Debating Globalization Report

This report explores the impact of globalization on health, including the issues, risks, and consequences. It discusses how globalization increases the risk of diseases, poverty, unhealthy lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and crime rates. It also examines the risks factors related to health due to globalization, such as economic issues, circulation of health professionals and patients, and technological disruption. Additionally, it highlights the consequences of globalization on health and relevant Sustainable Development Goals. Overall, the report emphasizes the need to address the negative effects of globalization on health and promote equality.

Debating Globalization Report

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
How globalization impact on health along with issues...............................................................3
Risks factors of issues related to health due to globalization......................................................5
Consequences of globalization on health along with relevant SDG targets................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Globalization can be defined as phenomenon of increased economic integration across
countries by movement of ideas, people, resources, skills, technologies and products (Rinella and
Charlton,2016). In this context this study shows that globalization has both positive and negative
effects as it has been a crucial for economic growth. This study also shows all negative effects
which globalization has and is increasing on the health of people in the context of inequality.
Globalizations is having positive effects on developed countries and having negative effects on
developing countries so, this study shows both impacts. Further, it will also show some reasons
as why globalization is having several negative effects on health and one of the main reasons is
inequality of cash disbursement among countries, technological improvement and movement of
professionals and patients in developed countries.
How globalization impact on health along with issues
Before discussing impacts of globalization on health it is important to understand
meaning of globalization and key drivers of globalization. Globalization is just a connection of
different parts of the world which lead to expansion of international political, economic as well
as cultural activities. Movement of people, technologies, goods among different countries is also
called globalization. There are several benefits of globalization but on the flip side it is having
several negative effects on health and other elements to the great extent.
In the context of health it can be said that globalization is having several effects on health such
as:
Increases risk of diseases: Globalization is all about movement of people or goods across
nations and different countries and in this context it can be said that rapid mobility of people
across borders can increases and spread infectious diseases which is one of the big threat for all.
One of the main examples of it is COVID 19. It is disease which spread with social gathering
and globalization is one of the main reasons which is affecting people and their health to the
great extent. Increasing infectious disease like tuberculosis is one of the main impacts on health
due to globalization. One of the main reasons behind this is there is increasing resistance to drugs
which is also becoming the reason of increasing AIDS (Gupta, 2020)

Poverty: Globalization is increasing competition and only those companies who have strong and
active financial condition they can globalize their products and by doing so they become rich and
it affects only poor people. Expansion of technology is affecting to the poor and those people
who live in remote areas. Due to poverty they do not get access to healthcare and others services
which are important for them to improve their health and living style as well. Most hospitals in
developing countries or world are hard pressed in order to find books and they have to give
efforts to get informations due to poverty and imbalance disbursement of cash among countries.
Unhealthy lifestyle: Due to globalization and imbalance of cash disbursement is affecting
people especially to the poor. It is affecting their lifestyle. It becomes the reason of mal nutrition
because they find problems in having food and even satisfying their basic needs. It is also
increasing non communicable diseases. Obesity, hypertension is some problems which is
increasing to the great extent. Low income countries are facing many problems due to advanced
technology and globalization because they do not have enough money or fund to develop their
business as like to others.
Increasing rate of consumption of alcohol: Due to globalization, people of low income
countries and developing countries face problems in getting employment and when they do not
get appropriate opportunity due to globalization then they are more likely to have alcohol.
Aboriginal people of Australia are main example of it (Forster, T., Kentikelenis, Stubbs and
King, 2019). Due to inequality on the basis of race, low income, gender they consume and have
alcohol to the great extent. This extent of alcohol consumption also affects their family and close
relatives. After having alcohol they increase domestic violence which affects their children
physical and mental health. Due to globalization and bad habits of the poor also increases
accident rates. They do not be in their senses which increase accident rates.
Crime rates: Globalization is increasing crimes rates which also affect health of people. Due to
globalization people face problems in getting job and face inequality in employment and other
fields which put pressure on them to commit crimes in order to foster their family. It increases
fear in people and affect their mental health. Victims of criminals also got injured many of the
times. So, it can be said that globalization has several negative effects on the health of people
either directly or indirectly (Bradbury-Jones and Clark, 2017).

