Cultural Practices and Evaluation of Public Health Intervention for Obesity Management

This report discusses the cultural practices in England that can help or hinder public health interventions for obesity management. It identifies four cultural practices that can affect the intervention, namely food-related beliefs, religious and spiritual practices, dietary preferences, and medical treatment. The report also explains how a qualitative and quantitative evaluation can be carried out for the intervention, including the tools used for evaluation.

Public Health

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
1. Identify and critically discuss four cultural practices in England that could be a help and a
hindrance to the intervention..................................................................................................3
2. Explain how a qualitative and quantitative evaluation could be carried out for this
intervention.............................................................................................................................5
Ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention.........................8
3. Evaluate the ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention.9
4. Discuss how the effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention will be determined.....10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
The health promoting effective interventions along with fitness education, vitamins
education, nutritional alternate techniques as well as an environmental modification. In this,
within the content material which mainly specialize in weight loss plan most effective or on
weight loss plan and exercising withinside the settings of schools, workplaces, number one care,
the society as well as the super store (Spencer and et. al., 2019). The main intention of the
effective intervention was 'healthful eating', generally illustrated as a weight loss plan reduced in
fats or saturated fats as a percent of energy, and improved in starchy foods, fruit and vegetables
as well. in the report, there is a discussion about the basic four cultural practices which can be
aidful as well as hinderance towards the effective interventions of healthy lifestyle. In this, the
report will include a qualitative and a quantitative evaluation of the effective interventions to
maintain a healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, there is also a discussion about the efficiency and
effectiveness of the effective interventions which can be efficiently determined in relation with
healthy lifestyle as well.
MAIN BODY
1. Identify and critically discuss four cultural practices in England that could be a help and a
hindrance to the intervention.
England is influenced by many citizens but the most influences by Christian religion
lifestyle and also interact with the tradition and culture of Europe country (Bagci, Rosenfeld and
Uslu, 2021). The culture and tradition of England, Northern Ireland and Scotland are parallel to
each other, they follow the UK culture and tradition. There are many cultural practices that can
help or hindrance in intervention of the public health issues, one of the common public health
issues is obesity and their major public health intervention is healthy lifestyle. The four cultural
practices are food related belief, religious and spiritual, dietary preferences and medical
treatment. In England, people are suffering from the obesity at very high scale. Healthy lifestyle
is very important for being healthy and fit, it includes many things like physical activities, food
nutrition’s or balance diet, hygieneness and many more. Healthy lifestyle is very major
intervention that intervene the problem of the obesity in the population of England (Bis-Souza
and et.al., 2019).

Food and belief are the cultural practices of England that can resist or shows hindrance to
the public health intervention, some citizens believe that they can only having or eating
vegetable food and some communities are thinking, they can only eats flesh or non-vegetarian
food (Drouilly, Nattrass and O'riain, 2018). The communities and religion partially divided the
food supplement and nutrition’s. The particular community has generated the aura into their
mind, they believe only in particular source of food. There are many communities have strictly
followed the food and belief culture, they do not consume milk also milk products. So, this can
lead the restriction into the intervention that is healthy lifestyle and These types of population not
cover up the basic daily diets and leads to malnutrition. The whole process can cause the
problem of obesity. Religious and Spiritual is one of the major cultural practices that can also
resist the intervention of the obesity because many people strictly follow their religion and do not
follow the healthy lifestyle. They believe that every religion has a particular lifestyle from food
to daily routines, so they run their life according to their religion factors and spiritual. In basic,
many religions strictly prohibited the eating of non-vegetarian food. They consume only herbal
food and vegetarian food and also not take care of the physical work; this can lead to highly risk
of lipid deposition into the body and the formation of adipose tissues. It can stimulate the obesity
and this problem may arise different diseases into the body (Harnischfeger and Dando, 2021).
Dietary preference is defined as the preference of the food or diet that can having on the
daily bases, many people have chosen or select their diet on daily routine, which is mainly
related to the cultural practices of the people or community (McConn, Cline and Gilbert 2018).
Additionally, it can affect the daily lifestyle, source of income and health status of the
population. As in relation to the England, the survey says that many peoples have only eat meat
that can affect the health as stimulation of diabetes into the diabetic patients, increases the
chances of heart related diseases like stroke, myocardial infraction, heart attack etc. In relation to
the intervention of obesity that is healthy lifestyle can only effects on the body, when the person
is having all type of nutrition’s like carbohydrates, protein, fats, fibers, vitamins and many more.
They can full fill the needs of the body and leads to the disease free or healthy body. Obesity rate
is increases in both genders women and men but, women can least interest in physical activities
because they mostly prefer group activities. As various cultures have diverse ideas and feelings
in relation to food as some people prefer to eat meat, fish, vegetables, fruits or many others
(Harnischfeger and Dando, 2021). The term culture is defined as the behavior, idea, attitude or

