Cross Cultural Management: National Culture, Leadership, and Motivation and HRM

This report discusses the importance of cross cultural management in dealing with individuals from different backgrounds. It focuses on the impact of national culture, leadership styles, and motivation on managing a diverse team. The case study of Brett Jones in Tanzania is used to illustrate the application of theories and provide recommendations.

Cross Cultural
Management
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
National Culture...........................................................................................................................3
Leadership....................................................................................................................................5
Motivation and HRM...................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
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INTRODUCTION
Cross cultural management is regarded as the administration study in respect of cross
cultural. This mainly involves the analysis related to the societal culture upon managers and
various practices of management. This is essential for firm as it assists them to deal with
individuals who come from different background. Now a day the aim of entity is to serve clients
internationally for acknowledging the various cultures (Barola and et. al., 2020). Moreover, if
managers into firm will have understanding about numerous cultures, it will not become capable
to handle the diverse personnel within its team. In addition to this, respective term aids firm to
get knowledge about staff that join firm as well as belong from several cultures. This report is
based upon the case study that is related to Brett Jones in Tanzania. The topics that are chosen
for respective report are national culture, leadership and motivation and HRM. So, in this report,
applications of theories towards problems along with some recommendation are discussed.
MAIN BODY
National Culture
National culture is considered as a set of standards, values, attitudes, customs and many
more which are shared through individuals into nation. This may involve fundamental
characteristics such as traditions, languages and so on. This is essential elements for firm as it
may effectively contribute towards their whole profit as well as performance. In addition to this,
nation culture is referred as the behaviour of inhabitants of nation that is shaped through cultural
traditions, values as well as beliefs which are common to them as well as that differentiate from
another states of nation (Birdie, 2020). Therefore, Hofstede model is utilised for comparing
various societies of nation as well as it is comprises of 6 dimensions which are independent from
one another. This cultural dimension theory is formed in year 1980 through Dutch management
researcher named as Geert Hofstefe, which is framework that is applied for understanding the
differences into cultures across the countries as well as to distinguish the ways that enterprises is
performed with various cultures. This is important as any firm expanding their business to other
countries as it helps them to know about the differences among nation so that they get an idea
about how to manage such variations. The various dimensions are individualism vs collectivism,
indulgence vs restraints and many more. Whole these cultural dimension shows nation
predilection which are independent as well as distinct from each other. In respect of given case
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study, Brett Jones assumed that one do not has to draw attention towards itself and must know to
respect whole distinguished cultures.
Problem and application of model:
The main problem which Hydro Generation was faced that is, they do not have more
knowledge related to home corporate and understanding about politics, culture and economic
situation of host nation. The Hofstede model initial dimension is power distance index which
states the level at which society residue who has less power believe that power is categorised into
unequal portion. This is basically regarding how respective society manages in equalities within
various individuals living there. The person living into societies which demonstrate higher
degree of dimension and is a portion of hierarchical order in which not any justification is
required. The dimension is individualism vs collectivism where individualism is considered as
choices for a societal structure which is loosely-knit. Within it, person into firms are expected to
take care about its families (Bobina, 2019). Because of this, Brett Jones was not capable to
facilitate assistant to their colleagues for adopting the new surroundings.
Based on power distance index of hofstede model, a higher index consider that person into
nation believes into hierarchy. On another side, collectivism is whole regarding the preference
for structure which states that society stands in collective manner. The other dimension is
masculinity versus femininity in which masculinity shows the societal preferences for
accomplishment, material rewards and fearlessness for success (NATIONAL CULTURE, 2020).
The whole society is regarded as a competitive that highlights that the market Tanzanain into
competitive marketplace. Whereas femininity are a dimension which stands for the preferences
for society, firms, quality of life and modesty. The masculinity vs femininity dimensions which
is considered as hard versus tender in respect of business. Dimension of hofstede model is
uncertainty avoidance index or UAI. This states the level up to which are uncomfortable with
ambiguity and uncertainty (Cashdan, 2019). Moreover, the nation which exhibits a stronger
uncertainty avoidance index has rigid belief codes.
