect a note, they should decide whether it constitutes a
contradiction.
Meaningless explanation means the reason does not make sense. Looking critically at
what a person has said helps to detect meaningless statements.
A rational appeal to emotion stimulates and demonstrates feelings as well as their
appropriateness to a presented idea. The appeal also moderates as to why a particular idea
is more preferable when compared to alternatives.
On the other hand, an irrational appeal uses feelings as an alternative for thought and also
appeals to emotion. Furthermore, irrational stimulates a feeling pity of love of country or
family, guilt, resentment and fear without demonstration of their appropriateness.
Document Page
13
Chapter 12: Errors of reaction.
Reaction errors are defined as face-saving devices used by individuals in order to explain
away criticism ideas. The specific type of reaction errors includes straw man, automation
rejection, shifting the burden of proof, changing the subject and attacking the critic. Straw
man errors include overgeneralization or exaggeration of arguments of other people. If
not treated consciously or critical thinking, all errors of reactions may result ideological
differences or conflicts among the involved parties.
Making honesty determination and evaluating challenges is the only way of establishing a
basis of accepting or rejecting an argument to determine its worth. Putting some
emotional distance between ego and ideas is a better way of lessening errors of reaction.
Subject changing consists of abruptly turning a discussion in a different direction as
unexpected. Furthermore, subject change is an error when a shift is used deceptively or
original issue is appropriate. When the subject is changed intentionally, it may frustrate
the discussion purpose.
Shifting the burden of proof errors demands other people disprove their assertions.
Generally, people resort to errors of reactions and shifting after their behaviors or ideas
People typically resort to the error of shifting and reaction after their ideas or behaviors
have been called into question.
People and ideas are not synonym and therefore attacking a critic is an error although it
may probe motives of people as they have little to prove in terms of idea quality.

Secure Best Marks with AI Grader

Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Document Page
14
Chapter 13 the errors in combination
Although a person knowing the right terminology is beneficial, recognizing where
reasoning has gone wrong and further being able to explain the error in terms of the issue
involved is very important. Being able to explain the source of errors provides a clear
background for getting a solution.
Errors of perspective include poverty error, unwarranted assumptions, either or outlook,
mindless conformity, absolutism, relativism, bias against or for change.
Errors of procedure include double standard, bias consideration of the evidence,
overgeneralization, hasty conclusion, stereotyping, post hoc fallacy and
oversimplification. All the errors of procedures are associated with different ways in
which one group or an individual’s sees the other.
Errors of expression include contradiction, mistaken authority, meaningless statement,
arguing in a circle, irrational appeal, rational appeal and false analogy.
Contradiction claims statement is both false and true. Arguing the circle is attempting to
prove the statement by repeating it in diverse ways. Meaningless statements mean
reasons have no sense, mistaken authority involve giving authority to a person who does
not possess it.
Errors of the reaction include: shifting the burden of proof, changing the subject,
automatic rejection, attacking the critic and strawman.
Attacking critic involves an attempt to discredit an argument by condemning a person
using it. Strawman involves putting false words to someone else and exposing his or her
falsely. Shifting the burden proof include disapproving other people assentation.
Automatic rejection involves a refusal to give ideas.
Document Page
15
Chapter 14 knowing yourself
Thinking skills are usually essential for understanding and profiting from college courses.
Through the thinking skills, an individual or a group is able to identify its weakness and
strengths. “Knowing yourself” involves an individual having self-awareness about his or
her ability. After being aware of his or weakness and strengths, he or she is able to
regulate his or her negative behaviours.
Cognitive is the leading form of psychotherapy. The cognitive psychotherapy is based on
the idea that neuroses result from faulty thinking habit and is necessary when solving
diverse problems and making the various decision making.
Although there is a great challenge of improving a person thinking, there is no other form
of self-improvement apart from cognitive thinking that has a huge potential of affecting
every area of life positively. Other forms of self-improvement include self-awareness,
Human is vulnerable to avoid coping and focusing on their problems. Instead, human
beings frequently sweep their problems under the rug through repression, avoidance,
projections, identification, compensation, denial, restoration to rationalization and other
defensive maneuvers.
Thinking skills play a key role in personal lives as it helps individuals to develop ethical
behaviours which promote equality and fairness.
Document Page
16
Chapter 15: being observant
Clear and sound thinking frequently depends on subtleties that are revealed only by close
observation (which include seeing, hearing and being attentive). If there are gaps in
hearing and seeing, the perceptions on which people base their argument are less likely to
be complete and accurate. The few the people will be committed to stereotype,
unwarranted observation and oversimplification, the keener their observation. Noticing of
stereotypes helps people to make a decision of which areas are sensitive, weak and best
approaches of communicating to them. When people are listening, they tend to give a
certain signal to signify disapproval or approval of the message being communicated.
Good detectives are observant as they know that a person small, easily and overlooked
clue can indicate that there is a difference between unsolved and solved case.
The most productive line of questioning suggests that there is a nervous glace of a
witness in a situation or aspect where a case is mentioned. Similarly, people can conduct
their critical thinking more effectively through the observation of behaviours of their
colleagues and others.
Observation can help people to learn more about the things around them and relate more
meaningful to others. In addition, observation aids critical thinking.
Practice on receiving a sense of impression more attentively is a good way of becoming
more observant.
Observation brings valuable insights although a person can increase the number and
quality of the insights by developing the habit of reflecting on observations