various traditions that take place within the group of people. It can be said that numerous
cultures have some laws which leads to build the eating preferences of the people.
Furthermore, there are cultural differences in the way people behave, eat, which also effects food
the preference. There can also be deviations in the culture over time and in the societies.
The minority people can not avail the features of medical treatment, they have many
issues like financial issue, illiteracy, unemployment and many more. Public health issue that is
obesity is one of the common issues that can face by many minorities people. The doctors and
nutritionist tries to reduce the problem of obesity in the minorities people as teaches and gives
them instructions regarding the intervention that is healthy lifestyle which includes many things
like hygieneness, cleanliness, take proper diet includes balance diet also, physical activities,
yoga, meditation and many more. Sometimes these cultural practices may cause hindrance into
the intervention of obesity because of the people follows religion, food beliefs, medical treatment
and many behavioral activities, attitudes towards the obesity intervention. They are used with
the aim of improving the overall health in relation to physical and mental on the level of
population (Vashi an d et.al., 2018). Due to which the government has taken diverse steps on
order to elevate the level of knowledge in context to the various health approaches. Under which
it will provide the information about the value of health and the ways to better the health. Due to
which the country will develop as a whole and most of the people are not aware about the
balance diet. Such as they do not have much information about the nutrition’s in food such as
fiber, fat, vitamins, enrich food, carbohydrates, protein and many others. Minority or backward
class people are not able to take in that source because of the financial issues. That is why, the
culture of England has created a leading effect on the intervention and the term public health
intervention is defined as the different ways in which the various policies are utilized.
The possible cultural barriers that can could be hindrance such as concept of justice,
family values, assumptions and beliefs, the family roles and many more. In this, having a
negative family environment can destruct the emotional and mental well-being, that can turn to
reduced physical well-being. There is also a language barrier that can create hindrance towards
the public health. In context with the cultural practice that could be a help to the intervention
such as positive values, positive beliefs that can create a positive family environment which can
encourage the positive mental as well as emotional well-being, that effectively lead to an
enhanced physical well-being.

2. Explain how a qualitative and quantitative evaluation could be carried out for this intervention.
The health intervention that has been decided for the health issue of obesity that is
maintenance of healthy lifestyle can be useful in both at preventing as well as management of
obesity. The intervention aims at promoting healthy choices by the individual in terms of dietary
choices as well as in terms of physical activity. An individual consuming healthy and nutritious
food while keeping track of the calories that are being consumed and fulfilling the requirements
of all the nutrients and vitamins that are required by the body is nowhere near being likely to be
obese. Also, the individual who includes regular exercise in his daily routine will get the excess
calories consumed in doing exercise and these excess calories and unsaturated fats will no longer
be present in the body to contribute to the individual being obese.
The evaluation of the intervention process is necessary to make sure that the
implementation of the intervention process has been done appropriately or not. During
evaluation of any intervention, the fidelity of the process of implementation of the intervention is
evaluated. For the evaluation of a process usually two approaches are used which are
quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Qualitative and Quantitative approach of evaluation
The use of qualitative approach has been very extensive in nature as it allows one to
understand the concept of the intervention and the outcomes received due to the implementation
of the intervention. The quantitative approach consists of formation of a standardized set of
questionnaire or questionnaire specifically related to the intervention are framed. Then the
answers obtained from these questions are integrated with the statistical data obtained about the
intervention. This approach of evaluation makes use of the evaluation scales for the process. An
example of the quantitative approach for process evaluation can be development and use of
measuring scales to measure the managerial attitude which is exhibited by the manager while
implementing the process or scales for measuring the actions took by the manager in the
implementation process. Certain aspects of intervention can also be evaluated quantitively like
the number of participants of the intervention and the variety of outcomes obtained (Hennessy,
Economos and Hammond, 2020). The quantitative method requires less time to evaluate and the
results obtained are more objective in nature that the results of qualitative approach.
The qualitative approach is considered to be supplementary to the quantitative approach.
This involves collecting qualitative information through questionnaire that are not specifically