Long term vs short term orientation dimensions of hofstede model shows that every society
into nation that supposed for maintaining few links along with their past while this deals with the
future and current challenges. The societies which score lower for respective dimension that
generally consider old traditions. The last dimension into particular model is indulgence vs
restraints in which former shows a society which permit a natural human satisfaction that drives
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towards enjoyment and fun. On another side, restraint states societies which do not support any
types of fulfilment as well as have social rules which are strict. Thus, all these are dimensions of
respective model that is Hofstede.
Leadership
Leadership is regarded as an essential element for an organisation which essentially
contributes towards whole organisational success. This is whole regarding encouraging staffs,
group members or subordinates as well as inspires them towards attaining objective in effective
and efficient way. Moreover, leadership in business can be considered as guiding employees in
order to maximise its whole productivity and performance level. In simple term, leadership is an
art of encouraging a group of person to act towards attaining objectives. In firm, this means to
guide employees as well as colleagues with a strategy so that its requirements can be
accomplished (Chernova, 2019). As effectual leader is required to possess numerous skills such
as establishing strategies, time management, directing as well as facilitating productive feedback
and others. This is vital as it assists individuals to perform into firm for maximising its whole
effectiveness in order to attain objectives of entity. Along with this, it is known as an ongoing
procedure in which leaders has to direct the group members so that they perform effectively with
full potential as well as their skills get used. In respect of given case study, Steinberg who is the
Vice president of Hydro Generation is complying Laissez faire leadership style. Within
respective leadership style, leaders enable their team members to develop its own decisions that
are provided into case study. So, Brett Jones is permitted to develop his own decision as well as
their subordinates’ needs to undertake complete accountability of its particular decisions and
which it will be responsible for the outcomes.
Steinberg has established a flat organisational structure but few local staff complained that
they was not organised in effective way as well as this observed that no one was incharge. The
respective firm was not so much effectual in context of dealing with local individuals and
because of this, the local staff turnover rates enhances and was high. It further drives towards
that none people can able to states the issues. There are several theories of leadership such as
behavioural theory, situational theory, transactional theory, and many more which may be
helpful to understand how particular individuals become the leaders and its attitudes (Chew and
et. al., 2019). According to trait leadership theory, there are few natural qualities which develops
effective leaders. This also determined that if an individual has these qualities them this does not
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mean that it has stronger skills also. In addition to this, respective leadership theory is very much
similar to great man theory which is developed upon characteristics of various leaders such as
unsuccessful as well as successful both. It is utilised to assumed effectual leadership. Generally,
the determined characteristics are compared with potential leaders fro ascertaining its likelihood
of leading in effective and efficient way. In respect of given case study, Graham Steinberg
known as Brett Jones as a part of Tanzanian project. It is so Jones had already accomplished the
projects on initial and construction phases of project as well as outcomes were extremely
adequate.
For the respective organisation, Hydro generation this is essential to has an effectual leader
who is competent to face and resolve the issues. Other leadership theory mainly concentrates
upon how an environment of individuals assists them to become a leader. So, the one of the
essential aspects of this particular theory as well as determined that person is very much likely to
perform into respective style that is the outcomes of environmental responses. Moreover, it is
one of the vital leadership theories. Various leadership theories are for distinct working
surroundings as well as aid to attain the objectives of business in success way (Foreman-Wernet,
2020). Leadership also contributes towards whole profit and productivity of organisation within
market. In respect of give case study, the respective firm Vice president as a leader has beliefs
that Brett Jones was not very small to eager for accommodating itself towards the ways of
Tanzania where business was performed. In addition to this, because of flat structure the firm,
individuals into respective region thoughts which was not so much organised.
This may be also observed that from the given case study that, individuals within Tanzania
needs guidance as there was not any superior. An effectual leader have competency to persuade
others for identifying best among them. He aids another individual to know about the
effectiveness of its tasks and accordingly knowing them to facilitate courageous efforts as well as
attain the specified goals. He knows the inclinations of people as well as work examples of its
subordinates and staff members and stimulates them into like way (Kaleramna, Saharan and
Singh, 2019). A pioneer is considered as the one who undertaken preferences as well as plans
methodologies immediately as well as actualise them within a short notifications. He does not
only perform to respond problems, however urges another to aids him with attaining goals.
