CSC8419 - CRYPTOGRAPHY AND SECURITY - ASSIGNMENT 2

CSC8419 - CRYPTOGRAPHY AND SECURITY - ASSIGNMENT 2

Table of Contents
Task 1.........................................................................................................................................2
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................5
Task 3.........................................................................................................................................9
Task 4.......................................................................................................................................10
References................................................................................................................................13
1

Task 1
Debian DVD ISO image’s verification process
From the link https://goo.gl/8CNeyc, the required data has been downloaded and ISO image
has been checked for their completeness by comparing the signatures as follows.
 List and save all the file in the directory at the correct place
 For the MD5, correct signature must be verified using the free tool named as GNU
Privacy Guard
ID= 6294BE9B has been extracted from running the above command where public
key is not available. The reason for non-availability is that the command runs for the
first time. To retrieve the public keys, following steps are done.
 Now from the server of Debian Key, the public key can be downloaded using the ID
“6294BE9B”
2

 For the checksum files, there will be verification of their signatures
The confirmation of the authenticity is stated by the appearance of the statement as
“Good signature from "Debian CD signing key <[e-mail]>”. The
comparison with the list given in https://www.debian.org/CD/verify is done with the
help of generated fingerprint key as DF9B 9C49 EAA9 2984 3258 9D76 DA87 E80D
6294 BE9B.
3

 In last, there will be verification of the data inside the ISO image and in this, the
checksum of the image should matches with the correct signature of the expected
checksum file
4

Task 2
Step [1] Encoded and text formats are used for the representation of the given global
parameters
5

Step [2] Public parameters are used for the generation of private or public key and
there generate them
Step [3] Get the private key
6

Step [4] All parameters are now set for the generation of the shared secret key. This
generation is occurred with the help of instructor’s private and public key
7

Step [5] Finally, the generated shared key should be equivalent and matches the key
generated at the side of the instructor and it must be correct secret key
8

Task 3
9

Task 4
‘Using OpenSSL to generate the Digital certificates’
Abstract
Digital Certificates are digital form of recognition and identification just like driver license.
With the help of digital certificates, it is easy to gather the information regarding the entity
whose certificate is this. The verification and validation of the certificates from the trusted
authority guarantees the validation of the information supported by the certificates. The
owner of the certificate and the private must have to protect the associated private key.
Website runs using the internet connection and they are configured with HTTP using the
digital certificates. OpenSSL tool helps in developing such certificates for several systems
(Zhu and Lin, 2016).
Introduction
Digital Certificates are important for the identification of any person or business so that they
must have identity for identification. Here the research has been done on the digital
certificates and how it can be developed using the OpenSSL Tool.
Digital certificates
Digital certificates are the public key certificates and are actually electronic documents which
are used to verify the identity of a person or business in the market. Every certificate is
created using specific content and format. The information included in the certificate are
regarding the issued person or business, certifying authority, valid date and any restriction on
the use (Bort, 2014).
OpenSSL
OpenSSL is the tool for the Transport Layer Security and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Protocols which is highly robust and commercially upgraded. This tool is a licensed under
Apache-style License. For simple license condition, it can be used in free for the commercial
and non-commercial purpose (Chandrasekar, et-al, 2017).
Purpose of Digital Certificates
10

The purpose of the digital certificate includes:
 Creation of owners identity
 Makes the availability of the owner’s public key
A trusted authority is always involved in the certification of the digital certificates. Every
certificate has its limited range of time. Replacement of the digital certificates is required
after the expiry of the existing digital certificate.
Process of generation
For generation of the digital certificates following steps are followed:
Step [1] Create certificate signing request or CSR from the certified authority in
addition to it entries must be filled
Step [2] For the generation of the password, set the commands for password for
security
Step [3] In order to save the private key, create the key file for storage
Step [4] After request command and generation of private key, generate the X.509
digital certificates using the OPENSSL
Step [5] Now, generate the certificate for the person in addition to password and the
private key using OPENSSL
Step [6] Generate the encoded public key which only contains the public key which
requires no password
Step [7] Verify the certificates from trusted authority using OPENSSL (SAS, 2018)
Benefits
 End users have minimum involvement in the digital certificates
 There is no requirement of extra hardware
 No requirement of backup plan
 Easy accessibility of multiple devices
 Scalability can be analysed to accommodate the business growth
 Supported by multiple company’s applications and networks
 Provides global level security (García, et-al, 2015)
Limitations
11

 Computational system requires high speed to use digital certificates
 Fraud issues in certification causes huge losses
 It protects the only area of company for which it is developed
 Advanced cyber crime is the issue (Schukat and Cortijo, 2015)
Recommendations
Digital certificates provided many solutions to the area of authentication to the person or
business. It supports public key cryptography because they contain the public key as the main
identity in the certificate. It provides a solution in finding the user’s public key and its
validation as certificates provides specific public key to the individual and specifically
guaranteed by the issuer. Generation of digital certificate with the help of OpenSSL helps in
better interaction of the websites and provides easy configuration of the HTTP from web
server.
Conclusion
This report has been developed in context to the development of the digital certificates using
the OpenSSL certificate. This report also provides the information related to the basic
concept of digital certificate and openSSL.
12

References
SAS 2018, Setting Up Digital Certificates Using OpenSSL, viewed 9 May, 2018,
<https://publib.boulder.ibm.com/tividd/td/TRM/GC32-1323-00/en_US/HTML/
admin230.htm>.
Zhu, W. & Lin, J. 2016, "Generating Correlated Digital Certificates: Framework and
Applications", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 11, no. 6, pp.
1117-1127.
Bort, J. 2014, "Microsoft blacklists all DigiNotar certificates; Microsoft counters active
attacks by banning the certificate authority and the fraudulent digital certificates", Women
and Language, vol. 37, no. 2.
Chandrasekar, B., Ramesh, B., Prabhu, V., Sajeev, S., Mohanty, P. & Shobha, G. 2017,
"Development of Intelligent Digital Certificate Fuzzer Tool", ACM, , pp. 126.
García, B., Gómez, A., Conde, R., Hernández, Y. & Valero, M.Á. 2015, "Breaking the Web
Barriers of the e-Administration Using an Accessible Digital Certificate Based on a
Cryptographic Token", Advances in Software Engineering, vol. 2015, pp. 1-11.
Schukat, M. & Cortijo, P. 2015, "Public key infrastructures and digital certificates for the
Internet of things", IEEE, , pp. 1.
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