structured to related to the outcomes of the process. Qualitative approach can also be beneficial
in providing a better understanding of the public health issue and its prevalence. This approach is
apt for the purpose of understanding the process irrespective to the outcomes achieved by its
implementation. Qualitative assessment is considered to be good starting point of the evaluation
of a process as it provides the basic knowledge about the perspective of the process and also
provides a detailed insight of the intervention (Dimitrov Ulian and et. Al, 2018). An example for
the qualitative evaluation will be conducting interviews with the participants of the intervention.
For the evaluation of the intervention of healthy lifestyle for the management of obesity
will be including both qualitative and quantitative approaches will be used. The qualitative one
will provide insights on the public health issue of obesity in detail along with the problems in the
life of participants that the disease is responsible for. The qualitative approach will also provide
the perspective of the intervention selected for management of obesity that is maintenance of
healthy lifestyle and what was the reason behind considering this intervention (Cooper and et.al.,
2018). The quantitative approach of evaluation will provide insight on the success of the
intervention in management of obesity. The quantitative approach will be concerned with
collection of data that provides exact numbers of the participants that are being benefited by the
intervention. The quantitative approach will also collect data on the actions that were used during
the process of intervention implementation. This information is necessary when the intervention
is to be implemented at a comparatively higher level targeting a wider population.
Tools used in the evaluation process
The quantitative and qualitative approaches involve different tools for the evaluation of
the intervention. The tools that will be considered for qualitative approach are interview
conduction which will involve interviewing the participants of the intervention about the process
of intervention implementation. The participants can be asked about the activities they are to
participate in as a part of the intervention. Then they could be asked about the effects they have
been experiencing by being a part of the intervention process. For instance, they can be asked
about the dietary components that are made mandatory to be added in the participant's diet chart
or interviewing them about their complete diet charts. Also, the participants can be interviewed
about the time duration of the physical activities that have been introduced in their daily routine
and how it was made well incorporated (Henein, and Ells, 2021). They can also be asked about
the intensity or the extent to which the activities are vigorous according to the participants.

Quantitative approach for the evaluation of the intervention of healthy lifestyle of linked
with collection of the data and statistics that can be related to the process of implementation of
the process or can be linked with the outcomes received from various activities of the process.
This data will be helpful in understanding the efficiency of the activities that are involved as a
part of the intervention. The data collected will also help to find the most efficient measure of all
the activities to keep the weight under control (Newnham‐Kanasand et.al., 2020). The tools that
can be used for the quantitative approach are collection of data about the calorie intake that have
been decided for various participants, data about the variation in the weights that have been seen
in the participants prior to the intervention and after the intervention and data about the duration
physical activities that have been incorporated in daily routine of the participants etc.
A well-being interventions is generally a combination of the specific strategies or
activities mainly designed to enhance, access, maintain and can encourage the well-being among
people or the population. The specific interventions can involve effective care and educational
programs, environmental enhancements, alterations within policy and a well-being promotion
campaign. In addition to this, the influence is both positive and negative, intended or unintended
alterations generally created by an intervention. While talking about qualitative investigation is
mainly based over feedback, outcomes taken from the patients to improve their well-being. In
context with quantitative study, it is mainly based on survey’s generally investigated by the
family members and so on.
Ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention
The ethical considerations can be defined as the principles and ethical aspects that are
mandatory to be kept in mind while delivering any intervention. This is necessary because
delivery of any health intervention is done on a human being. The interventions for any public
health issue can include a wide range of activities and professional disciplines and all of these
disciplines are bound by a range of ethical principles. This makes it mandatory for the health
care professionals to practice while considering the ethical guidelines set for the health care
services. It is the duty of the health care professionals that while implementation of the
intervention the anonymity of the patient is maintained; the health status of the participant is kept
confidential. These both are essential for the continuation of the participation of the subject. It is
also necessary for the care professionals to make sure that the intervention does not causes any
kind of harm to the participant (MacKay, 2022). The activities in the implementation process of