Moreover, he determines the master plan, chalking out an arrangement as well as drives towards
it. A leader also known for their brilliant relational abilities as well as understands character of
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person, may deliver his messages without any hesitation and accordingly towards subordinates
and administrators. As he remember capabilities, subject matters, interests etc. of another one,
this makes for him simple to talk with them fortify the work relation as well as urge them to be
significantly involved.
Motivation and HRM
Motivation is considered as the staff willingness into firm for putting higher level potential
in order to attain entity’s objectives. This is vital aspect into firm as this inspires staff into
organisation to perform in appropriate way so that whole organisational productivity as well as
profitability may be attained (Michailova and FeePerelló-Sobrepere, 2020). Staff who are
encouraged as well as engaged towards its works put potential to obtain delegated task to be
done in effectual way. It outcomes into enhancement of performance as well as firm become
competent to obtain competitive edge against others. In respect of provide case study, Brett Jones
was encouraged to live into Tanzania as well as which the particular firm that is Hydro
generation would identified it tough to determine someone like him as a project part. It is so he
was trained in professional manner as well as also has acquaintance with host nation.
Motivation theories are considered as the task with determining that leads person to
perform towards objectives or result. There are various motivational theories which may be used
into the given cases for gaining effective understanding for same. In addition to this, there are
many motivational theories which are formed for describing the concept of motivation. It leads
that forces a person to perform in specific manner. Motivation expects an essential job into
modifying thoughts of representative into organisation. Unapproachable disposition is smothered
most productively through inspiration. The nearness of these great thoughts allows company to
boost as well as become effectual. A very much confident personnel is dependable one. Awaken
representative has high-minded spirit levels as well as accountability towards firm and their
objectives. Motivation in this manner low down the turnover of the representatives as well as
reduce the needs for stable recognition of new staff. Motivation provides guidance to personnel
as provided into case study. Along with this, the personnel learn to perform with one another
coordination. The various motivational theories assist to obtain an insight of numerous manners
which encourage staff as well as aid them to perform in effective way.
There are various motivational theories such as McClelland’s theory of needs that determined
that there are 3 inspiring aspects as well as doe not based upon age or gender. These drivers
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attainment, power as well as affiliation. Within it, attainment may be regarded as the
requirements of a person for accomplishing something. People, who have higher requirements of
attainment, prefer to undertake accountability of works where outcomes are depends upon its
person efforts (What Is Motivation And How It Works, 2020). On another side, affiliation is the
requirements of belongings. In addition to this, individuals who have higher requirements for
association are encourage through being enjoyed as well as understand by another one. It will as
usual participate into get together as well as might be uncomfortable with conflict. Force is a
need to control their own task through another individuals with efficient needs for power that
want situation where it practices force as well as affect over others. It desire for post with status
as well as authority as well as will as usual very much worried about its impact level in
comparison of effective work implementation.
Human resource management is considered as an effectual management of individuals
within firm. It is helpful to bridge the gap among staff performance as well as firm’s strategic
goals. In addition to this, an appropriate team of human resource management may provide
organisation an edge over its competition (Shams and Belyaeva, 2019). Theories of HRM may
be used for gaining better knowledge about the provide case study. According to this, resource
based theory of HRM, Whole resources which are available with an entity are rare as well as
significant. Moreover, they are tough to imitate as well as contributes towards whole
organisational success. Along with this, the resource based theory explains that the possession of
resources should be valuable, rare, tough to imitate as well as cannot substituted. It states that
firm must seek internally for identifying the competitive advantage sources by utilisation of its
resources. Within respective theory, resources are provided the main role to assists firm in
attaining more competitive advantages as well as performance of organisations. In respect of
provided case study, the vice president believed that the available resources are to be important
as well as it must be applied in more proficient way.
Along with this, while performing a function as well as operations of business in
appropriate way. HRM plays vital role as by this it can become competent to complete the work
effectively and efficiently (Visconti, Peñaloza and Toulouse, 2020). In addition to this, there are
many another advantage that is accomplish through an entity by effectual management of human
resources like inspire staff by which it feel motivated and drives towards quality into production.