Paraphrase This Document

Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
Document Page
17
Chapter 16
In critical thinking context, the term issue refers to any matter about which people tend to
disagree on a particular issue. Furthermore, the term issue is a synonym of the word
controversy which means any feeling of security generated by the issue approach is
purely imaginary.
To limit an issue successfully, a person must list as many aspects of issues as possible. In
the case of an important, or highly controversial, a person must list as many aspects as
possible, make a list of which aspects to be addressed and treat all aspects successfully.
The chosen aspects need to meet the interest of audiences, occasion, the purpose of
analysis and amount of time and space required.
People tend to give a particular signal to indicate disapproval or approval of an argument
or an idea when they are listening. For example, low” uh-huh”, smile and nodding of a
head occasionally assent a signal of agreement.
Using all sense of a mind from wandering aimlessly is one way toward observations.
Regularly, people tend to become unobservant due to their attitudes of becoming too
absorbed to their feelings, thoughts and themselves. Observant people are constantly in
touch with the current trends around them and have also learned to get outside
themselves.
Document Page
18
Chapter 17 Conducting inquiry
An inquiry is defined as an ability of a person to seek answers to questions, investigate
issues, gathering of information and help in drawing a conclusion. Furthermore, Inquiry
helps people to get beyond their first impressions, personal preferences, preconceived
notions and feelings.
The two basic types of inquiry include Inquiry into opinions and facts. Opinion can be
uninformed or informed in a situation where the inquiry purpose demands gathering of
both opinions which have more interest in informed opinions.
Often, people need to inquire into both opinions and facts.
There are several specific encyclopedias of social sciences, art, education, science, music,
philosophy, business, history, literature, philosophy, music, science, education, and many
other areas. The encyclopedias contain titles of books and articles that are helpful as well
as historical background.
The current technologies of retrieving information have made it easy for a person to
conduct a data search.
The cost of conversion from old systems to new is considerable although the technologies
continue to evolve.
The strategy for conducting an inquiry on the Internet includes developing a list of
resources required and evaluation of information sources.
Efficiency can be more difficult to achieve in Internet searches because distractions often
are more frequent and tempting.
Document Page
19
Chapter 18 forming a judgment
Judgment is defined as a conclusion that is arrived through careful reasoning and
examination of evidence. Judgments are considered as thinking products, unlike feelings
which are unconscious and spontaneous.
Evaluation plays an essential role in all fields but not as opposed to science. In other
fields, the information is likely to be more fragmentary or less clear, opinions are likely
to be more sharply in conflict and the judgment quality is likely to depend heavily on
evaluation.
Making careful distinction is an essential consideration in argument and evaluation of
evidence. The exact distinction which is needed it depends on the situation as the act of
expressing a judgment can alter it.
A balanced view of an issue is one that reflects all the subtlety and complexity of the
issue.
The dominant view exerts considerable force on most people’s thinking, particularly
when the issue is controversial and emotion is running high.
To achieve a balanced view of the issues that are being addressed by an individual, a
person must be willing to look for the neglected side of the issue and, when there is a
good reason to do so, to challenge the prevailing view.

Secure Best Marks with AI Grader

Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
Document Page
20
Chapter 19 persuading others
Persuasion is a presentation of views in an effective manner so that individuals who
disagree on an issue will be motivated to reconsider their own views while those who
have no issue will be inclined to agree.
The guidelines for persuasion include respect for audiences’ viewpoint, beginning a
position that an individual has with leaders, taking positive approach, if possible
understanding of the argument, coinciding in a situation where opposing side has a point,
avoidance of ignorance on any relevant facts, avoiding overwhelming of readers with
argument, avoidance of using arguments which is irrelevant or not sound, allowing time
for gaining acceptance by using summary of the guidelines for persuasion as a checklist.
It is difficult to believe that when a person presents his or her ideas, a reader embraces
their ideas and immediately abandon theirs.
It is a nice move for people to use one argument that is worth considering as it is easy to
choose a variety of consideration without contradictions of arguments.
Truth is one of the most essential characters of a writer. Without truth, it becomes very
hard for a writer to persuade his or her readers resulting in clever persuasion instead of no
persuasions.
Different readers usually appeal to different arguments. It is essential for a writer using
arguments that appeal to his or her readers and understanding viewpoints on the issue.
Document Page
21
1 out of 21
[object Object]

Your All-in-One AI-Powered Toolkit for Academic Success.

Available 24*7 on WhatsApp / Email

[object Object]