the intervention should be involved and designed by analysing their risk potential prior to their
involvement in the process. The activities should be designed in such a way that all the
participants are comfortable with the activities of the intervention.
The participants of the any intervention can practice their right to privacy and to keep
practising their cultural believes. For instance, in the case of intervention of heathy lifestyle for
obesity management, the participant might not want to disclose his participation in the
intervention. The participants might also have issues with the incorporation of non-vegetarian
components in the diet charts of the intervention so the care professionals responsible for
implementation of the intervention are responsible for designing the dietary charts in such a way
that there are alternatives for all the items and in both vegetarian, non-vegetarian and vegan
categories. Also, certain participants can be allergic to certain food items therefore the care
professionals are responsible for collecting data about all the food items that the participants are
allergic to and to design their diet chart accordingly. Apart from planning, the delivery of the
intervention is also bound by certain ethical considerations. For instance, in this case while
implementation of the physical activity as a part of the intervention of healthy lifestyle, the care
professional should not make the training regime rigid so that it can be manipulated as per the
condition of the patient. It is the duty of the implementers of the intervention that the physical
activities involved in the process do not cause any physical harm to the participant. The safety
and health of the participant should be kept as priority by the implementers. While evaluating the
process of implementation of the intervention the differences in the status or condition of the
participants should be considered so that the evaluation is done in a legit way. Therefore, the
implementers of the intervention process are required to follow the ethical requirements in order
to allow the participants to practice their rights efficiently (Buchanan, 2019).
3. Evaluate the ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention.
Ethical issues in public health declare universal rights for human, it says that all human
deserve protected life, health and well-being. The ethical issues in public health include health
protection, environmental health, health promotion and financing. These ethical considerations
are required to be evaluated in order to avoid any health hazards and to promote worldwide
health. Some additional ethical considerations are non-maleficence and fairness. Interventions
are useful for benefiting the global health and to deal with the ethical health issues. Ethical issues
are need to be addressed for promoting global health. Health care providers along with the

person being treated are considered as the accountable one for promoting intervention across the
globe.
Outline 2 ways the intervention could be of benefit to global health and 2 ways the providers
could be held accountable?
Healthy lifestyle includes healthy diet and some preventive methodologies to reduce the
risk of progressive disease and to maintain the normal physiology of human body. Interventions
for achieving good health and reducing the critical illness are essential for global health and it is
the primary duty of providers to promote interventions globally to reduce the health related
issues. Two interventions that can be used to benefit global health and for which providers can
be held accountable are:
Health promotion intervention for improving global health: Health promotion includes
promoting the individual towards good and healthy lifestyle, which include physical activities
and healthy diet. Physical activity stimulates body's defence mechanism and natural maintenance
system; it increases the body's natural ability to fight with disease pathogens. Physical activities
reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, strokes, heart attacks, high blood pressure, obesity, stiff
joints, osteoporosis, poor posture etc. Physical activities maintain a balance in between the
stamina, strength and suppleness of body plus provide a sufficient amount of energy to the
individual. Awareness about physical activities globally, decrease the risk of major illness among
public, make person feel energetic which increase the productivity at work as well as reduces the
mortality rate among general public due to cardio vascular diseases, strokes, obesity etc. The
disease progression and deterioration can be controlled via maintaining a healthy lifestyle with
physical activities (Reitz and Scaffa., 2020).
The provider can be held accountable for health promotion and creating awareness and
tutoring people world-wide about the importance of physical activities among general public are
gym trainers, health professionals and other physical activities trainers. These service providers
promote awareness using advertisement methods like mass media, radio and social media. In
addition to this, these providers give training and advices for maintaining the healthy lifestyle as
well as the fit body.
Free health campaign for diagnosis and treatment of patients, intervention for improving
global health: Free health campaign will allow the group of people which is not accessible to the
health care services. In addition to this, health campaign promotes healthy life styles by