Apart from this, the practices of human resource management also assist an entity to formulate
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plan of action as per the circumstances that a firm is present facing. Human resource
management also aids entity to develop appropriate norms, practices as well as regulations that
assists them in performing task in appropriate way in order to attain the expected objectives in
successful way.
Recommendation
Thus, from the above mentioned report, it has been recommended that the autocratic
leadership style has executed for accomplishing the project in successful manner. It is the way,
the leader will become competent for observing the subordinates performance as well as also
facilitates them direction wherever needed. Not only this, it has been also suggested that in order
to perform recruitment process in more proficient way as this will aids firm to hire individuals
who are more competent as well as qualified for particular vacant post. Along with it, managers
have to be encouraged its subordinates for assuring that effective as well as required output are
accomplished. In addition to all this they should comply the hierarchy organisational structure as
this helps them that there are someone who take accountability of all the work to be done
inefficient manner.
CONCLUSION
As per the above report, it has been concluded that for an organisation, it is vital to adapt
cross culture at its work area as by this they become competent to grab the attention and retain its
clients in successful manner. With the assistance of cross culture, firm can gain various benefits
like staffs feel encouraged, formation of optimistic work environment, maximisation into quality
of work and others. Before exploring an enterprise a firm required to ascertain specific areas
culture so that it will helpful to formulate strategies and plans as per that. Along with this, they
will also assist firm to adopt updated technology and ideas based upon nation’s culture.
Moreover, leadership is helpful to guide employees as well as colleagues with a strategy so that
its requirements can be accomplished. This is vital aspect into firm as this inspires staff into
organisation to perform in appropriate way so that whole organisational productivity as well as
profitability may be attained. Along with this, some motivational theories like McClelland’s
theory is applied for inspiring people to work towards attainment of organisational objectives.
Apart from this, it’s also required to prefer numerous aspects like firm’s culture, motivation,
leadership, and others.
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REFERENCES
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version of Diabetes Self‐Management Profile‐Self Report in Indian type 1 diabetes
patients. Pediatric Diabetes.
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Global Citizenship. CRC Press.
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of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2019, No. 1, p. 12225). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510:
Academy of Management.
Cashdan, E., 2019. Risk and uncertainty in tribal and peasant economies. Routledge.
Chernova, N. I., 2019, January. Cross-cultural Communicative Competence of Specialists at the
Innovative University Cluster in the Logic of Their Language Training Quality
Improvement. In International Scientific Conference" Far East Con"(ISCFEC 2018).
Atlantis Press.
Chew, E. Y. and et. al., 2019. Multiple intelligence and expatriate effectiveness: the mediating
roles of cross-cultural adjustment. The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, pp.1-33.
Foreman-Wernet, L., 2020. Culture Squared: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Values
Espoused by National Arts Councils and Cultural Agencies. The Journal of Arts
Management, Law, and Society. 50(3). pp.155-168.
Kaleramna, N., Saharan, T. and Singh, U., 2019. Cultural intelligence stimulating professional
adjustment. Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research. 20(1). pp.1-7.
Michailova, S. and Fee, A., 2020. Host country nationals’ cross-cultural adjustment: Their
exchange relationship with expatriates and its spillovers.
Perelló-Sobrepere, M., 2020, May. CROSS-CULTURAL MARKETING IN THE 21ST
CENTURY: WHY ANY FUTURE SCOPE NEEDS TO LOOK AT INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES. In GLOBAL (Vol. 4, p. 51).
Shams, S. R. and Belyaeva, Z., 2019. Quality assurance driving factors as antecedents of
knowledge management: A stakeholder-focussed perspective in higher
education. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 10(2). pp.423-436.
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Visconti, L. M., Peñaloza, L. and Toulouse, N. eds., 2020. Marketing management: A cultural
perspective. Routledge.
Online
NATIONAL CULTURE. 2020. [Online]. Available
through:<https://hi.hofstede-insights.com/national-culture>.
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