From the above discussed reasons and impacts it can be said that globalization is having
main negative effects on the poor and developing countries to the great extent. It is also
increasing inequality in the context of employment, treatment on the basis of income, race,
ethnicity and gender.
Risks factors of issues related to health due to globalization
Economic issues: Globalization is affecting to the economy to the great extent and it is
one of the main reasons of poor health and less life expectancy in the poor and developing
countries. Due to globalization only developed countries expand their businesses and developing
countries are lacking behind which affects their economy. Due to poor economy they are bind to
employ people at lower wages and due to lower wages and high prices of products people cannot
invest money in housing and other facilities. They also find difficulties in having effective
healthcare services due to low wages. So, it can be said that it is one of the main reasons.
Circulation of health professionals: Movement of professional is one of the main reasons
which shows that globalization is having negative effects on the health of patients. In the context
of movement of health professionals it can be said that due to high income and better facilities
health care professionals prefer to work in developed countries rather working in developing
countries. This movement affect health of people living in developing countries. For taking
better health they have to go in developed countries which increase their expenditures and also
has chances of affecting infectious diseases. Developed countries employ nurses as there is
shortage of healthcare professionals so, they recruit people from poorer countries and by
providing training they make them able to give better healthcare services. Developing countries
lack behind due to this and it is the reason that developing countries have les and ineffective
medical resources (Globalization in Healthcare, 2005).
Circulation of patients: As like movement of professionals due to globalization, movement of
patients has become a more recent phenomenon. There are several effective resources are
available in Western European and developed countries by which they become successful in
attracting infertile couples from US as they render services at half or 1/3 cost of those provided
in North America. It binds patients to move to developed countries which may affect their health
as it also increases their expenditures. It can be said that it affects economic condition of
developing countries when patients move to developed countries for treatments. Money of

developing countries goes into developed countries which make poor economy and it is other
main reasons (Bhugra, 2019).
Increasing rate of unemployment: Due to globalization it is stated that it affects unemployment
and people face inequalities in getting employment opportunities. And developed countries take
undue advantages of it and they employ people from developing countries at lower wages. Due
to poor economy of developing countries, people also prefer to go in developed countries for
employment opportunities and they have to live far away from their families. This imbalance in
employment worsen situation and economic condition of developing countries by which people
of them face difficulties in getting access to healthcare services and it leads mal nutrition in
children
Technological disruption: In the context of economic globalization and inequalities it can be
said that technological disruption is one of the main reasons of all negative effects of
globalization. In the 21st century, technological development is increasing capital intensity of
production in mainly highly developed economies. Demand of labour is decreasing due to
advanced technology as companies of developed countries make an effective use of technology
and using technologies to the great extent declining labour. Low skilled workforce gets affected
the most and face problem of loss of income, unemployment by which they commit crimes in
order to foster their families. It leads social tension.
There are several other reasons which show that all these factors and issues exacerbated
inequality at international level such as:
In this context, (The Globalization Debate, 2008) stated that globalization is unfit or unjust
because it leads inequalities. Many processes of it depends on corruption, fraud and other illegal
acts which puts all benefits of globalization to developed countries or enormously biased to
favour the interest of rich people or those who are powerful. One of the reasons as why
globalization increases inequality is it increases specialization and trade. Real wages is coming
under downward pressure which leads inequality. It can be better understood with real examples
such as: if an organization of particular country import steel from elsewhere at cheaper price then
there will be a contraction between fall in unemployment, domestic supply and a decline in real

living standards. Increasing de industrialization can be one of the main reasons of increasing
inequality and shows that globalization is bias (Oberlander, Disdier and Etilé, 2017).
There are several other examples and reasons which show that health globalization issues
exacerbated inequality at international level. This leads to higher profit for especially
multinational corporations for example: Google, Face book and Apple. They feed into generous
pay outs which increases dividends for shareholders. By exporting and importing products from
developing countries at lower prices they sell products in their countries at higher prices. There is
a high demand of higher skilled workforce at lower wages. So, it can be said that all these are
some reasons which increase inequality at international level.
Consequences of globalization on health along with relevant SDG targets
Sustainable development goals refer a collection or set of 17 global goals which are being
designed to accomplish or achieve better sustainable future for all. In the context of health
related issues the main target of sustainable development are: children with under age of 5 as
well as neonatal for preventing them against cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, maternal, road
injuries and other chronic diseases. There are several goals and regulations which world health
organization has set in order to improve health and life expectancy of people with especially
developing countries. Some sustainable development goals with all issues related to health
discussed below include:
 Reducing maternal mortality ratio to approximate less than 70 per 100,000 live births to
the year of 2030.
 By the year of 2030, reducing preventable deaths of children and newborns under age of
5 years. They also trying to reduce neonatal mortality as 25 per 1000 live births.
 In next 10 years reducing epidemics of aids, malaria and other diseases which are
increasing due to globalization. It includes all non communicable and infection us
diseases.
 Reducing use of narcotic drugs by an effective treatment and prevention as it is stated
that harmful use of alcohol having several negative effects on the health of people as they
also increase domestic violence and one of the main reasons identified is inequality in
employment and other factors (Sustainable Development Goals: Ensure Healthy Lives
and Promote Well-being, 2020).