educating about healthy eating habits. Healthy eating involves eating home preserved vegetables,
fruits and diet which provide high energy and low fat. A healthy diet should involve all the
ingredients that are sufficient to provide optimum nutrition’s to body, which are required for
maintaining the normal physiology of human body as well as are necessary to fight against
foreign pathogens (Martínez-González and et.al., 2019). Healthy eating habits reduces the risk of
coronary heart disease, Atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, diabetes, join pain and obesity.
Unhealthy diet involving alcohol and substance abusers increase the chances of disease more.
Healthy eating habits worldwide decreases the chance of progressive diseases like cardiac
disorders, obesity, diabetes and decrease the death rate and disease progression rate because of it.
The providers responsible for creating awareness and giving suggestions regarding
healthy eating habits are nutritionist, health professionals, trainers etc. These providers guide the
general public regarding the healthy eating habits and their benefits in maintaining health
(Hanawi and et.al., 2020). Different people have their own body requirement for daily
consumption of nutrition’s, so a nutritionist decides a diet chart according to the requirement and
disease condition of the individual. For example, the nutrition need of young adults is different
from the old age people due to their different requirement as well as due to disease conditions.
The trainers provide diet chart to people, to acquire their desired outcome of health and body
state.
4. Discuss how the effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention will be determined.
The effectiveness and efficiency of the interventions such as healthy eating and having
adequate amount of physical activity can be effectively determined. In this, at any of the time,
food generally give effective nutrients, energy as well as the bioactive elements that are
specifically essential for maintaining a good well-being. In this functioning, the food must give
or encourage an optimal growth as well as improvement as well as the family meals must be an
educational tool for the attainment of having a healthy eating habit, that will effectively make an
influence over the nutritional behaviour in the short, medium as well as the long terms. Among
children, due to having enhanced hours within schools as well as declining family meals
together, an educational institution has now become an important point for healthy lifestyle
education. Among all-purpose, the effective nutrients packages are mainly focused on own circle
of relatives and the college environments have a scarce influence on the nutritional intake, hence
they want to be supported with the aid of using various different beneficial techniques in order to

create a healthy environment, that includes growing the provision of healthy meals alternatives
and limiting junk meals advertising. While talking about the effectiveness of the health
promotion campaigns, it can be effectively determined by measuring by using the clinical and
pathological measures. It can be specifically observed by the physicians or can be effectively
measured by using instrument. In addition to this, another thing which can have an influence on
the low effectiveness of interventions is that not one of the person studies that can be applied
over long-time period nutrients packages. However, large-scale packages of the nutrients are
simpler to put into effect are preserved while finances and helps are available. This became
tested within the college research wherein the nutrients packages generally had been applied for
a prolonged period. This is a project for destiny research, as is the effect of the completeness of
an effective intervention. In this, the socioeconomic disparities within weight-reduction plan that
are inspired through elements which includes cost, get entry to and information. A weight-
reduction plan exceedingly excessive in strength is normally much less highly-priced than a
weight-reduction plan collaboratively with much less strength dense products, that can include
the vegetables. In this, the food choice isn't handiest a behavioural choice, however additionally
a monetary one. Access to healthful ingredients also can be inequitable (Vashi and et. al., 2018).
In context with Free Campaign Free health campaign for diagnosis and treatment of
patients, the effectiveness of the campaign can be efficiently determined by the help of taking
feedbacks from the patients and their family. In this, potential interventions can be determined by
reviewing the health status of the patients whether their condition is improving or not. It can also
be done by proper monitoring of the patient’s outcome.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it is concluded that the small results of interventions have been
determined on meals conduct, however the typical impact drastically favours a superb impact of
intervention in consuming behaviour. Further studies are mainly wanted with additional powerful
as well as long-time period of an effective interventions in order to evaluate what kind of
intervention will be the maximum beneficial to enhance healthful consuming conduct in
youngsters as well as the kids of low-profits families.

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