 Strengthening all policies developed by WHO and making their implementation
successful whose main aim is to prevent people against tobacco and its harmful effects as
it leads cancer and other chronic diseases.
Rather, all these there are several approaches and models by which all issues related to health
and economic due to globalization can be reduced and decreased such as:
Client centred: It can also help people in reducing inequality and promoting health which is one
of the main consideration due to globalization. It is stated that professionals are moving to
developed countries for getting higher pay and income so, it is important for them to focus on
client centred approach. By adopting this approach, they can focus on their clients rather
focusing on other elements. Their main responsibility should be providing effective healthcare
services to them (Ramirez-Rubio and et.al., 2019).
Societal change: It is just opposite of behavioural approach because in this approach rather
changing behaviours and attitudes of people, they focus on changing environmental and social
factors physically with the main aim of making it more conductive to good health. It is stated that
people who use this approach are more likely to value their democratic right in order to change
society.
Educational: It is other main approach whose main aims is to provide all important and possible
informations to people about living healthy and increasing their knowledge about improving
health. It is also important to make people aware about importance of promoting equality and
reasons as why they need to treat all people in an equal and fair manner. Other main reasons of
using this approach is to help people in carrying out their own decisions as well as adopting new
health promotional practices.
Behavioural change: It is one of the best and effective healths promotional approach in which
the main focuses is on changing people’s behaviours in order to make them able to adapt healthy
lifestyles by making them aware about being healthy and fit and how it helps them out in getting
employment and focusing on their work as well. It can be done when teachers in school teach
students about consequences of smoking, alcohol and other illegal acts and how healthy lifestyle
and behaviours can make them able to help others and promote equality at all place as inequality
is one of the main reasons of all issues (Balancing Risk Prevention and Health Promotion. 2012)

So, from the above discussed models and approaches it can be said that problems of inequality
can be decreased which is increasing due to globalization.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above discussion it can be concluded that globalization have both positive
and negative effects on economy, society and health of people. Some authors stated that
globalization is good for public health and in the future it will increase life expectancy and health
of people to the great extent while other believes and stated that it is having several negative
effects on the health of the poor. Further, it has also discussed several reasons as why
globalization is increasing inequality and due to inequality what effects it is having on health and
economic condition of developing countries. Further , this study of globalization argued on this
topic and stated that globalization has some positive effects and it is important for people and
countries to develop and promote globalization in order to being in the competition and living in
21st century citizenship.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bhugra, D., 2019. Globalization and urbanization. Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural
Psychiatry series), p.49.
Bradbury-Jones, C. and Clark, M., 2017. Globalisation and global health: issues for
nursing. Nursing Standard. 31(39).
Forster, T., Kentikelenis, A.E., Stubbs, T.H. and King, L.P., 2019. Globalization and health
equity: the impact of structural adjustment programs on developing countries. Social
Science & Medicine. p.112496.
Gupta, A., 2020. Globalization and Health–A Conceptual Framework. Journal of
Commerce. 8(1). pp.13-20.
Oberlander, L., Disdier, A.C. and Etilé, F., 2017. Globalisation and national trends in nutrition
and health: A grouped fixed‐effects approach to intercountry heterogeneity. Health
economics, 26(9), pp.1146-1161.
Ramirez-Rubio, O. and et.al., 2019. Urban health: an example of a “health in all policies”
approach in the context of SDGs implementation. Globalization and Health. 15(1). pp.1-
21.
Rinella, M. and Charlton, M., 2016. The globalization of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:
prevalence and impact on world health. Hepatology. 64(1). pp.19-22.
[Online].
Globalization in Healthcare. 2005. Available through:
<https://academic.oup.com/intqhc/article/17/4/277/2886510>
The Globalization Debate. 2008. Available through:
<https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/inside-the-vault/spring-2008/crossing-borders-the-
globalization-debate>

Sustainable Development Goals: Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-being. 2020. Available
through: <https://www.who.int/sdg/targets/en/>
Balancing Risk Prevention and Health Promotion. 2012. Available through: <
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921446/>